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Topic: Boson

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Identical particles

Fermion

Gravitino

List of particles

Higgs boson

Elementary particle

Standard Model

Quantum field theory

Bottom quark

Quark

Lepton

Pauli exclusion principle

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	www.boson.com (254 words)

	Precision measurement of W-boson mass suggests a lighter Higgs particle
		In the Standard Model of particles and forces, the masses of the W boson, the top quark and the Higgs boson are connected.
		Scientists of the CDF collaboration at the Department of Energy's Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory announced today the world's most precise measurement by a single experiment of the mass of the W boson, the carrier of the weak nuclear force and a key parameter of the Standard Model of particles and forces.
		Calculations based on the Standard Model intricately link the masses of the W boson and the top quark, a particle discovered at Fermilab in 1995, to the mass of the Higgs boson.
	www.physorg.com /news87483018.html (1112 words)

	Boson - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		All elementary particles are either bosons or fermions (depending on their spin).
		The bosons involved in these interactions are called gauge bosons - such as the W vector bosons of the weak force, the gluons of the strong force, the photons of the electromagnetic force, and (in theory) the graviton of the gravitational force.
		Operation of lasers, the properties of superfluid helium-4 and recent formation of Bose-Einstein condensates, a particular state of matter are all consequences of statistics of bosons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Boson (453 words)

	Gauge boson - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Photons are gauge bosons of the electromagnetic interaction (electromagnetic force), weak bosons or "vector bosons" are the bosons of weak interaction (weak force), and gluons are the bosons of strong interaction (strong force).
		Photons and gluons are massless gauge bosons, whereas the W and Z bosons of electroweak theory have mass.
		There is a fourth kind of gauge boson, the graviton, which has been postulated as the carrier of the gravitational force, but in the absence of experimental evidence and a mathematically coherent theory of quantum gravity, this is a speculative matter at the moment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gauge_boson (408 words)

	Boson (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bosons, named after Satyendra Nath Bose, are particles which form totally-symmetric composite quantum states.
		Gauge bosons are elementary particles which act as the carriers of the fundamental forces.
		This explains the spectrum of fl-body radiation and the operation of lasers, the properties of liquid Helium-4 and superconductors and the possibility of bosons to form Bose-Einstein condensates, a particular state of matter.
	www.icyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/b/bo/boson.html (167 words)

	Higgs boson - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Higgs boson is a hypothetical massive scalar elementary particle predicted to exist by the Standard Model of particle physics.
		Elementary particle masses, and the differences between electromagnetism (caused by the photon) and the weak force (caused by the W and Z bosons), are critical to many aspects of the structure of microscopic (and hence macroscopic) matter; thus if it exists, the Higgs boson has an enormous effect on the world around us.
		The Higgs boson was first predicted in 1963 by the British physicist Peter Higgs, working from the ideas of Philip Anderson, and independently by others.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Higgs_boson (860 words)

	boson concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Force particles such as the photon, gluon, and vector bosons are all bosons.
		For example, the carrier boson for the electromagnetic force is the photon., Particle that acts as the transmitters of forces.
		Higgs boson (4 facts) - The particle or particles associated with the bundles of energy in the Higgs field.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/boson.html (551 words)

	boson - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Boson, one of the two basic divisions of elementary particles, the basic units of matter and energy.
		While the strong force holds the nucleus of an atom together, the weak force can make the nucleus decay, changing some of its particles into other...
		antineutron, antiproton, antiquark, baryon, boson, electron, fermion, hadron, kaon, lepton, meson, muon, neutrino, neutron, photon, pion, positron,...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /boson.html (101 words)

	Debian -- boson
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	packages.debian.org /unstable/games/boson.html (249 words)

	Higgs boson
		Higgs bosons are hypothetical elementary particles predicted by the Standard Model of particle physics.
		These bosons may play a rather fundamental role: they may be the carrier particles of the Higgs field which is thought to permeate the universe and to give mass to other particles.
		The Higgs boson, sometimes called the God particle, was first predicted in the 1960s by the British physicist Peter Higgs.
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/h/hi/higgs_boson.html (347 words)

	Scientific American: What exactly is the Higgs boson? Have physicists proved that it really exists? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Discovery of the Higgs boson was one of the principal tasks scheduled for the Superconducting Super Collider, which the U.S. Congress canceled in 1993.
		Supersymmetry entails several Higgs bosons, and one of which probably lies in the energy regime that LEP is starting to survey.
		In the other approach, called dynamical symmetry breaking, the Higgs boson is not an elementary particle but a composite whose properties we may hope to compute once we understand its constituents and their interactions.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=00043456-7089-1C71-9EB7809EC588F2D7 (1782 words)

	Theory: Weak Interaction Carrier Particles
		Processes where a W boson is emitted or absorbed are the only way that quark flavor can be changed.
		The Z boson has no electric charge and no other distinguishable quantum number so the antiparticle of a Z boson is a Z boson.
		Z bosons decay to produce either quark and its matching flavor antiquark or a lepton and its matching anti-lepton.
	www2.slac.stanford.edu /vvc/theory/weakbosons.html (218 words)

