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	1991 Coup - Johnson's Russia List 8-28-02
		Boris Pugo was appointed Soviet interior minister in December 1990, at age 53.
		Nikolai Kruchina represented the Party; Sergei Akhromeev, the military, and Boris Pugo, the KGB and the Interior Ministry.
		Boris Gromov, Pugos deputy and prior to that a close associate of Akhromeev, are governors.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/6410-14.cfm (2507 words)

	The man who set history free for Latvia
		Pugo was no prophet, but in this case the loyal KGB man had guessed right.
		Pugo squirmed, and after an uncomfortable pause the audience roared with ecstatic approval.
		Pugo was dead, having killed himself as Soviet power crumbled all around.
	www.baltictimes.com /news/articles/9651 (651 words)

	The Failed Coup of August 1991
		Pugo, a Latvian and head of the KGB in Riga and immediately asked "to take the necessary measures against the Baltic to assure that constitutional norms were upheld and the rights of minorities respected." Economic blockade of Lithuania was announced by USSR.
		Boris Pugo shot himself in the head before he could be arrested.
		By the end of August 1991, Boris Yeltsin stood at the podium inside the White House and declared, "I am now signing a decree suspending the activities of the Russian Communist Party!" Even Communist-run newspapers such as Pravda were temporarily suspended.
	barney.gonzaga.edu /~sbennet3/mead/lessonplans/coupvideo.html (2095 words)

	Boris Pugo: ZoomInfo Business People Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Pugo was Latvian and the head of the KGB in Riga.
		Pugo saw this as a direct challenge to Gorbachev's authority and accused Yeltsin as being a neo-Bolshevik who just wanted to storm the Kremlin.
		Yanayev, then Prime Minister Valentin Pavlov, Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov, chairman of the KGB Vladimir Kryuchkov, deputy chairman of the Defense Council Oleg Baklanov, Interior Minister Boris Pugo, chairman of the Farmers' Union Vasily Starodubtsev and president of the Association of State-run Enterprises Alexander Tizyakov.
	www.zoominfo.com /directory/Pugo_Boris_41207577.htm (323 words)

	Moscow Arriving in Moscow in the fall of 1988 to become bureau chief of the ABC Moscow bureau
		JIM LAURIE: [voice-over] But in pursuing that control, Boris Yeltsin and his small circle of advisers failed to understand the lack of preparedness of his military, the fanatic determination of the Chechens, and the human cost, magnified by the scrutiny of Russia's newly freed press and television.
		BORIS FYODOROV: President Yeltsin is a child of his times, with lack of education, who was probably very good at fighting the old system, but who is very bad at understanding what should be constructed and what new society we are building, where we are going.
		BORIS FYODOROV: It's a constant process of crisis, which becomes a permanent one, where the links between the executive power, president and government, and reality in the country becomes weaker and weaker.
	www.jimlaurie.com /otherdatelines/moscow.htm (1640 words)

	Soviet-Empire.com - Alternative History
		In June 1991 Boris Yeltsin was elected President of Russia and called for Russian independence from the Soviet Union.
		The 'State Emergency Committee' including KGB chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov, Internal Affairs Minister Pugo, Defence Minister Dmitriy Yazov, and Prime Minister Pavlov announced that Gorbachev was ill and had been relieved of his state post as president, and they named Soviet Union vice president Gennadiy Yanayev as the acting president in his place.
		Nevertheless, without Boris Yeltsin's calls for Russian Independence the U.S.S.R. still existed as a single unified state, but it had survived in a much-weakened position and still with its enormous array of problems.
	www.soviet-empire.com /ussr/library/other/alt_history.php (891 words)

	3. Tadjikistan
		On February 12, Boris Pugo, chairman of the Party Control Committee of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, arrived in Dushanbe.
		(Later, Boris Pugo was appointed the Minister of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs).
		In his discussion with the author, one of the executives of the Uzbek Ministry of Internal Affairs interpreted these events as a joint provocation on the part of the Russian border guards and the Dushanbe government that was intended to undermine the agreements signed in Tashkent.
	www.rand.org /pubs/conf_proceedings/CF129/CF-129.chapter3.html (8347 words)

