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	Max Born
		Commenting on Born’s scientific contributions, the winner of 1977 Nobel Prize for Physics, Sir Neville Francis Mott (1905-1996) wrote: “As the founder of lattice dynamics, that is, the theory of how atoms in solids stick together and vibrate, Max Born is one of the pre-eminent physicists of this century.
		His father Gustav Born was a professor of embryology at the University of Breslau and his mother Margarete Born (nee Kaufmann) came from a Silesian family of industrialists.
		Born was elected to the Tait Chair of natural philosophy at the University of Edinburgh in 1936.
	www.vigyanprasar.gov.in /scientists/MBorn.htm (2037 words)

	Cycle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Citric acid cycle, Kreb's cycle, the Born Haber cycle or the Calvin cycle.
		The cycle is a unit of phase angle equivalent to one oscillation, or 2π radians.
		Cycle (graph theory) and a Hamiltonian cycle in graph theory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cycle (458 words)

	JCE 2006 (83) 1605 [Nov] Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew: A Biography (Dietrich Stoltzenberg)
		The Fritz Haber who inhabits our chemistry courses in the Haber process for synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen and the Born–Haber cycle for rationalizing the formation of ionic salts is one of the most brilliant, complex, and contradictory figures in the history of science.
		Haber’s glory years were the 17 that he spent at Karlsruhe, first in the institute run by Hans Bunte as a research associate, then as the equivalent of an assistant and associate professor, and later as professor and director of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
		Haber was a German patriot, who put the resources of his Institute at the service of his country during World War I. Synthetic ammonia became the feedstock for explosives and ammunition when Germany’s access to nitrate mines was cut off.
	jchemed.chem.wisc.edu /Journal/Issues/2006/Nov/abs1605.html (1044 words)

	Born, Max - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Born, Max
		He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1954 for fundamental work on the quantum theory, especially his 1926 discovery that the wave function of an electron is linked to the probability that the electron is to be found at any point.
		Born was born in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) and studied at Breslau and Göttingen.
		Encouraged by German chemist Fritz Haber to study the lattice energies of crystals, in Frankfurt Born was able to determine the energies involved in lattice formation, from which the properties of crystals may be derived, and thus laid one of the foundations of solid-state physics.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Born,+Max (336 words)

	Scientific Biography of Max Born
		Born's mother died when he was four years old and the only memories of his mother that he carried with him throughout his life were second-hand.
		Born was a rather sickly child, but in his own words "We were certainly rather spoilt children." (1) Every summer, Born and his sister traveled to their summer home in the village of Tannhausen, which was near the river Weistritz.
		Born later contributed to the theory of liquids and became known as "the founder and undisputed master of lattice dynamics." (4)
	www.quinnell.us /natural/maxborn.html (959 words)

	Max Born Symposia - History - Arkadiusz Jadczyk
		Born was the son of an embryologist, a professor of anatomy at the University of Breslau.
		Born`s early work was on crystals, particularly the vibrations of atoms in crystal lattices.
		The Born-Haber cycle is a theoretical cycle of reactions and changes by which it is possible to calculate the lattice energy of ionic crystals.
	quantumfuture.net /quantum_future/born-hist.htm (514 words)

	Born Haber cycle: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Max born (december 11, 1882 - january 5, 1970) was a jewish german mathematician and physicist....
		Fritz haber (december 9, 1868 - january 29 1934) was a german list of chemistschemist....
		The Born-Haber cycle involves the formation of an ionic compound from the reaction of a metal (often a group I or group 2 element) with a non-metal (like gaseous halogens, EHandler: no quick summary.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bo/born_haber_cycle.htm (143 words)

	Born Haber - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Born Haber Cycle is an approach to analyzing reaction energies, named after Max Born and Fritz Haber two German scientists, consists of finding the sum of enthalpy changes for the reactants is equal to the negative enthalpy changes for the products.
		For an ionic compound the lattice enthalpy is the heat energy released when one mole of solid in its standard state is formed from its ions in the gaseous state.
		This enthalpy cycle is based on the formation of the compound from its elements in their standard states.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Born_Haber (169 words)

