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	Boris Godunov - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Boris was the most famous member of an ancient, now extinct, Russian family of Tatar origin, which migrated from the Horde to Kostroma in the early 14th century.
		In 1580 the Tsar chose Irene, the sister of Boris, to be the bride of the Tsarevich Feodor, on which occasion Boris was promoted to the rank of boyar.
		Boris died suddenly on April 13, 1605, leaving one son, Feodor II, who succeeded him for a few months and then was murdered by the enemies of the Godunovs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Boris_Godunov (1139 words)

	Godunov, Boris. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Boris was popularly believed to have ordered the murder (1591) of Feodor’s younger brother and heir, Dmitri, in order to secure the succession for himself.
		Most important, Boris continued Ivan’s policy of strengthening the power of state officials and townspeople at the expense of the boyars.
		Boris died, and his son, Feodor II, was unable to defend the throne against the false Dmitri.
	www.bartleby.com /65/go/Godunov.html (261 words)

	Boris Godunov
		Boris Fedorovich Godunov, Tsar of Muscovy, the most famous member of an ancient, now extinct, Russian family of Tatar origin, which migrated from the Horde to Muscovy in the 14th century.
		Boris' most important domestic reform was the ukaz (1587) forbidding the peasantry to transfer themselves from one landowner to another, thus binding them to the soil.
		Boris died suddenly (April 13, 1605), leaving one son, Theodore II, who succeeded him for a few months and then was murdered by the enemies of the Godunovs.
	www.nndb.com /people/043/000100740 (940 words)

	Boris Feodorovich Godunov Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		In 1580 Godunov was promoted to the rank of boyar on the marriage of his sister to Feodor, the son of Ivan IV.
		Godunov was interested in learning from the West and even thought of establishing a university in Moscow, but he had to abandon the idea because of opposition from the clergy.
		Although Godunov was well fitted by experience and ability to become czar, he refused the crown, insisting on the convocation of a national assembly.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/boris-feodorovich-godunov (973 words)

	Pedro A. Echarte - "Boris Godunov", de Modest Mussorgsky.
		Boris ordena el cierre de la frontera lituana y luego ordena a Shuisky que le confirme la muerte de Dimitry, de la que fue testigo.
		Boris Godunov fue un pequeño noble de origen tártaro.
		Boris mantuvo a raya a los tártaros y frenó las pretensiones del estado polaco-lituano sobre Rusia; afianzó las relaciones diplomáticas con los reinos de Europa occidental y consiguió para la Iglesia Rusa su propio patriarca.
	www.grijalvo.com /Echarte/Mussorgsky_Boris_Godunov.htm (4867 words)

	Boris Godunov (1986) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		But Czar Boris suffers from the knowledge of his deeds, and an ambitious young monk now claims to be the murdered child fully grown -- he's called the False Dimitri -- and has raised an army in Poland to attack Boris.
		Boris has a dream in which he sees Moscow engulfed by a conflagration, and then his own severed head, like John the Baptist's, lying on a salver.
		There has been a CD release of Mussorgsky's "Boris", on the Arlecchino label, of an historical performance dating from 1948, I believe it is, with a line-up resembling that of the 1955 film, starring Pirogov as Boris, and conducted by Nikolai Golovanov.
	www.imdb.com /title/tt0092688 (1053 words)

	Boris Godunov - Mussorgsky
		A privy councilor of the Czar Fedor, son of Ivan, named Boris Godunov, has caused to be assassinated the young Dimitri, brother of the emperor and his only heir.
		On the death of Fedor, Boris, who has committed his crime with the sole object of seizing power, causes himself too be acclaimed by the people and ascends the throne.
		This depends on the fact that ‘Boris Godunov’ properly speaking is neither a drama nor an opera, but rather a musical chronicle after the manner of the historical dramas of Shakespeare.
	www.musicwithease.com /mussorgsky-boris-godunov.html (728 words)

