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	Bornu - LoveToKnow 1911
		Bornu is for the most part an alluvial plain, the country sloping gradually to Lake Chad, which formerly spread over a much larger area than it now occupies.
		The vast plain of Bornu is stoneless, except for rare outcrops of ironstone, and consists of the porous fissured fl earth called "cotton soil" in India, alternating with, or more probably overlaid by, sand.
		The towns in Bornu, which have populations varying from 10,000 to 50,000 or more, are surrounded with walls 35 or 40 ft. in height and 20 ft. in thickness, having at each of the four corners a triple gate, composed of strong planks of wood, with bars of iron.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Bornu (2485 words)

	Kanem-Bornu Empire - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		By the early 19th century, Kanem-Bornu was clearly an empire in decline, and in 1808 Fulani warriors conquered Ngazargamu.
		But Umar, who eschewed the title mai for the simpler designation shehu (from the Arabic shaykh), could not match his father's vitality and gradually allowed the kingdom to be ruled by advisers (wazirs).
		Bornu began to decline, as a result of administrative disorganization, regional particularism, and attacks by the militant Ouaddai Empire to the east.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Kanem-Bornu_Empire (1727 words)

	BORNU - Online Information article about BORNU
		The towns in Bornu, which have populations varying from 10,000 to 50,000 or more, are surrounded with walls 35 or 40 ft. in height and 20 ft. in thickness, having at each of the four corners a triple See also:
		History.—The history of Bornu goes back to the 9th century A.D., but its early portions are very fragmentary and dubious.
		December 1872: " The rapid declension of Bornu is an undeniable and lamentable fact.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /BLA_BOS/BORNU.html (3396 words)

	Bornu. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Bornu reached its peak under the mai (ruler) Idris Alawma (ruled 1570–1610), when it was the leading state in the central Sudan region.
		However, Bornu began to decline again after c.1850 because of weak rulers, and was conquered (1893–96) by the forces of Rabih, a Sudanese slave trader.
		In 1922 the German portion became part of the British Cameroons mandate of the League of Nations.
	www.bartleby.com /65/bo/Bornu.html (196 words)

	Bornu - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		BORNU [Bornu], former Muslim state, mostly in NE Nigeria, extending S and W of Lake Chad.
		Bornu reached its peak under the mai (ruler) Idris Alawma (ruled 1570-1610), when it was the leading state in the central Sudan region.
		However, Bornu began to decline again after c.1850 because of weak rulers, and was conquered (1893-96) by the forces of Rabih, a Sudanese slave trader.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-bornu.html (308 words)

	Bornu--Second Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		Bornu reached the apogee of its power under the leadership of the great mai Idris Alauma, who ruled from 1564 to 1599.
		Bornu's armies sallied forth to Hausaland in the west, towards the Fezzan in the north, and into Old Kanem northeast of Lake Chad.
		Even fiercer tactics were employed against non-Muslim resistance within Bornu itself, where the Sao and others steadily succumbed to the internal jihads of Idris Alauma's soldiers, equipped with firearms and musketeers recruited from Ottoman-controlled north Africa.
	webusers.xula.edu /jrotondo/Kingdoms/Kanem_Bornu/Bornu04.htm (153 words)

	Amana Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		The accounts of the origins of the Kanuri (as the people of Bornu are called) and the Kanembu go back to the shadowy period of the first millennium and are more than ordinarily contradictory and confusing.
		In this they were greatly assisted by their success in winning the allegiance of the Shuwa Arabs, a fresh wave of immigrants who had poured into the central Sudan after the destruction of the Christian kingdom of Nubia, about a century earlier, and settled in fairly large numbers in the region south of the Lake.
		Bornu is usually regarded as having reached the height of its power under Mai Idris Alooma, who reigned from 1571 to 1603.
	www.amanaonline.com /Sokoto/sokoto_7.htm (2941 words)