	Lattice Energy
		Estimating lattice energy using the Born-Haber cycle has been discussed in Ionic Solids.
		Born led to the formula for the evaluation of crystallization energy E
		When methods to evaluate the energy of crystallization or lattice energy lead to reliable values, these values can be used in the Born-Hable cycle to evaluate other chemical properties, for example the electron affinity, which is really difficult to determine directly by experiment.
	www.science.uwaterloo.ca /~cchieh/cact/applychem/lattice.html (818 words)

	Born_Haber Solutions.
		The lattice enthalpy of Li The sublimation enthalpy of Fe(s).
		Construct a Born-Haber cycle that includes the unknown quantity as one of the steps in the form of an enthalpy diagram.
		Put in the arrow for the unknown quantity and then go round the cycle in the other direction changing the sign for any quantity whose arrow goes the opposite way.
	www.ucs.mun.ca /~hclase/c2/as/wsBHs.htm (383 words)

	University Chemistry: Electrons in Molecules: Ions in Structures and Solutions
		The Born-Haber thermochemical cycle is named after the two German physical chemists, Max Born and Fritz Haber, who first used it in 1919.
		Although the lattice energy is not directly measurable, the appropriate Born-Haber cycle permits its calculation from measured heats.
		The use of the Born-Haber cycle for solvated ions rather than ionic crystals permits the calculation of the heat of solvation of ions.
	www.ualberta.ca /~jplambec/che/p101/p01232.htm (1116 words)

	Born-Haber Formation of Ionic Compounds
		The diagram below is the Born-Haber cycle for the formation of an ionic compound from the reaction of an alkali metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) with a gaseous halogen (F
		It is ultimately the lattice energy of an ionic crystal which is responsible for the formation and stability of ionic crystal structures.
		A cycle of this type is an example of Hess's Law.
	chemistry.bd.psu.edu /jircitano/BH.html (844 words)

	[No title]
		Demonstrate how the Born-Haber cycle is an application of Hess’s law and use the Born-Haber cycle to determine lattice energy for an ionic solid.
		The Born-Haber cycle uses the concepts of sublimation, energy of dissociation, ionization energy, and electron affinity in determining lattice energy.
		In that respect, the Born-Haber cycle is a good review of several concepts; however, it tends to be challenging for many students.
	www.bridgeport.edu /sed/fcourses/chemistry/chemistry103/Lectures/chap09im.doc (1702 words)

	chembook.co.uk: CHEMISTRY IN PERSPECTIVE FOR BORED AND CONFUSED SENIOR SCOOL STUDENTS
		One major application of Born-Haber cycles is in the determination of lattice enthalpies, which cannot be obtained directly from a single experiment.
		Sometimes Born-Haber cycles are drawn so that the relative length of the arrows is proportional to the energy change involved.
		Nevertheless, one of these luxurious Born Haber cycles is shown in FIG 7.4.
	www.chembook.co.uk /chap7.htm (943 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Born-Haber cycles were used to obtain the first reliable values for electron affinity by considering the EA value as the unknown and using theoretically calculated value for the lattice energy.
		Use a Born-Haber cycle for KF and the following values to calculate a value for the electron affinity of fluorine: K(s) (K(g) (H° = 90kJ K(g) (K+ + e- (H° = 419kJ F2(g) (2F(g) (H°= 159 kJ K(s) + ½ F2 (g) (KF(s) (H°= -569kJ K+(g) + F-(g) (KF(s) (H°lattice= -821kJ 17.
		Lattice energies can also be calculated for covalent solids using Born-Haber cycle, and the network solid silicon dioxide has one of the highest.
	www.vsu.edu /docs/vilchiz/ch9ws1f03.doc (687 words)

