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	Hagelin
		Hagelin and Crypto AG are still one of the most respected names in the world of crypto machines and have dominated the history of cryptology for many decades.
		Boris Hagelin was born on July 2nd, 1892 in Adschikent, Russia.
		Boris Hagelin died in 1983 at the age of 91.
	users.telenet.be /d.rijmenants/en/hagelin.htm (1894 words)

	Dirk's Weblog: Hagelin BC-52 Simulator
		Hagelin developed this cipher machine for high level military and diplomatic encryption.
		In 1952 Hagelin Cryptos (Crypto AG) introduced the notorious C-52, raising the security of drum-and-lug devices to another level.
		The machine had 6 irregular moving pinwheels, selected from a set of 12, and the number of drum bars was extended to 32, of which 5 where also used to advance the wheels.
	rijmenants.blogspot.com /2006/09/hagelin-bc-52-simulator.html (216 words)

	Re: Cryptographer jailed for selling crypto to political opposition?
		Crypto AG is the current name of the Hagelin company, which was founded by Boris Hagelin shortly before WW2.
		Hagelin's main contribution was the advancement of the mechanical rotor system; their M-209 was a basic part of Allied battlefield operations.
		This machine was about the size of a desk phone base, and had a little knob which you'd turn to the letter you wanted to enter, one letter at a time, and after each letter you'd press a handle, whicc would operate the mechanism and printo out both a cleartext and ciphertext strip on paper.
	cypherpunks.venona.com /date/1992/11/msg00117.html (288 words)

	NSA and Crypto AG
		Hagelin complained to the engineer about being forced by his father to rig the machines, the engineer says.
		Hagelin explained, such security would not be appropriate for the Third World countries that were Crypto's customers.
		Hagelin retired in 1970, he arranged for the German electronics giant Siemens AG to take "managerial control" of Crypto, appointing its chief executives.
	web.elastic.org /~fche/mirrors/www.jya.com/nsa-sun.htm (4436 words)

	History
		In 1920, Boris Hagelin, the latter founder of the Crypto AG, developed the first electromechanical ciphering machine.
		The C-36 mechanical cryptograph was designed in Stockholm by AB Cryptoteknik (Boris Hagelin).
		Boris Hagelin did not, however, set up Crypto AG in his native country Sweden but in Switzerland.
	www.crypto.ch /index.php?id=19 (213 words)

	Boris Hagelin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Boris Caesar Wilhelm Hagelin (July 2, 1892 – September 7, 1983) was a Swedish businessman and inventor of cipher machines.
		Boris Hagelin was placed in the firm to represent the family investment.
		At the beginning of World War II, Hagelin escaped from Sweden to Switzerland, all the way across Germany and through Berlin to Genoa, carrying the design documents for the company's latest machine, and re-established his company there (it still operates as Crypto AG in Zug).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Boris_Hagelin (269 words)

	The Hagelin Machines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although the Swiss firm founded by Boris Hagelin has manufactured, and continues to manufacture, many kinds of cipher machine, the words "Hagelin machine" will normally inspire thoughts of their unique lug and pin based machines.
		In the C-38, used by the U.S. Army as the M-209, six pinwheels, with 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 26 positions on them, can be set by the user with an arbitrary series of pins that are active.
		The C-52, a postwar version of the Hagelin lug and pin machine, added an extra five sliding bars to the cage that, instead of moving the cipher alphabet, caused the stepping of the pinwheels to be irregular.
	www.quadibloc.com /crypto/ro0202.htm (419 words)

	CX52 Cipher Machine by Crypto AG Zug - Cryptologic Nooks & Crannies
		Many of these Hagelin machines, both manual devices like this and also 50 baud teletype cipher machines, were built and used in the days before computer cryptography took over, but as a rule the machines were destroyed rather than sold as surplus.
		Hagelin machines found use in many commercial concerns & governmental entities - suspicious folks who jealously guarded their secrets and who could, toward that end, afford to destroy the machines rather than let them fall into the hands of an enemy or an unfriendly rival or even a curious public.
		Many of these Hagelin machines were built and used in the days before computer cryptography took over, but as a rule the machines were destroyed rather than sold as surplus.
	www.codasaurus.com /ubb/Forum29/HTML/000040.html (3271 words)

	NSA, Crypto AG, and the Iraq-Iran Conflict
		Crypto AG was founded in 1952 by the (Russian-born) Swedish cryptographer Boris Hagelin who located his company in Zug.
		Boris had created the "Hagelin-machine", a encryption device similar to the German "Enigma".
		The Hagelin machine was used on the side of the Allies in World War II.
	www.aci.net /kalliste/speccoll.htm (1414 words)