	DiscoveringRussia - History: Post-Communism
		Ousted a year earlier from his Politburo post for criticizing the reforms, congress candidate Boris Yeltsin won 89% of the Moscow district vote to make a historic comeback.
		Moscow crowds chanted, "Yeltsin is a man of the people" and "Down with bureaucrats," and a surprising number of bureaucrats had, in fact, lost their positions.
		Pugo, a Latvian and head of the KGB in Riga and immediately asked "to take the necessary measures against the Baltic to assure that constitutional norms were upheld and the rights of minorities respected." Economic blocade of Lithuania was announced by USSR.
	www.discoveringrussia.com /histpost.htm (3035 words)

	CNN - Content (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		As Soviet interior minister, Pugo was in charge of police troops responsible for crackdowns in the Baltic republics and elsewhere in 1990.
		A native Latvian, he ran the KGB in Latvia at one time and later headed the Latvian Communist Party and the national Communist Party Control Commission in charge of discipline within the party.
		After the coup failed, Pugo committed suicide August 22, 1991.
	edition.cnn.com /SPECIALS/2001/russia/interactive/key.players/pugo.html (65 words)

	¥189/10/Opinion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Its members included Yanayev, the head of the Cabinet of Ministers Valentin Pavlov, KGB chief Vladimir Kryuchkov, Minister of Internal Affairs Boris Pugo, Minister of Defense Dmitry Yazov, and other parties close to the Kremlin.
		Russian Federation President Boris Yeltsin, who clambered on top of one of a tank at the White House, called upon the people of Russia to repulse the "putschists." He declared top government leaders "traitors of the Motherland" who had organized a coup d'etat.
		Gorbachev resigned his post as general secretary, and Yeltsin, in an illegal decree, banned the Communist Parties of the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/spbweb/times/189-190/failed.html (897 words)

	azerbaijan.neweurasia.net
		Boris Yeltsin led the resistance to the coup, and public demonstrations also protested the actions of the hardliner SEC.
		Another sad development of those days was the suicide of the then Interior Minister, Boris Pugo, who shot himself and his wife as soon as he realized that the coup had failed.
		But Pugo, apparently, feared the consequences for his political career and his personal reputation so much that he chose to end his and his wife’s lives so abruptly and resolutely.
	azerbaijan.neweurasia.net /index.php?paged=1 (9086 words)

	...: BarikÄdes 1991 :... -> Barricades history - Chronology (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab-1.cs.princeton.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Speaking at a meeting of the Supreme Council of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev supports Interior Minister Boris Pugo's view that the Soviet armed forces behaved properly in Vilnius.
		Some 100,000 people attend a demonstration in Moscow to support the Baltic Republics, calling on Mikhail Gorbachev, Dmitriy Yazov, Boris Pugo and Vladimir Kryuchkov to resign in the wake of the bloodshed in Vilnius.
		Boris Pugo denies that he ordered the OMON forces to attack the Interior Ministry.
	www.barikades.lv.cob-web.org:8888 /en/3_2.php (2270 words)

	No. 90-P 114 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Bakatin was replaced by Boris Pugo, a former KGB general and top military commander.
		Prior to this appointment, Pugo was chairman of the CPSU Central Control Commission.
		Perhaps even more alarming, General Boris Gromov -- an outspoken critic of democratic reform and advocate of increased "discipline," read crackdown -- was named Deputy Minister of Interior.
	www.security-policy.org /papers/1990/90-P114.html (812 words)

	Plotters who failed to stop the democratic rot Independent, The (London) - Find Articles
		The collapse of the Soviet coup - four years ago this week - meant dramatic humiliation for the gang who had tried to get rid of President Gorbachev (a group that included several of his closest colleagues).
		Boris Pugo, the little-loved interior minister, shot himself in the mouth, after shooting his wife.
		President Boris Yeltsin pretended to be angry but may have been secretly relieved there were, after all, few votes to be gained by prosecuting the coup plotters.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19950814/ai_n13999884 (566 words)