	Russian singer unleashes artistry in 'Boris Godunov' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Boris also is dogged by the controversial death of Dimitri, the heir to the throne.
		When the country is devastated by famine, Boris' rivals feed on the discontent by spreading rumors about Dimitri's death and supporting a rebellion by a pretender to the throne (Grigory, the false Dimitri).
		The first four scenes involve Boris' coronation, the recitation by the monk Pimen of Boris' supposed crime to the false Dmitri, and the pretender's flight to Lithuania to organize his revolt.
	chron.com /content/chronicle/features/97/04/21/4-21-ward-boris.0-2.html (808 words)

	Boris Godunov
		Boris has decided to ascend the throne, and the great bells of Moscow herald his coronation.
		Boris appears in triumph but admits to himself that he is haunted by a strange foreboding.
		Act II Scene 4 In the czar's palace study, Boris' daughter, Xenia, laments the death of her fiancé.
	www.ucis.pitt.edu /opera/ROB/bori/bori.htm (687 words)

	Metropolitan Opera International Radio Broadcast Information Center - Opera Archive
		Having finally agreed to accept the crown, Boris stops to acknowledge the acclaim of all Moscow, but in his heart he is haunted by a strange foreboding.
		In his study in the tsar’s palace, Boris comforts his bereaved daughter, who has lost her fiancé, and joins his son in a geography lesson.
		Boris protects the deranged man and asks him to pray for him, but the Simpleton says he cannot intercede for a child’s murderer.
	archive.operainfo.org /broadcast/operaSynopsis.cgi?id=89&language=1 (541 words)

	Boris Godunov (opera) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Boris Godunov (Russian: Борис Годунов, Borís Godunóv) is an opera by Modest Mussorgsky.
		Although Boris Godunov is usually praised for its originality, for the dramatic power of its choruses, for its sharply delineated characters, and for the powerful psychological portrayal of Tsar Boris, it has received an inordinate amount of criticism for technical shortcomings: weak or faulty harmony, counterpoint, part-writing, and orchestration.
		An understanding of the drama of Boris Godunov may be facilitated by a basic knowledge of the historical events surrounding the Time of Troubles, the interregnum period of relative anarchy following the end of the Ryurik Dynasty (1598) and preceding the Romanov Dynasty (1613).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Boris_Godunov_(opera) (4979 words)

	Realistic Incoherence -- Pushkin's Godunov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Boris Godunov has been a challenge for readers of Pushkin because that is precisely what Pushkin wanted it to be: a challenge to Russian drama.
		Destroy the family of Boris Godunov!”), and sympathetic (in the final scene, a member of the crowd argues that Godunov’s children should not be held guilty for their father’s crimes).
		Boris simply dies in Scene 20, not of any plot or even of grief over his guilt, as one might expect of a traditional tragedy.
	www.rapidnet.com /~coralhei/godunov.html (2532 words)

	Boris Godunov - History
		He also altered the text and melodic structure of Boris' Act II monologue ``Dostig ya vysshei vlasti'' (I stand supreme in power), changes which in one view make it less blatant, giving it contrast and depth, but in another view soften and weaken it.
		The opera was accepted by the Maryinsky opera, St. Petersburg and performed with Ivan Melnikov as Boris, and the previously mentioned singers, under Eduard Napravnik, on 8 February 1874.
		It reached the Met on 19 March 1913 with Adamo Didur as Boris, Paul Althouse as Dimitri, Louise Homer, Angelo Bada, Leon Rothier and Andres de Segurola, directed by Golovin and conducted by Arturo Toscanini.
	opera.stanford.edu /Mussorgsky/BorisGodunov/history.html (955 words)

	Mariinsky.ru - Opera - Boris Godunov
		Boris´ coronation in the Cathedral of the Assumption.
		Xenia, Godunov´s daughter, is mourning the death of her husband.
		Boris knows that the people hate him and that he will be unable to attain their affection by any means.
	www.mariinsky.ru /en/opera/sinopsis_borisKR (616 words)

	calendarlive.com: OPERA REVIEW - A curious vision for 'Boris Godunov' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		"Boris" — the gripping recounting of the Russian czar who murdered his way into power, ruled wisely but fell victim to his own conscience along with the schemes of church and state — exists in many forms.
		Boris and his court are dressed in crisp naval whites.
		There is no bass baritone role in opera more monumentally rewarding than that of the tormented Boris, who tries to accomplish good but is haunted by his past and faced with crises, such as famine, beyond his control.
	www.calendarlive.com /music/cl-et-kirov16oct16,0,6065859.story?coll=cl-nav-music (910 words)