	SWEDISH SA TELEPRINTER CIPHER SYSTEM Cryptologia - Find Articles
		Cipher machines in use at the time[2] were all lug and pin machines(3) originating from Boris Hagelin's company AB Crypto Teknik4.
		In 1948 the inventors P-E Ahlman,A Lindegren, and V Lindstein filed a patent application for a teleprinter cipher machine which was known by the abbreviation SA5.
		Boris Hagelin and his company AB Crypto Teknik, on which Sweden had relied on as a supplier, were in the process of relocating[3] to Switzerland, consequently, before long, Sweden would be without a domestic cipher company.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3926/is_200401/ai_n9361747 (852 words)

	The HAGELIN cryptographer CX-52.
		In 1922 Mr Boris Hagelin was placed in the firm by the Nobels as trustee.
		Some years after the war, Mr Hagelin moved to Switzerland, and on 15 May 1952 the new firm, Crypto AG, was founded in Zug.
		One of the first, new constructions made by Mr Hagelin and Crypto AG was the Cryptographer CX-52.
	hem.passagen.se /tan01/cx52.html (826 words)

	Amazon.com: "Boris Hagelin": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Boris Hagelin, der iiii Mai 1940 buchstblich in letzter Minute von Schweden ber Deutschland nach Genaa gereist und an Bord der Conte...
		The interpretation commonly put on this was that ultimate control resided with the NSA (the founder of Crypto, Boris Hagelin, had been a lifelong friend of William Friedman, the NSAs chief scientist) and that equipment was routinely red-threaded [517].
		His smartest move was to add to his staff a young man named Boris Hagelin, son of a wealthy investor in the firm.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Boris-Hagelin (522 words)

	For Sale or Exchange (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This is a Swiss made, pinwheel cypher machine from Crypto AG of Zug, the company created by Boris Hagelin.
		CX52 was a direct descendant from Hagelin's C36 and C38, the latter being made in the USA as the Smith Corona M209.
		Hagelin and his company supplied commercial and dual-purpose (for civilian and military or diplomatic use) cypher machines to around 130 countries.
	www.beaumanor.net /Sale-Wanted/for_sale_or_exchange.htm (211 words)

	Cipher Machines - █ FURTHER READING:
		The United States Army's primary cipher machine descended from a compact device invented by Swedish inventor Boris Hagelin (1892–1983) in the mid 1920s.
		Hagelin's cipher machine, originally designated the B-21, sold thousands of copies to the French military between 1934 and the French defeat in World War II.
		The U.S. Army purchased Hagelin's machine after the German invasion of Norway in 1940 and redesignated it the M-209.
	www.espionageinfo.com /Ch-Co/Cipher-Machines.html (1253 words)

	M-209
		It is derived from a machine created by Boris Hagelin in Sweden during the late 1930's.
		Developed by Boris Hagelin, a Swedish inventor, the M-209 was adopted for American use as a tactical cipher machine in 1942.
		The M209 cipher machine, developed from the C38 of Boris Hagelin, was built under license by Smith and Corona in the USA and thousands were built for use during WWII.
	www.jproc.ca /crypto/m209.html (842 words)

	[9.0] Lorenz & Colossus
		This chapter describes the basic concepts of telecipher systems, the Lorenz machine and the British efforts to crack it, and the Colossus computer that was ultimately built to automate the decryption of Lorenz messages.
		It also discusses the clever Hagelin M-209 cipher machine, a purely mechanical system used for tactical communications like Enigma, but with some features similar to those used in telecipher system.
		The C-52 featured a period of 2,756,205,443; wheels that could be removed and reinserted in a different order; and a printwheel with a mixed alphabet.
	www.vectorsite.net /ttcode_09.html (6239 words)

	Hell 54 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Boris Hagelin of Sweden (and later Switzerland) created a whole range of machines during his lifetime and the Germans had a pretty distinguished history in this area themselves note particularly the Enigma and Lorenz machines.
		After WWII, Germany was prevented from developing code and cipher systems of her own and so went out to the market and bought in the rights to make machines from Hagelin and Crypto AG of Zug.
		Crypto AG’s CD-57 became the STG61 and with some slight differences and improvements, the C-52 became the Hell 54 (1954).
	www.jproc.ca /crypto/hell54.html (115 words)

	Cryptology \| Rotor Systems: Basic Design
		Of the three designs, Damm's was the least comprehensive patent filed.
		Damm's company would go on to make millions under new ownership by Boris Hagelin.
		All three patents, despite the differences in geography, are based on the same rotor concept and even use similar implementations.
	library.thinkquest.org /27993/crypto/mech/rotor1.shtml (600 words)

