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Topic: Bosque Redondo

	Long Walk of the Navajo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Long Walk of the Navajo, also called the Long Walk to Bosque Redondo, was an Indian removal effort of the United States government in 1863 and 1864.
		Led by the United States Army, thousands of Navajo (along with Mescalero Apaches from the Sacramento Mountains) were relocated from their native lands in eastern Arizona Territory and western New Mexico Territory to a former trading post called Bosque Redondo on the Pecos River Valley, also called Fort Sumner.
		Bosque Redondo means round grove of trees in Spanish.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Long_Walk_of_the_Navajo (623 words)

	ESPN.com - Horse Racing - Bosque Redondo to go under knife
		DEL MAR, Calif. -- Bosque Redondo, who fractured the sesamoid bones in his right front ankle at the finish of Sunday's Pacific Classic at Del Mar, was scheduled to undergo surgery on Tuesday night or Wednesday morning in an attempt to save him for stud duty.
		Bradley said the injury to Bosque Redondo is "the exact same thing" as the injury suffered last fall by the graded stakes-winning turf horse Manndar, who was injured on the grass at Hollywood Park.
		Bosque Redondo, a 5-year-old son of Mane Minister who was bred and is owned by Trudy McCaffery and John Toffan, won 6 of 17 starts, including the San Bernardino Handicap on April 6.
	espn.go.com /horse/news/2002/0827/1423336.html (467 words)

	The Navajo Long Walk to the Bosque Redondo
		The plan was to turn the Apache and Navajo into farmers on the Bosque Redondo with irrigation from the Pecos River.
		Bosque Redondo was hailed as a miserable failure, the victim of poor planning, disease, crop infestation and generally poor conditions for agriculture.
		Though their territory had been reduced to an area much smaller than what they had occupied before the exodus to Bosque Redondo, they were one of the few tribes that were allowed to return to their native lands.
	www.legendsofamerica.com /NA-NavajoLongWalk.html (1031 words)

	Southern New Mexico Travel and Tourism Information: Bosque Redondo — destination of the long walk
		When you say "Bosque Redondo" it has a melodious, pleasant sound, but the reality is just the opposite.
		He felt the Bosque Redondo on the Pecos River would be a good site for the Indian reservation he had in mind.
		In 1968, a portion of the Fort and the Bosque Redondo Reservation was declared a New Mexico State Monument.
	www.southernnewmexico.com /Articles/Southeast/De_Baca/FortSumner/BosqueRedondo-destination.html (979 words)

	Independent - May 28, 2005: U.S., tribal leaders to attend memorial
		Location: Bosque Redondo Memorial is located 3 miles east of Fort Sumner, Highway 60/84, south 3/5 miles on Billy the Kid Road.
		Bosque Redondo Memorial commemorates the Navajo Long Walk and incarceration of the Mescalero Apache people at Bosque Redondo in the 1860s.
		The Village of Fort Sumner purchased a section of the Bosque Redondo Indian Reservation and deeded it to the State of New Mexico.
	www.gallupindependent.com /2005/may/052805memorial.html (422 words)

	ABQjournal: Memorializing 'The Long Walk'
		In a matter of weeks, work will begin on the long-awaited Bosque Redondo Memorial at Fort Sumner State Monument, a tribute to the suffering endured by native peoples and their resilience in forming new and stronger nations.
		Beginning in 1863, thousands of Navajo men, women and children were forcefully relocated by the U.S. Army from their homeland in eastern Arizona and western New Mexico to the Bosque Redondo Reservation at Fort Sumner, a distance of several hundred miles.
		In 1967, as the 100th anniversary of the Treaty of 1868 approached, a small section of the Bosque Redondo Reservation was purchased by the Town of Fort Sumner and deeded to the state of New Mexico.
	www.abqjournal.com /opinion/guest_columns/93111opinion10-05-03.htm (691 words)