	Boris Godunov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The psychological strength of Boris Godunov unfolds ephemerally, opaquely - a memory, perhaps, or a surreal dream that gnaws at the most basal of human emotions: greed, guilt and piety.
		As Boris passes outside St. Basil's Cathedral, an endless sea of hands drenched in blazing light and gaping for bread reach through the gate to touch the Czar.
		Boris Godunov: The betrayal of the Russian male
	archives.thedaily.washington.edu /2000/012000/nA2.BorisGodun.html (648 words)

	BORIS FEDOROVICH GODUNOV - Online Information article about BORIS FEDOROVICH GODUNOV
		The same may be said of the many, often absurd, accusations subsequently brought against him by jealous rivals or ignorant contemporaries who hated Godunov's reforms as novelties.
		That Boris was one of the greatest of the Muscovite tsars there can be no doubt.
		April 13, 1605), leaving one son, Theodore II., who succeeded him for a few months and then was foully murdered by the enemies of the Godunovs.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /BLA_BOS/BORIS_FEDOROVICH_GODUNOV.html (1286 words)

	Living at the Opera: Boris Godunov reigns in the Southwest
		This performance of Boris Godunov by Modest Musorgsky with the libretto by the composer based freely on a tragedy of the same name by Alexander Pushkin was staged by Yuri Alexandrov by the St Petersburg Opera at the Orpheum Theater, Phoenix, AZ, on November 3, 2001
		By the time Umerov reached Boris' final moments of madness he was able, through the full round tones he used to delineate the text, to get the audience to share in his despair.
		While Boris sings through the hellish torment of his guilt over his complicity in the death of the Tsasrevich and his regrets over his failure as a father to his two children, Alexandrov brings him onto the road to forgiveness and redemption and allows him to die standing up.
	livingattheopera.com /2006/01/boris-godunov-reigns-in-southwest_21.html (780 words)

	Boris Godunov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Boris Godunov, in the Kremlin palace, suffers torments of remorse, as revolt threatens from Poland.
		The first version ends with the death of Boris, while the Polish scenes and the final success of the false Dmitry belong to the later version, although in this the two scenes of the fourth act are often reversed, to allow the opera still to close with the death of Boris.
		The opera provides a major rôle in that of Boris Godunov, famously taken by singers such as Chaliapin, Nicolai Ghiaurov and Boris Christoff.
	naxos.com /NewDesign/fintro.files/bintro.files/operas/Boris_Godunov.htm (346 words)

	Modest MUSSORGSKY - Boris Godunov [TH]: Classical CD Reviews- Nov 2002 MusicWeb(UK) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Boris Godunov: Opera in a prologue and four acts (composed 1868-69; revised 1871-72; revised and orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov 1896)
		A towering representation of demonic madness, this role is the high point of the dramatic bass repertoire, and Christoff is rightly seen as the natural successor to Chaliapin and Reizen in the role.
		Any Boris stands or falls by its central role, and there can be little doubt that Christoff, who had dominated the part since his debut in London in 1949, is as grippingly effective as one could reasonably hope for.
	www.musicweb-international.com /classrev/2002/Nov02/BorisGodunov.htm (905 words)

	Boris Godunov, by Alexander Pushkin
		This necessitated the establishment of a Regency to which the already powerful noble, Boris Godunov, was appointed.
		So he decided to risk his life and fortune on a bold impersonation of the slain Prince and a claim to the Russian throne, knowing full well that Boris Godunov would not dare produce proofs of the boy's death.
		When the news was brought to him that the Pretender was actually on Russian soil and advancing toward the Russian capital, a vision of the murdered Prince arose before him and he realized that the time of retribution was at hand.
	www.theatrehistory.com /russian/pushkin002.html (420 words)

