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	Bosman ruling - ArticleWorld
		The Bosman Ruling is used in football to allow players at the end of their contracts to move without a fee to other clubs.
		The ruling was introduced to the game after a Belgian player Jean-Marc Bosman took his case to the European Court of Justice having been denied a transfer by his club, despite being out of contract and not being involved in the first team.
		Bosman had an extended court battle, which lasted from 1990 when he was denied the move up until December 15th 1995, when he successfully sued for restraint of trade.
	www.articleworld.org /index.php?title=Bosman_ruling&printable=yes (433 words)

	Bosman ruling: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		...Bosman ruling Bosman ruling Jean-Marc Bosman was a player in the 2nd division...In the meantime, Bosman 's wages were reduced as he was no longer a first team player anymore....transferring from one EU Federation to another.
		Jean-Marc Bosman was a player in the 2nd division of the Belgian football league, whose contract had expired.
		After a tough legal battle he won his case, and on December 15, 1995 the court gave him and all other EU football players the right to a free transfer at the end of their contracts, with the provision that they were transferring from one EU Federation to another.
	www.encyclopedian.com /bo/Bosman-ruling.html (316 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Bosman ruling
		In football (soccer), the Bosman ruling is one that allows professional football players in the European Union to move freely to another club at the end of their term of contract with their present team.
		Jean-Marc Bosman was a player in the 2nd division of the Belgian football league, whose contract had expired in 1990.
		The Bosman ruling can be compared to the Curt Flood case in baseball, which led to the elimination of the reserve clause and the advent of free agency.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Bosman_ruling (453 words)

	uefa.com
		The Bosman ruling in 1995 drastically altered football.
		However, it is perhaps not obvious that a ruling concerning a couple of professional swimmers involved in a doping dispute could have similar ground-breaking consequences for sport.
		However, as a result of the Court of Justice ruling, sports disciplinary rulings (eg in relation to doping penalties) may need to be analysed under European competition law, in particular, to determine whether the limits contained in the rules are acceptable and the penalties imposed are "proportionate".
	www.uefa.com /uefa/keytopics/kind=2048/newsid=480464.html (351 words)

	EUROPA - Sport- Sport and ... - Internal market, Bosman case
		Mr Bosman sought a declaration from the national court that the transfer rules and nationality clauses were not applicable to him on the grounds that they were incompatible with both the Treaty of Rome rules on competition and the free movement of workers.
		The Commission's letter informed the two organizations that in the light of the Court's ruling in the Bosman case, their international transfer system (notified to the Commission on 28 July 1995) could not be granted exemption under Article 85(3) of the EC Treaty and Article 53(1) of the EEA Agreement.
		The Bosman decision affects players who are no longer under contract, and who are transferred from a club in one Member State of the EU or EEA to a club in another of one of the 18 countries on or after the 15th December 1995.
	ec.europa.eu /sport/sport-and/markt/bosman/b_bosman_en.html (3583 words)

	Famous Belgians - Jean-Marc Bosman (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the case of Bosman, the headlines invariably spelled bad news for the football community at large, although of course many individuals, especially players nearing the end of their contract, were not unhappy.
		The ruling of the European Court of Justice in December 1995 upheld the case brought by Jean-Marc Bosman against the European football authorities as a result of his failed transfer from a Belgian to a French club in 1990.
		In the many months while the storm-clouds of the Bosman ruling had been gathering on the horizon, FIFA had played a deliberately low-key role, as the issue was one which essentially affected only the 18 national associations of the member states of the EU.
	www.famousbelgians.net /bosman.htm (527 words)