	CyberEd® PLATO Science :: Science Education Software
		Construct a Born-Haber cycle for any one of the four lattice systems.
		A quiz is provided to test that the definitions and reaction processes for the different enthalpy types have been learnt and understood.
		A 'drag and drop' feature is used to build up and label a Born—Haber cycle, and to determine the lattice enthalpy for a range of compounds.
	www.cybered.net /commerce.asp?CatId=311&ProdId=X5005109 (223 words)

	Mineralogy Notes 3
		The sum of the enthalpies of the various processes in formation of an ionic compound should equal the enthapy of formation of the compound from its constituents at their ground state.
		Because the sums of the enthalpies of going through the vaporization, ionization, and condensation steps (known as the Born-Haber cycle) must equal the enthalpy of the measurable direct formation step, we can compare these quantities to estimate the total repulsive energy term which is typically about 10% of the total energy of the crystal.
		If the repulsive term gives us the wrong sign or is some very large proportion of the total energy of the crystal, we know that the ionic model is not a good model for the bonding of the crystal, and there are other (probably covalent) terms in the total bonding energy of teh crystal.
	ruby.colorado.edu /~smyth/G30103.html (2547 words)

	B - Glossary of chemical terms
		Born-Haber cycle is a cycle of reactions used for calculating the lattice energies of ionic crystalline solids.
		The cycle involves equating this enthalpy (which can be measured) to the sum of the enthalpies of a number of steps proceeding from the elements to the ionic solid.
		Boyle's law is the empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature.
	www.ktf-split.hr /periodni/en/abc/b.html (927 words)

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		The value of the Born exponent is dependent upon the electronic configuration of the colsed shell ion:
		The concept behind the Born-Haber cycle is based on Hess' Law, which follows from the first law of thermodynamics.
		The fact that a compound is stable with respect to the elements does not insure that it will form, it may be less stable than an alternative structure that you have not yet considered.
	www.chemistry.ohio-state.edu /~woodward/Lect18_754.htm (947 words)

	Topic 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Lattice enthalpies cannot be determined directly and are found instead by cycles, called the Born-Haber cycles, which is similar to the cycles used for determining enthalpy changes using Hess's law.
		The reaction between sodium and chlorine may be considered to take place in a series of steps and the enthalpy changes involved in these steps may be determined.
		These steps may now be put into the Born-Haber cycle, with endothermic steps shown by upward arrows and exothermic reactions shown as downward arrows.
	www.wbateman.demon.co.uk /asa2sums/sum4.1/sum4.1.htm (500 words)

	PSIgate - FE Subject Pack - ENERGETICS
		The resource includes: enthalpy of atomisation, enthalpy of hydration and lattice enthalpy; the Born-Haber cycle; experimental and theoretical lattice energies; factors influencing lattice enthalpy; and the solubilities of hydroxides and sulphates of group 2.
		Ions and energy considerations in ionic structures are first discussed as background knowledge, then the Born-Haber cycle is introduced followed by an example of sodium chloride.
		This resource provides an introduction to lattice energy, Born-Haber cycles, the effect of ionic charge on lattice energy and the decomposition of group 2 carbonates.
	www.psigate.ac.uk /education/fe/energetics.html (697 words)

	Media Portfolio
		Figure 6.8 A Born-Haber cycle for the formation of NaCl(s) from Na(s) and Cl2(g).
		The sum of the individual energy changes for the five steps is equal to the net energy change for the overall reaction.
		Figure 6.9 A Born-Haber cycle for the formation of MgCl2 from the elements.
	wps.prenhall.com /wps/media/objects/602/616516/Chapter_06.html (952 words)

	PSIgate - Physical Sciences Information Gateway: Search/Browse Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This biography of Fritz Haber describes the development of the Haber process for synthesising ammonia, for which he won the Nobel Prize.
		German chemist Haber was awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize for chemistry for his work on nitrogen fixation and his development of the Haber process for the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.
		A brief introduction to industrial inorganic chemistry is provided, including: conditions for ammonia and nitric acid manufacture (Haber and Oswald processes); conditions for sulphuric acid manufacture (Contact process); uses of ammonia, nitric acid and sulphuric acid; electrolytic extraction of aluminium; electrolysis of sodium chloride; and uses of chlorine and sodium chlorate.
	www.psigate.ac.uk /roads/cgi-bin/psisearch.pl?term1=Haber&subject=All&limit=0 (1656 words)