	Boris Godunov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Boris Godunov has had the rightful heir to the empire, Dmitry, murdered and now is proclaimed Tsar.
		Grigory, now inspired to seek justice and identifying himself with the murdered prince, is sought by the authorities, but seeks to cast suspicion on the disreputable wandering monk Varlaam.
		In the Kremlin Boris is haunted by his fears, more so when he learns of miracles worked at the grave of Dmitry, the boy whose murder had brought him the throne.
	www.naxos.com /NewDesign/fintro.files/bintro.files/operas/Boris_Godunov.htm (346 words)

	Reizen Boris Godunov
		Mark Reizen (Boris Godunov); Elena Kruglikova (Xenia); Bronislava Zlatogorova (Feodor); Evgenia Verbitzkaya (nurse); Nikhander Khanayev (Prince Shuisky); Maksim Mikhailov (Pimen); Gregory Nelepp (Grigory/Dimitri); Maria Maksakova (Marina); Vassily Lubenzov (Varlaam); Ivan Kozlovsky (Simpleton); others/Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orch/Nikolay Golovanov, cond.
		Boris is here presented in the Rimsky-Korsakov version but the first scene of Act IV is presented after Boris's death so the opera ends with the Simpleton scene.
		Up until the end of the ‘60s Boris Godunov was usually heard in Rimsky-Korsakov’s version which is more richly orchestrated than the original.
	classicalcdreview.com /boris.htm (575 words)

	[No title]
		Both artists wanted their work to not only be a reflection of a critical moment in Russian history; they wanted to create a vast canvas upon which to paint the national character in all its hues.
		This is especially true in Boris’ great monologue in Act II and his farewell and death at the end of the opera.
		But Boris Godunov is definitely closer to arioso than to aria, a lyric style somewhere between recitative and the flowering of true song.
	www.operapaedia.org /opera.aspx?id=4036 (872 words)

	Boris Godunov: Kirov Opera @ Royal Opera House, London : opera review
		Yet by the end of his single scene, when he has spoken the truth about the murderous Tsar Boris' accession to power, it becomes clear that the cage is the Simpleton's protection from the corrupt people, who are under the Tsar's influence.
		Despite the fulfilment of Godunov's ambition to become Tsar, he is a deeply troubled man. When a man shows up pretending to be Dmitri, the true heir to the throne, whom Boris believes to have been killed, the latter hallucinates about his crime in terror - and dies.
		The journey of the character's torture was acted with brilliance by Vaneev, and though some of his early singing was underpowered it was always noble and thoughtful - and his death scene was sung with great poignancy.
	www.musicomh.com /opera/boris-godunov_0805.htm (777 words)

	Moussorgsky's Boris Godunov at the Paris Opera
		While Boris is definitely Shakespearean in its construction, it is certainly not "a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing".
		Unfortunately, this meant that the Coronation Scene began with Boris and his retinue putting on their fancy clothes, the back wall then opening for the crowd scene.
		Zambello, as many of her colleagues, falls into the trap of including unnecessary actors on the stage whose presence is not required by the composer or librettist, in this case having Xenia as a distracting presence during the death of Boris, or Marina as part of Dmitri's procession in the last act.
	www.culturekiosque.com /opera/reviews/borisgodunov.html (588 words)

	Boris Godunov: The Opera by Modest Mussorgsky
		The theme of the opera is the working of remorse in the conscience of the regicide usurper, Boris Godunov, after his rise to supreme power, and his dread of another usurper, the ex-monk Grigory, who poses as the murdered Tsarevich Dimitri, and incites the people against Boris.
		The Prologue depicts Boris accepting the crown of Russia after the people — ignorant, superstition-ridden, and apathetic— have been forced into staging demonstrations of support.
		ACT IV At an emergency meeting of the Council of Boyars, Boris is seized with pains which admonish him that his end is near, and sends for his young son.
	www.ku.edu /~russcult/culture/handouts/boris_godunov.html (2409 words)

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