	EUROPA - Sport- Sport and ... - Internal market, Bosman case
		Mr Bosman sought a declaration from the national court that the transfer rules and nationality clauses were not applicable to him on the grounds that they were incompatible with both the Treaty of Rome rules on competition and the free movement of workers.
		The Commission's letter informed the two organizations that in the light of the Court's ruling in the Bosman case, their international transfer system (notified to the Commission on 28 July 1995) could not be granted exemption under Article 85(3) of the EC Treaty and Article 53(1) of the EEA Agreement.
		The Bosman decision affects players who are no longer under contract, and who are transferred from a club in one Member State of the EU or EEA to a club in another of one of the 18 countries on or after the 15th December 1995.
	europa.eu.int /comm/sport/sport-and/markt/bosman/b_bosman_en.html (3583 words)

	The Bosman Ruling, Football Transfers and Foreign Footballers: Centre for the Sociology of Sport, Department of ...
		Bosman protested against this decision and he filed suit against FC Liege, the Belgian football authorities, and the European football authorities, arguing that the football regulations on payment of transfer fees stopped EU citizens from having the human right of freedom of movement in employment.
		The new ruling has also meant that players are now allowed to discuss and negotiate their own deals with a new employer when their previous contract has expired.
		The effects of bosman are also blamed for rising wages in the Football League, especially among clubs relegated from the FA Premier League.
	www.le.ac.uk /so/css/resources/factsheets/fs16.html (6056 words)

	Bosman ruling Information
		In football (soccer), the Bosman ruling is one that allows professional football players in the European Union to move freely to another club at the end of their term of contract with their present team.
		The Bosman ruling can be compared to the Curt Flood case in baseball, which led to the elimination of the reserve clause and the advent of free agency.
		The Bosman ruling also prohibited domestic football leagues in EU member states, and also UEFA, from imposing quotas on foreign players to the extent that they discriminated against nationals of EU states.
	www.bookrags.com /Bosman_ruling (539 words)

	Asper Review of International Business and Trade Law
		Bosman's contract expired in 1990, leading RC to offer a one year extension with a salary decrease of 75 percent.
		Bosman refused to resign with RC and at the start of the 1990-1991 season he was suspended.
		Bosman then sued the Belgium Association and RC, claiming that the transfer system and the nationality clause violated Articles 48, 85, and 86 of the Treaty.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~splaw635/bosman.htm (4604 words)

	testing
		Under the rules of the Belgian Football Association, for one month at the end of the domestic season a player on the transfer list was allowed to move to another club even if his old club objected to the move.
		Second, it is argued that the rules are necessary to ensure that enough players are available for the relevant national team; without the rules on foreigners, the development of young players would be affected.
		Rules located here are deemed to be inherent to sport and as long as they are considered proportionate to the objectives pursued by the governing bodies are deemed to fall outside the scope of EU law or be considered compatible with it.
	www2.warwick.ac.uk /about/environment/university/testing/?textOnly=true (6469 words)

	Case Study (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bosman took RC Liege to court on the grounds that the Transfer system had prevented him from seeking employment in another club.
		Bosman's attorneys thought that the transfer system and the nationality clauses were no compatible with the Treaty of Rome.
		The meaning of the EU's ruling in the Bosman case is that the transfer fee for players with expired contracts was aborted and clubs may not ask for such a development fee of any kind.
	www.american.edu /TED/soccertrade.htm (5633 words)

	THE BOSMAN CASE
		Bosman claimed that as a European Union citizen, he possessed the right to "freedom of movement" within the European Union if he wished to find work (then Article 48 of the Treaty of Rome).
		The transfer system prevented him exercising his right to freedom of movement and Bosman argued that the system should be changed so that players who were out of contract with their club could move to another club without the paying of a transfer fee.
		As with the Bosman case, the football authorities both in the UK and throughout Europe were unwilling to meet the Commission half-way, instead insisting that Sports should be completely exempt from EU law and that the current transfer system should remain.
	www.liv.ac.uk /footballindustry/bosman.html (2254 words)