	Easy Print from BloodHorse.com
		Bosque Redondo's struggle for survival since undergoing surgery in late August ended on Jan. 12, according to a report in Daily Racing Form.
		Bosque Redondo set fast early fractions against a field that included War Emblem, the front-running winner of the Kentucky Derby (gr.
		Bosque Redondo underwent surgery two days later to repair broken sesamoids and a condylar fracture of his cannon bone.
	www.bloodhorse.com /viewstory_plain.asp?id=13594 (222 words)

	Portales News-Tribune (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Nestlerode was one of several artisans who demonstrated the craft of Navajo rug-making during the Bosque Redondo "Fabric of Life" celebration.
		Redondo staff members are wrestling to preserve the ancient rug-making methods, eroded by modern machinery.
		The story of the Navajo Long Walk and the Fort Sumner prison was largely omitted from history and is absent from school textbooks, said the man behind the Fort Sumner Redondo project, John McMillan, a Fort Sumner native.
	www.portales-news.com /engine.pl?station=portales&template=storyfull.html&id=7882 (729 words)

	ABQjournal: The Long Walk Memorialized
		The Mescalero Apache, who lived in the vicinity of Bosque Redondo and Fort Sumner, a heavily fortified military post, were also forced onto the reservation, established only a year earlier.
		The inhumane treatment received by the Mescalero Apaches at Bosque Redondo and by the Navajo on those bitter winter treks of 1863 and 1864 and during their captivity, ranks among the most tragic of human behavior.
		Bosque Redondo Memorial, funded by both the federal government and the state to memorialize what occurred there, will officially open on June 4, a new site of shame or conscience by any definition.
	www.abqjournal.com /opinion/guest_columns/357558opinion06-03-05.htm?rrc (701 words)

	El Defensor Chieftain: Brutal march scarred Navajos, Apaches
		Editor's Note: Last month, a memorial was dedicated at Bosque Redondo near Fort Summer in honor of the American Indians driven from their homes and forced to walk across the state to be confined in that area.
		Carleton considered Bosque Redondo to be an ideal location for a new reservation because of its isolation and open plains, which made it easier for troops to observe their captives and pursue them if needed.
		It was estimated that one-fourth of the Navajo perished due to Carleton's internment of the tribe at the Bosque Redondo concentration camp.
	www.dchieftain.com /news/52749-07-16-05.html (2676 words)

	Independent - June 19, 2006: Long Memory; Michigan native retraces Long Walk of Diné
		The Navajo word for Bosque Redondo is Hweeldi, which means "the place of suffering," and the many stories about Hweeldi speak to the suffering that the people endured there.
		For some Navajo people today, Bosque Redondo is not a place to ever visit because they've been taught not to revisit places of suffering.
		For other Navajo people, Bosque Redondo is a place that's important to visit because it's a reminder of how their ancestors endured and survived years of hardship.
	www.gallupindependent.com /2006/jun/061906lngmmry.html (1250 words)

	Del Mar Race Report: Right at Home - bloodhorse.com
		For Bosque Redondo, however, there was no glory, the only outward sign of courage a metal splint fitted to his right front leg, supporting an ankle now rendered useless.
		The gelded son of Jaklin Klugman was soon flanked by Bosque Redondo, with War Emblem tracking in third on the outside.
		According to Bradley, Bosque Redondo sustained not only bilateral sesamoid fractures of his right front ankle but a thin medial condylar fracture of the cannon bone, as well.
	www.bloodhorse.com /viewstory.asp?id=11119 (1135 words)

	PBS - Weekend Explorer - Ruidoso, New Mexico - Anglos and New Mexico's Indigenous Peoples
		But he herded the entire tribe of 7,000 across the state to Bosque Redondo 300 miles away.
		Bosque Redondo was a disaster, since the land was too dry to grow crops.
		After a couple of years the federal government admitted the mistake and let the Navajo return to their traditional lands in Northwestern New Mexico where they continue to live today.
	www.pbs.org /weekendexplorer/newmexico/ruidoso/ruidoso_anglos.htm (246 words)