	JCE 1997 (74) 919 [Aug] Determination of DeltaH for Reactions of the Born-Haber Cycle
		JCE 1997 (74) 919 [Aug] Determination of DeltaH for Reactions of the Born-Haber Cycle
		The Born-Haber cycle is a useful framework for discussing the formation of ionic compounds from their elements.
		The cycle is constructed using the best available data from the current literature.
	jchemed.chem.wisc.edu /Journal/issues/1997/aug/abs919.html (294 words)

	Ionic Compounds
		Since the concepts of lattice energy and energy of crystallization are sound, and lattice energy is a useful quantity to judge the chemical properties of the salt, we can and usually calculate it by applying the law of conservation of energy, in a manner similar to the Hess's law.
		There is a another method based on principle of physics to evaluate the lattice energy, and some examples are given in the discussion enthalpy of hydration and lattice energy.
		For salts containing polyatomic ions, the Born-Haber cycle is not as useful.
	www.science.uwaterloo.ca /~cchieh/cact/c120/ionicpd.html (1265 words)

	chapter6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		To do this, we must be able to calculate the lattice enthalpy independent of these other values.
		Use the Born-Haber cycle and the following information to calculate the enthalpy of formation of MgO.
		Assume MgO crystallizes in the face centered cubic arrangement and the total ionic radii is 212 pm.
	www.cst.cmich.edu /users/Lebea1el/Fall01-331/chapter6.htm (674 words)

	Answers
		Construct a Born Haber cycle for Magnesium Oxide to calculate the second electron affinity of Oxygen using the data below:
		Click here to view the Power Point presentation of this Born Haber cycle.
		Rate of reaction can be determined by plotting a graph of [reactant] versus time and taking tangents at various points on the graph.
	www.teachmetuition.co.uk /Chemistry/revision/physical_chemistry_revision_ans.htm (536 words)

	Lattice Enthalpy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The cycle is generally represented using an energy level diagram, and the example for sodium chloride follows:
		Values can be obtained from a data book and filled in to produce a value for the lattice energy.
		The values calculated using a Born-Haber cycle (experimental values, as the values used for the energy changes have been found by experiment) differ significantly from the values calculated using a theoretical model.
	www-jcsu.jesus.cam.ac.uk /~rpc25/notes/chemistry/lattice_enthalpies (565 words)

	Chem 1124 Study Sheet for Chapter 6 Fall 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Relate the periodic trends shown by each of the following quantities: ionic radii, ionization energy (potential), electron affinity.
		Use the Born-Haber cycle to calculate any of the quantities shown in Figure 6.8, given values for all but one of the variables.
		Describe the physical and chemical properties of the alkali metals (Group 1A).
	home.snu.edu /dept/chemistry/SYLLABI/CHEM1124F05/Chem1124/Reinbold/StudyObj/Ch06nu.htm (137 words)

	Media Portfolio
		The starting point and the five steps of the cycle are shown.
		The equivalent one-step reaction for the formation of NaCl(s) directly from Na(s) and 1/2 Cl2(g) is shown in red.
		The formulas of the four molecules can be deduced from Lewis structures, but their geometrical shapes cannot.
	cwx.prenhall.com /bookbind/pubbooks/hillchem3/medialib/media_portfolio/09.html (1035 words)

	Calculating Surface Reaction Enthalpies Using Gas Phase Clusters in a Born-Haber Cycle. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The way around this problem is to construct a fictious gas phase reaction, a Born-Haber cycle, for which the reaction enthalpies can be calculated or measured.
		As a generally applicable Born-Haber cycle we suggest that a growth layer is taken of the surface.
		In this cycle the only step that cannot be calculated using interatomistic potentials is the cluster reaction, which thus has to be calculated quantum mechanically.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/YR97/BAPSPC97/abs/S2600004.html (250 words)

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