	5.7 Boson and fermion stars
		However, they are considered, e.g., as hypothetical candidates for supermassive objects at the center of galaxies (see [301, 324] for the boson and [335, 325] for the fermion case).
		The lensing features found in [70] for the boson star and in [30] for the fermion star have several similarities.
		The essential difference is that in the case of a boson or fermion star there are no circular lightlike geodesics towards which light rays could asymptotically spiral.
	relativity.livingreviews.org /Articles/lrr-2004-9/articlesu24.html (433 words)

	The Higgs Boson (Site not responding. Last check: )
		All the known forces in the universe are manifestations of four fundamental forces, the strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational forces.
		Now, since the discovery of the top quark, there is tantalizing evidence that the Higgs boson may have energies in the range of a few hundred GeV and therefore within the range of present day accelerators.
		At Fermilab, data from the D0 detector facility is used with the masses of the W and the T quark to estimate the mass of the Higgs boson.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/forces/higgs.html (358 words)

	Tensen Physics Dictionary (B)
		It was first mathematically modeled by Planck with the claim that the energy in the absorbed light was quantized.
		boson: Particles which have integral spin angular momentum are shown to behave differently than particles with half-integral spin angular momentum.
		The fundamental bosons which are found in nature are gauge bosons.
	www.mcm.edu /~christej/dictionary/dictB.html (556 words)

	Boson Family Crest
		In continental Europe, the most ancient recorded family crest was discovered upon the monumental effigy of a Count of Wasserburg in the church of St. Emeran, at Ratisobon, Germany...
		In the Boson coat of arms as in all coat of arms the crest is only one element of the full armorial achievement.
		Heraldry is defined as the hereditary art or science of blazoning, the description is appropriate technical terms of Coats-of-Arms and other heraldic and armorial insignia, and is of very ancient origin...
	www.houseofnames.com /xq/asp.fc/qx/boson-family-crest.htm?a=54323-224 (469 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| 'God particle' may have been seen
		The Higgs boson explains why all other particles have mass and is fundamental to a complete understanding of matter.
		The Higgs boson is thought to be highly unstable and, once produced, should quickly decay.
		Their theory was that all particles acquire their mass through interactions with an all-pervading field, called the Higgs field, which is carried by the Higgs boson.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/3546973.stm (641 words)

	Origins: CERN: Ideas: The Higgs Boson
		The question of mass has been an especially puzzling one, and has left the Higgs boson as the single missing piece of the Standard Model yet to be spotted.
		The simplest theories predict only one boson, but others say there might be several.
		CERN scientists were unsure whether these events recorded by the ALEPH detector indicated the presence of a Higgs boson.
	www.exploratorium.edu /origins/cern/ideas/higgs.html (903 words)

	vector boson concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Three vector bosons are responsible for the weak nuclear force.
		These particles were predicted by the Weinberg-Salam theory of the 1960s and later discovered in the 1980s., See Intermediate Vector Boson., Massive boson thought to have been abundant in the early universe, when the unified electroweak force was manifest.
		Z particle (3 facts) - Massive boson thought to have been abundant in the early universe, when the unified electroweak force was manifest., Particle that transmits the unified electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/vectorboson.html (246 words)

	CERN Courier - LEP pursues Higgs boson and - IOP Publishing - article
		Of the many results presented recently at the EPS conference in Tampere, Finland, and the leptonphoton symposium at Stanford, the search for the Higgs boson and the measurement of the W mass were the highlights.
		Via many of the same measurements that are used to constrain the Higgs boson indirectly, the experimenters (with a great deal of help from the theorists) have coaxed the Standard Model into predicting the mass of the W boson with an error of only 26 MeV (in 80 GeV).
		Now the challenge is to measure the W boson mass directly to the same accuracy, which will be a stringent test of the Standard Model.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/39/9/12 (962 words)

	Boson Software, Inc. Announces the Release of Version 5.48 of their Software (13 New Practice Tests)
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	www.emediawire.com /releases/2004/8/prweb151156.htm (463 words)

	How Particles Acquire Mass (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Higgs boson is a hypothesised particle which, if it exists, would give the mechanism by which particles acquire mass.
		Matter is made of molecules; molecules of atoms; atoms of a cloud of electrons about one-hundred-millionth of a centimetre and a nucleus about one-hundred-thousandth the size of the electron cloud.
		H is of a class of particles called "bosons".
	www.phy.uct.ac.za /courses/phy400w/particle/higgs1.htm (514 words)

	hivemodern.com - boson chair & ottoman
		According to physical theories from the 60's, matter is strongly connected with "Higgs Boson" a particle or range of particles that shape substance.
		The concept of the Boson chair is: Working with synthetic material, visual substance, weightlessness.
		The first objective in creating the Boson chair was to optimize applied material to offer a new and plain seating system; minimizing the synthetic material to obtain an ideal balance between form and function.
	hivemodern.com /products/?view=sub_product&sid=936&cid=1&cid2=141 (125 words)

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