	RLUIPA.org
		The ruling, signed by Circuit Judge Calvin L. Bosman, found that the Township violated the First Amendment and the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (“RLUIPA”) when it denied GLS’ permit application because the building proposal did not meet the Township’s arbitrary notions of what constitutes a church.
		Judge Bosman saw that decision for what it was; a flat prohibition on group worship for GLS members, who, because of their chemical sensitivity, quite literally have nowhere else to go.
		On May 1, 2007, the Supreme Court of the state of Colorado denied the Town of Foxfield’s petition for Writ of Certiorari, reversing an earlier ruling that had granted the petition in the case of Town of Foxfield v.
	www.rluipa.com (1809 words)

	KeConnect Internet - Newsfeed
		The ruling in the Andy Webster transfer case could have as much significance as the Bosman result of 1995, according to players' unions.
		Wishart said the decision meant players rights would be increased even further than they were under the Bosman ruling, which allowed players to move clubs for free once their contract expired.
		Wishart also argued that the new rules would help to "rationalise the transfer market" because players would have even greater powers to move clubs without so many road blocks in their way.
	www.keme.net /news/webster_ruling_is_bosmanesque_landmark-18142339.html (440 words)

	Dirittosuweb. Consulenza Legale in diritto informazione, comunicazione, informatica, privacy, frequenze, software, sito ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Court also ruled against any limit on the number of other EU players who could be fielded in a club team on the grounds that it could restrict a footballer's chances of being employed by a club in another Member State.
		Bosman sought a declaration from the European Court of Justice that the transfer rules and nationality clauses were not applicable to him on the grounds that they were incompatible with both the Treaty of Rome rules on competition and the free movement of workers.
		This problem started with Bosman but has increased because of incompetent sport managers, that were not able to stop the growth in football players’ salaries and pursued the purchase of mediocre foreign players to the national ones disadvantage.
	www.dirittosuweb.com /aree/rubriche/record.asp?idrecord=822&cat=5 (3786 words)

	BBC SPORT \| Football \| 10 years since Bosman
		The desire of Jean-Marc Bosman to move from Club de Liege to Dunkerque inadvertently triggered a change in the law that altered the face of football forever.
		After the ruling, a player was free to leave as soon as his contract expired.
		Bosman's lawyer Luc Misson says: "He gave his career to a court case to serve a cause, but he sees that the transfer fees are still there, quotas on home-grown players are making a comeback and the rich clubs are richer and the poor ones are poorer."
	news.bbc.co.uk /sport2/hi/football/4528732.stm (1021 words)

	TODAYonline (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Belgian soccer player Jean-Marc Bosman, flanked by two of his lawyers Luc Misson (R) and Jean-Louis Dupont (L), smiles as the European Court of Justice rules 15 December 1995 that the transfer system of players between football clubs was illegal.
		The 10th anniverary of the Bosman ruling which revolutionised football transfers in Europe has led UEFA to claim rich clubs are now richer, poorer clubs are poorer and unlawful traffic of young players from abroad has increased.
		December 15 1995 was the date the European Court of Justice ruled that within the European Union, no transfer fee could be asked for a player at the end of his contract and the number of foreign players in a team could not be limited.
	www.todayonline.com /articles/90107.asp (768 words)

	The World Game
		Bosman was a solid if unspectacular professional at modest Belgian Second Division club RFC Liege in the 1990s when his contract expired.
		The result was a landmark court ruling, which saw the European Court of Justice give Bosman, and by implication all other European Union players, the right to a free transfer at the end of their contracts, provided they were transferring within the EU.
		Any ruling in their favour would undoubtedly have a huge effect on the way in which international associations select their national teams, with critics arguing the possibility of having to pay compensation to clubs should players get injured would make associations think twice about calling up their top-earning stars.
	theworldgame.com.au /home/index.php?pid=feat&cid=76757 (808 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > Sports -- King of 'chaos'
		Bosman was an obscure 25-year-old midfielder with RFC Leige when his contract expired after the 1989-90 season.
		A few days before the ECJ was set to issue its ruling, Bosman claimed he was offered nearly $1 million by European soccer officials to drop the case.
		The Bosman Ruling also eliminated limits on "foreign" players on European club rosters and ushered in an era where London power Arsenal sends out a starting 11 with no one from England, or reigning European club champion Liverpool has players from 10 countries on its roster and five from Spain alone.
	www.signonsandiego.com /sports/20051221-9999-lz1s21soccr-1.html (974 words)