	Research in African Literatures--The Arabic Literary Tradition of Nigeria
		Bornu, originally a province of Kanem, became the principal territory of the dominant branch of the Saifawa dynasty in the late fourteenth century, and when a new capital was established at Gazargamu, the mais attracted scholars to settle there.
		The long Bornu tradition of learning and its important school of calligraphy, though eclipsed by Sokoto in the nineteenth century, remains vital today, as is evident in the scholarly activities of a man like Shaykh Ibrahim Salih (b.
		In Bornu a hand that originated in Kufic hands of Ifriqiyya (roughly modern Tunisia) was the formal calligraphy for copies of the Quran, and the art of Quranic codex was one in which the Bornuans excelled.
	iupjournals.org /ral/ral28-3.html (6127 words)

	History of Chad - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Finally, around 1396 the Bulala invaders forced Mai Umar Idrismi to abandon Njimi and move the Kanembu people to Bornu on the western edge of Lake Chad.
		Over time, the intermarriage of the Kanembu and Bornu peoples created a new people and language, the Kanuri, and founded a new capital, Ngazargamu.
		Bornu survived, but the Sayfawa dynasty ended in 1846 and the Empire itself fell in 1893.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/History_of_Chad (3422 words)

	[No title]
		Bornu Emirate, the major division of the province and the Kanuri homeland, has a history as a distinct political entity stretching back at least 1,100 years.
		Most of Bornu is flat, except for the southwest, where the rugged Bauchi Plateau rises steeply.
		The Bornu Emirate is a political entity and is viewed as such by its inhabitants.
	lucy.ukc.ac.uk /EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7850 (1434 words)

	Nigeria - MSN Encarta
		The Kanuri state, centered first in Kanem and then in Bornu, is known as the Kanem-Bornu Empire, hereafter referred to as Bornu.
		Its dominance thus assured, Bornu became a flourishing center of Islamic culture that rivaled Mali to the far west.
		In the late 16th century, the Bornu king Idris Alooma expanded the kingdom again, and although the full extent of the expansion is not clear, Bornu exerted considerable political influence over Hausaland to the west.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761557915_10/Nigeria.html (1167 words)

	Islam in West Africa
		The historian Ibn Khaldun calls Dunama II as the 'King of Kanem and Lord of Bornu,' because his empire had expanded as far as Kano in the west and Wadai in the east.
		In the late 14th century, a new capital of the Kanem empire was established in Bornu at Nigazaragamu by 'Ali b.
		The ruling Mai of Bornu of that time (we do not have any information about the time) welcomed Bayajida and gave his daughter in marriage to him but at the same time robbed him of his numerous followers.
	members.tripod.com /worldupdates/islamintheworld/id26.htm (3657 words)

	Bornu - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Bornu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		Converted to Islam in the 11th century, Bornu reached its greatest strength in the 15th–18th centuries.
		From 1901 it was absorbed in the British, French, and German colonies in this area, which became the states of Niger, Cameroon, and Nigeria.
		The largest section of ancient Bornu is now the state of Bornu in Nigeria.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Bornu (122 words)

	webPulaaku/Ethnography/D.J. Stenning/Wodhaabhe Pastoral Fulani/Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		Bornu resisted the Fulani invaders, but in large portions of its western territory small kingdoms, such as Hadeijia, Katagum, Bauchi, Misau, and Gombe, were established by the Fulani.
		The history of the Fulani States during the nineteenth century is one of attempts at expansion and internecine strife, which neither the military power of the suzerain State of Sokoto nor the religious authority of its ruler were able to compose.
		The Fulani States themselves, which persisted until the period of European colonization, were largely usurpations of existing State systems, and owed their rise, not to invasions of warlike nomads, but to the ideological and political ambitions of holy men, whose principal adherents were Fulani communities already subject in some degree to the States' jurisdiction.
	www.pulaaku.net /defte/djStenning/introduction.html (9204 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Bornu
		Pressure of the Bulala, a rival dynasty from further east, caused the Sefuwa court to abandon Kanem proper and move to BORNU between 1382 and 1387.
		The 19th century saw the decline of Bornu, loss of territory to the Sultanate of SOKOTO (the Haussa), it's capital destroyed in a raid in 1808.
		Shares of Bornu are now part of (formerly British) Nigeria, of (formerly French) Niger, of (formerly French) Chad and of (formerly German/French) Cameroun.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/centrafrica/bornu.html (311 words)