	De codeermachines van Boris Hagelin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		De drijvende kracht in die firma is Boris Hagelin.
		De latere modellen van Hagelin geven direct een gedrukte cijfertekst, iets dat het coderen aanzienlijk vergemakkelijkt.
		Na de Tweede Wereldoorlog verplaats Hagelin zijn bedrijf naar Zug in Zwitserland.
	www.muscom.nl /collecties/inhoud/artikel/127.htm (139 words)

	Boris Hagelin - Wikipedia
		Hagelin beendete sein Studium in Stockholm im Jahr 1914 und arbeitete danach in Schweden und in der USA.
		Im Jahr 1927 übernahm Hagelin die Firma, reorganisierte sie und ändete den Namen in AB Cryptoteknik.
		Seine Verschlüsselungsmaschinen waren vergleichbar mit der Enigma von Arthur Scherbius.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Boris_Hagelin (113 words)

	down with murder inc
		The selection of which alphabet to use for encoding a particular letter of plaintext is handled mechanically by spinning the rotors, unlike a much smaller number of possible substitution alphabets provided for in such systems as the Vigenï¿½e Cipher.
		Crypto AG Crypto AG was founded in 1952 by the (Russian-born) Swedish cryptographer Boris Hagelin who located his company in Zug.
		Boris Hagelin (1892-1983), a Russian-born Swede, who developed Damm's ideas during the 1920s and made a fortune selling the B-211 series of cipher machines to the French and Russian armies.
	www.declarepeace.org.uk /captain/murder_inc/site/massdeception.html (8099 words)

	The demise of global communications security
		In 1958, Hagelin, who founded Crypto AG in 1950, agreed to the deal with NSA.
		They could protect their sensitive diplomatic communications with free surplus Hagelin cryptographic machines like the C-52 cipher machine once used by Britain.
		As Crypto AG sold more and more of its units to some 120 countries around the world, the NSA's ability to read encrypted traffic was a virtual gold mine of intelligence.
	www.onlinejournal.org /Special_Reports/092105Madsen/092105madsen.html (2275 words)

	Cryptologia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Wayne G. Barker Solving a Hagelin, Type CD-57, Cipher 1--8 David Wilson Courses in Cryptology --- Cryptanalysis Course Down Under.
		265--266 Robert Morris The Hagelin Cipher Machine (M-209): Reconstruction of the Internal Settings 267--289 David Kahn Capsule Reviews for Crypto Buffs.
		20--26 Ronald L. Rivest Statistical Analysis of the Hagelin Cryptograph.
	www.math.utah.edu:8080 /ftp/pub/tex/bib/toc/cryptologia.html (3964 words)

	Justin Mason: Happy Software Prole » Who 0wnz your government?
		A top address for tools of secrecy was for several decades the company Crypto AG in Zug.
		It was founded in 1952 by the legendary Swedish cryptographer Boris Hagelin.
		A “foundation”, established by Hagelin, provides according to the company “the best preconditions for the independence of the company”.
	taint.org /2002/12/11/150544a.html (1684 words)

	EXCLUSIVE REPORT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In addition, the United States spent billions of dollars to develop highly secure cryptographic systems to protect its military, intelligence, and diplomatic communications from the prying ears and eyes of its enemies.
		One of the major NSA success stories since its establishment on October 24, 1952 was the rigging of the encryption machines of the Swiss company Crypto AG in a secret deal cut between NSA’s William Friedman and Boris Hagelin, the developer of the Hagelin cipher machine used by the Allies in World War II.
		The encryption mechanisms, according to a U.S. intelligence source, were contained in an electronically programmable read-only memory (EPROM) unit known as HC6800 (the “HC” standing for “Hagelin Cipher”).
	www.waynemadsenreport.com /exclusive1.htm (2237 words)

	Cryptography, Part I
		That is how the cryptographic machines of World War II worked.
		The U. Army used the M-209, developed and manufactured by Swedish inventor Boris Hagelin.
		This was a small clockwork device which printed its output on paper tape.
	www25.brinkster.com /ranmath/crypt01.htm (960 words)

	The C-38 / M-209 cipher machine
		After Swedish cryptologist Yves Gyldén had examined the predecessor C-35/C-36, he suggested a number of cryptographically sane improvements to mr Boris Hagelin, the inventor.
		The resulting machine was christened C-38 and adopted for use by the Swedish armed forces.
		I have provided a working program (Windows/DOS) as well as the source code in C, which you can download here:
	hem.passagen.se /tan01/c38.html (1869 words)

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