	:: Marketing Magazine ::
		The ruling was the result of an 11th hour deal between the Premier League boss Richard Scudamore and the Competition Commissioner Mario Monti and saved Premiership clubs from potential financial meltdown.
		Jean-Marc Bosman, who played for Belgian club FC Liege, had argued that the old transfer system was illegal and lobbied for the scrapping of the restrictions on foreign players, as it amounted to nationality-based discrimination.
		Bosman alone cannot account for the huge increases in wages, as it coincided with big TV money coming from the likes of Sky, but it certainly was a contributing factor.
	www.marketing.ie /sep04/article1.htm (2717 words)

	Observer \| Football awaits Bosman replay outcome
		Bosman had been offered $1 million by the football authorities to drop his case in the European Court of Justice which he was asking to affirm his right to move freely from Liege, where his contract had expired, to Dunkirk.
		The talk was of 'a second Bosman case' which would remove the remaining vestiges of a transfer market.
		At the time of the Bosman ruling, allowance was made for continuing payments for young players who have been nurtured through a club's coaching structures.
	observer.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,5358470-102271,00.html (581 words)

	IOL: Bosman ruling stays, EU warns Fifa, Uefa
		In December 1995, the European Court of Justice ruled in favor of Belgian midfielder Jean-Marc Bosman, whose contract had expired but was unable to arrange a transfer acceptable to his club.
		Bosman sued, claiming the transfer rules binding him to his club until his contract was sold were illegal.
		One result of the Bosman ruling has been the decline in youth training, since the incentive of signing young players, developing them and selling their contracts off to bigger clubs has diminished.
	www.iol.co.za /index.php?set_id=6&click_id=19&art_id=qw955473422366U100 (682 words)

	The Standard - China's Business Newspaper
		The ruling - which dealt with the legality of football's rules on contracts and its restrictions on overseas players under European Union law - was named after an obscure Belgian player Jean-Marc Bosman.
		It changed the rules on transfers; it changed the rules on the numbers of foreign players who could appear for teams and it transformed the bank balances of the best players in the world.
		Bosman never reaped the benefits of his bravery and his football career ended in the late 1990s in obscurity but he left a lasting legacy.
	www.thestandard.com.hk /news_detail.asp?pp_cat=19&art_id=7775&sid=5895824&con_type=1&d_str=20051214 (922 words)

	PLUS: SOCCER -- BELGIUM; Player Wins Case Against Federation - New York Times
		Bosman gained fame for challenging European soccer authorities before the courts when his transfer from Belgium's FC Liege to France's Dunkirk was blocked.
		On Dec. 15, 1995, Bosman won his case when the European Court of Justice ruled that the system of transfer fees after contracts had expired was illegal.
		The Bosman ruling set a precedent, releasing players from the control of clubs when their contracts ended, effectively creating free agency, while allowing clubs to play as many EU players as they liked.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CEEDA103CF930A15751C1A96E958260 (145 words)

	CNNSI.com - Soccer - New 'Malaja rule' could change soccer forever - Monday February 03, 2003 02:43 AM
		The European Court judgment prompted by the Belgian's move from FC Liege to Dunkerque swept away contract retention rules and restrictions on the movement of EU citizen players within the European community's 15 member nations.
		Blatter believes that the Malaja ruling, combined with the enlargement of the EU in 2004, will throw European football's doors wide open to players from more than 100 countries.
		Blatter believes that the deregulation inspired by both Bosman and the television rights explosion is central to the game's present financial crisis.
	sportsillustrated.cnn.com /soccer/news/2003/02/02/malaja_rule (997 words)

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