	History of NIGERIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		West of Bornu, along the northern frontier of Nigeria, is the land of the Hausa people.
		They are often threatened by larger neighbours (Mali and Gao to the west, Bornu to the east).
		From the death of Mungo Park near Bussa in 1806 to the end of the century, there is continuing interest in Nigeria on the part of British explorers, anti-slavery activists, missionaries and traders.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad41 (2942 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		In 1900, the French restored the former ruling house of Bornu in the part of the country they had conquered on Rabah, which then ruled the region.
		HEADS OF STATE See also the regents of Bornu Shehu's House of al-Kanemi 1900 - 1901 Umar Sanda Kura ibn Ibrahim, son of Shehu Ibrahim ibn Umar of Bornu 1842 - 1937 1901 - 1902 Bukar Garbai ibn Ibrahim, brother, deposed by the Germans, transferred to Bornu 1...
		- 1922 1902 Abba Masta Gumsumi "Mustafa" ibn Umar, son of Shehu Umar ibn Muhammad of Bornu, deposed 1902 - 1905 Sanda Mandarama "Umar" ibn Bukar Kura, son of Shehu Bukar Kura ibn Umar of Bornu, deposed 1...
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/Dikwa.html (160 words)

	KAM Kanem Bornu and the Hausa Kingdoms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		Pictured above is the King of Bornu in royal procession arriving at one of his provincial residences around 1850AD.
		The Kanuri grew powerful enough to unite the kingdom of Bornu with Kanem during the reign of Idris Alawma (1575-1610).
		The Bornu were well known for their chain-mailed cavalry.
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/Classroom/9912/kanemhausa.html (756 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		At some of the larger ceremonies, especially those held by the high-ranking households in Bornu, there is often a small group of recent converts who ask to join the ceremony in order to mark their religious conversion and obtain full membership in Kanuri society.
		Thus the circumcision ceremony is one of the important gateways into society for non-Moslems from the small tribes surrounding Bornu on its southern and southeastern borders.
		As in many cultures around the world, the Kanuri themselves regard the circumcision ceremony as a mark of approaching manhood, and even though the boys are often quite young the ceremony still dramatizes their adult or approaching adult status.
	lucy.ukc.ac.uk /EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Mar_dir/XMarriage.4296 (606 words)

	Bornu--Second Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		The Kanuri had been in contact with Islam from an early date (the eleventh century, according to tradition), and so were among the first peoples of the Sudanic belt to accept Islam.
		Ali Gaji saw in Islam a potent means of solidifying the authority of the mai in the turbulent environment of Bornu.
		Though an honorary title, it lent prestige to the Bornu mai at home, and spurred contemporary rivals (the askiya Muhammad Turé of Songhay and the Kano sarki Muhammad Rumfa) to seek similar designations as caliphs in their respective realms.
	webusers.xula.edu /jrotondo/Kingdoms/Kanem_Bornu/Bornu03.htm (162 words)

	How Customs arrested Charles Taylor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		That former Liberian president Charles Taylor was arrested yesterday at Gamboru, Bornu State was quite relieving, but the mode of his escape was as humiliating as it was dramatic.
		BUSINESSDAY gathered from the Customs officials that effected his arrest that the former Liberian warlord was escaping in a Jeep between 5.00 a.m and 6.00 a.m in company of his driver, an orderly and his wife.
		As at the time of this report, the vehicle in which the former Liberian warlord was escaping, the load found in the car and his wife were in the custody of the Customs in Maiduguri, Bornu State.
	www.businessdayonline.com /?c=45&a=5490 (548 words)

	how to grow dreadlocks loctician atlanta GA dreadlock pictures Loc Extensions natural hair stylists afro kinky twists ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		I am Bornu, a Natural Hair and Dreadlocking Aficionado established over here in the Red Clay Villages of Stone Mountain, GA. I have met many people from many places all over the world like Europe, Russia, Africa, the Carribean & Japan that wear dreadlocks.
		Nestled in the grassroots section of Stone Mountain, GA is the Bornu studio, a private comfortable bamboo laced hideaway that looks alot like a hacienda.
		bornu will nurture and promote the growth of your afro kinky twists from start to finish ($160-$350) with ancient inspired techniques.
	bornu.com /about_us.php (1007 words)