	Politics of Russia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab-1.cs.princeton.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		For instance, leading figures in the legislative and executive branches have put forth opposing views of Russia's political direction and the governmental instruments that should be used to follow it.
		That conflict reached a climax in September and October 1993, when President Boris Yeltsin used military force to dissolve the parliament and called for new legislative elections (''see'' Russian constitutional crisis of 1993).
		Upon convening in May, the Congress elected Boris Yeltsin, a onetime Gorbachev protégé who had been exiled from the top party echelon because of his radical reform proposals, as President of the congress's permanent working body, the Supreme Soviet.
	politics-of-russia.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (10441 words)

	Chronology of events - NUPI (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab-1.cs.princeton.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Both Gorbachev and RSFSR President Boris Yeltsin were, for different reasons, however, determined to push ahead with the signing of the treaty on August 20th, though it appeared that the document was an unsatisfactory compromise.
		The Committee promised that it would conduct a broad nationwide discussion of the draft of the new Union treaty in which everyone would have the right to consider the document in a calm atmosphere and determine their attitude towards it.
		Yeltsin said he himself would "never be removed by anyone but the people of Russia." His credentials, Yeltsin repeated, come "from the people." Yeltsin called for Gorbachev's reinstatement and appealed to the Moscow population to stage a huge protest demonstration in defense of democracy.
	www.nupi.no.cob-web.org:8888 /cgi-win/Russland/krono.exe?894 (628 words)

	History News Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The third, interior minister Boris Pugo, committed suicide to avoid arrest.
		During an address to the Russian Parliament, the leader said his "entire government" should resign for failing to oppose the takeover.
		But Mr Gorbachev was unable to prevent his political rival, Russia's president Boris Yeltsin, capitalising on support he gained from opposing the coup and suspending the Russian Communist Party.
	hnn.us /roundup/comments/14578.html (172 words)

	Publius Pundit - Blogging the democratic revolution
		The real reason for the move was that Gorbachev and his counterparts in the Soviet Republics were to sign a new Union treaty the next day, thereby dissolving the Soviet Union.
		The Committee’s membership consisted of KGB chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov, Internal Affairs Minister Boris Pugo, Defense Minister Dmitriy Yazov, and Prime Minister Valentin Pavlov.
		Then Russian RSFR President Boris Yeltsin denounced the coup and his subsequent speech on the top of a tank in front of the Russian Parliament became a defining symbol for the Soviet Union’s implosion and the end of the Cold War.
	www.publiuspundit.com /index.php?p=2869 (1226 words)

	Russian Life Online
		No one knows what this dictatorship will be like, what kind of dictator will come to power and what order will be established.
		Boris Yeltsin was a Communist and the head of the Russian Congress of People's Deputies.
		Boris Yeltsin was elected President of the Russian republic on June 12, 1991, and was inaugurated on July 10.
	www.russianlife.net /article.cfm?Number=179 (969 words)

	State TV Stages a Revolt of Its Own (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A coup of another sort took place Aug. 19, 1991, on Channel One, the main state television channel in the Soviet Union.
		Expected to serve as the Kremlin's mouthpiece, Channel One journalists staged their own cautious revolt and played an important part in rallying support for Boris Yeltsin.
		From early morning, the anchors dutifully read official documents announcing that new leadership had taken over to prevent "chaos and anarchy" and to save the Soviet Union, but their fl clothing and gloomy expressions communicated a darker development.
	www.themoscowtimes.com /stories/2001/08/14/002-full.html (1978 words)

	Soviet Stalinism In Extremis
		Last October, when the Soviet leader backpeddled on an agreement with the Russian Republic’s President, Boris Yeltsin, to dismantle state planning and introduce a full-scale market economy in 500 days, the imperialist leaders were not pleased.
		The liberal Minister of the Interior, Vadim Bakatin, was replaced by Boris Pugo, former Latvian KGB chief.
		Yet rumblings of discontent with his line of least resistance are audible nonetheless, as the Washington-friendly faces that previously dominated the Soviet leader’s entourage yield place to grim-visaged party stalwarts and men in military tunics.
	www.bolshevik.org /1917/no10/no10ussr.html (5872 words)