	Zaudragon++;: Paper 1: Kanem-Bornu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-12)
		The Kanembu people of this region were ruled by the Sayfuwu and Duguwa dynasties (Bornu, Diagram Group 41).
		The capital was located in the city of Njimi, and later was relocated to Birni Ngazargamu (Bornu, Encyclopædia Britannica).
		This is true even though the empire had much control, a longer lifetime than other kingdoms, and even feared by Europeans such as the British (Bornu, Davidson 307, Kasule 46).
	hitoshi.berkeley.edu /~takumi/2006/01/paper-1-kanem-bornu.php (983 words)

	Discoverers Web: Hugh Clapperton
		This time the plan was to go to Bornu, the kingdom around Lake Chad, using the same caravan route which had been taken by the German, Frederick Hornemann, in 1798.
		Bello was still against Clapperton's continuing to the Bornu country, and he was also opposed to Clapperton's having anything to do with the enemies of the Fulani.
		It eventually transpired that what had really upset Bello were the letters of introduction and gifts for the Sultan of Bornu which Clapperton and Lander had in their baggage.
	www.win.tue.nl /~engels/discovery/clapperton.html (1705 words)

	Hausa Folk-lore: A Short History, Purporting to Give the Origin of the Hausa Nation and the Story of Their Conversion ...
		There was a certain man away there at Bornu from among the children of their royal house, his name (was) Dalama.
		He was instructing them (the people of Bornu) in the creed of Allah and the names of His messengers, may the salvation and trust of Allah be assured to them.
		Then when he thought of returning to go to Bornu he said to them, 'Shortly I shall return to you with the answer to what you were asking about.' Then he rose up and went away.
	www.sacred-texts.com /afr/hausa/hau04.htm (3531 words)

	Legends
		Strümpell (1922/23) visited Sukur briefly around 1907 and recorded the story of Watsu, a prince of Bornu who emigrated and became chief of Sukur.
		There is a story which is sometimes told of the stranger from Bornu and sometimes of the leader of the immigrant family from Mpsakali [Gudur].
		He arrived near Sukur with a ram and was met by the daughter of a flsmith who gave him some water to drink, because he was thirsty.
	www.ucalgary.ca /UofC/Others/sukur/Soc/Legends.htm (2849 words)

	Dixon Denham
		Denham, who had reached Marseilles, consented to return, the escort was forthcoming, and Murzuk was regained in November 1822.
		He explored the western, south and southeastern shores of Lake Chad, and the lower courses of the rivers Waube, Logone and Shari.
		In August 1824, Clapperton having returned and Oudney being dead, Bornu was left on the return journey to Tripoli and England.
	www.nndb.com /people/446/000097155 (336 words)

	Ronald Cohen Papers - UF Special and Area Studies Collections
		The majority of the collection pertains to Nigerians in the state of Borno (Bornu), particularly the Kanuri and Bura-Pabir speaking peoples.
		The papers are primarily related to his research and anthropological field work in Nigeria, focusing on the ethnography and social structures of the Nigerians living in Borno (Bornu), particularly the Kanuri and Bura-Pabir speaking peoples.
		"From Empire to Colony: Bornu in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries" in "Impact of Colonialism".
	web.uflib.ufl.edu /spec/manuscript/guides/cohen.htm (4580 words)

	La civilización del Chad: Kanem-Bornu
		Los tibú fueron forzados a abandonar sus montañas e instalarse en el Bornu, donde podían ser mejor controlados, mientras que el dominio eficiente sobre los bulala exigió la conquista del norte del actual Camerún.
		Paradojalmente, todo ese "ordenamiento" no benefició económicamente a los kanuri: los mercaderes haussa, si bien aceptaron la soberanía de Idris y en adelante pagaron tributos a los reyes de Kanem-Bornu, consiguieron asumir el control del tráfico de esclavos, beneficiándose de la "paz" tan sangrientamente obtenida.
		Esa situación se mantuvo más o menos estable hasta el siglo XIX, cuando la invasión fulani obligó al rey de Bornu a pedir la ayuda de Mahamad Al-Kanemi, un jefe militar que, si bien detuvo a los invasores, se convirtió en el dueño real del poder.
	guiadelmundo.org.uy /cd/special_features/La_civilizaci_n_del_Chad_.html (595 words)

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