	Eric Margolis \| Foreign Correspondent : RUSSIA 1991: FOUR DAYS THAT SHOOK THE WORLD
		Gorbachev was isolated in Crimea, martial law was declared.
		Boris Yeltsin seized power, proclaiming the end of communist rule and the death of the Soviet Union.
		Former US National Security Agency director, Lt. General William Odom, told me the coup failed because hypocrisy, mistrust, and careerism hallmarks of the communist system - had crippled both party and military leaders.
	www.ericmargolis.com /archives/2001/08/russia_1991_fou.php (983 words)

	Eric Margolis - FOREIGN CORRESPONDENT
		The putsch, led by Marshall Dimitri Yazov, KGB chief Vladimir Kryuchkov, Interior Ministry head Boris Pugo, and senior communist party officials, was launched on 18 August.
		In spite of commanding the army, KGB, and Interior Ministry troops, by 21 August, the coup fizzled.
		Former US National Security Agency director, Lt. General William Odom, told me the coup failed because hypocrisy, mistrust, and careerism - hallmarks of the communist system - had crippled both party and military leaders.
	www.bigeye.com /081901.htm (934 words)

	How long did it last -- National Organization for Women at UH
		At the Twenty-Seventh Party Congress in 1986, Boris Yeltsin became a candidate member of the Politburo and offended party members in a speech that attacked the hidden privileges of the party elite.
		Increasingly, Gorbachev bypassed the party in order to implement his reforms relying instead on governmental bodies.
		> >At the Twenty-Seventh Party Congress in 1986, Boris >Yeltsin became a candidate member of the Politburo and >offended party members in a speech that attacked the >hidden privileges of the party elite.
	www.voy.com /51664/27.html (1908 words)

	CPSU - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Soviet vice-president Gennadiy Yanayev was named acting president.
		The committee's eight members included KGB chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov, Internal Affairs Minister Boris Pugo, Defense Minister Dmitriy Yazov, and Prime Minister Valentin Pavlov.
		The coup dissolved due to large public demonstrations and the efforts of Boris Yeltsin who became the real power in Russia as a result.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=CPSU (1494 words)

	Gang of Eight (Soviet Union) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alexander Tizyakov, president of state enterprises, industrial construction, transport, and communications.
		The eighth member, Interior Minister Boris Pugo, shot himself to avoid arrest.
		The attempted coup has been considered over time more as a desire to maintain power and control over the Soviet Union in the face of Gorbachev's democratic and economic reforms that led to the political and economic decline of the USSR.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gang_of_Eight_(Soviet_Union) (213 words)

	What Did Gorbachev Know and When Did He Know It? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Interestingly, rather than convey to his audience any sense of remorse for this ostensibly unauthorized action, Gorbachev used the occasion to launch a new round of criticism against independence-seeking Lithuanians.
		According to Boris Pugo, the former Latvian KGB chief and recently appointed Minister of the Interior, the Lithuanian demonstrators precipitated the bloodshed by firing on Moscow's armed forces.
		When Lithuania's President Landsbergis placed an urgent phone call to the Soviet president in the midst of the confrontation to dispel any illusions Gorbachev may have had about this preposterous charge, he was told by Kremlin aides that Gorbachev was "too busy having lunch" and would not take the call.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1151335/posts (724 words)

	Chronology of events - NUPI (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab-1.cs.princeton.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Most members of the State Committee for the State of Emergency in the USSR (GKChP) are under arrest and are being interrogated.
		One of them, Minister of Internal Affairs Boris Pugo, committed suicide and his wife was hospitalized after an attempt.
		In his opening address to the meeting, RSFSR Presdent Boris Yeltsin charged that USSR Supreme Soviet Chairman Anatolii Luk'yanov was the main organizer of the coup.
	www.nupi.no.cob-web.org:8888 /cgi-win/Russland/krono.exe?1947 (883 words)

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