	Portales News-Tribune (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The 6,345-square-foot memorial, funded by the state and designed by a Navajo architect, tells the story of the five years when thousands of Navajos and Mescaleros were forcibly removed from their homelands and held by the U.S. government at an encampment along the Pecos River.
		According to Scott Smith, Bosque Redondo Memorial manager, the new memorial spans 111 acres and includes a museum and a new monument of a contemporary nature, made from stucco.
		Where: The Bosque Redondo Memorial is located 3 miles east of Fort Sumner, U.S. 60/84, south 3/5 miles on Billy the Kid Road.
	www.pntonline.com /engine.pl?station=portales&template=storyfull.html&id=5090 (280 words)

	Bosque Redondo
		The Long Walk and Imprisonment at Bosque Redondo
		This removal of the Navajo is sometimes compared to the Cherokee Trail of Tears.
		What is the legacy of the Long Walk and the stay in Bosque Redondo?
	www.meredith.edu /nativeam/bosque_redondo.htm (205 words)

	Navajo NM: An Administrative History (Chapter 1)
		After the Navajos returned from the Bosque Redondo in 1868, the people of the western reservation were distinguished by their independence and fidelity to traditional Navajo ways.
		It was this practice that inspired the wrath of the American military, and the memory of exile in the Bosque Redondo loomed large in Navajo consciousness.
		Navajos settled in the contested areas after their return from the Bosque Redondo and grazed animals in the area.
	www.nps.gov /nava/adhi/adhi1c.htm (1763 words)

	Fort Tours \| Northcentral Part of Southeastern New Mexico Historical Markers
		Named for the fort built in 1862 to guard the Bosque Redondo Indian Reservation, the town of Fort Sumner grew out of settlements clustering around the Maxwell family properties.
		Fort Sumner was built to guard captive Indians confined to the Bosque Redondo Reservation.
		Fort Sumner was established in 1862 to guard the Navajo and Apaches on the Bosque Redondo Reservation.
	www.forttours.com /pages/hmncnm.asp (425 words)

	Daily Racing Form - Del Mar Horse Racing 2003
		For the first half of the race, Came Home was fifth, chasing pacesetters Bosque Redondo and Sky Jack, who set fractions of 22.52; 45.48 and 1:09.82, and stalkers War Emblem and Momentum.
		Bosque Redondo was stricken a few strides after the finish.
		Flores was unseated when Bosque Redondo broke down and took off the rest of his mounts.
	www.drf.com /dmr/2003/history.html (5581 words)

	untitled
		The Bosque Redondo was turned into a virtual prison camp for these Native people.
		Of these, several thousand Navajos died at the Bosque Redondo from starvation, dysentary, malnutrition, attacks by enemy tribes, exposure to freezing temperatures, or disease.
		The Long Walk National Historic Trail will be a visual reminder of the courage of those Navajos and Mescalero Apaches who were force marched to the Bosque Redondo, and of the commitment they made to the preservation of their culture and identity.
	www.buffalosoldier.net /CommemoratingtheNavajo'sLongWalk,U.S.RepresentativeTomUdall.htm (3124 words)

	ICT [2005/04/18] Suffering and strength at Bosque Redondo
		BIG MOUNTAIN, Ariz. - Viewing a photo of Navajo children at Bosque Redondo for the first time, Louise Benally wondered which ones were her great-grandparents who endured the Long Walk to Fort Sumner, N.M. and suffered in the prison camp for four years.
		New Mexico State Monuments Director Jose' Cisneros said the new Bosque Redondo Monument, to be dedicated on June 4 in a ceremony at Fort Sumner, will be a tribute to the Navajo and Mescalero Apache who suffered at the camp.
		Sloan and project manager Delbert Billy believe Bosque Redondo is imbued with a long-absent ''spirit of place,'' the result of creative landscaping and a 6,345-square foot visitor's center whose exhibits tell the story.
	www.indiancountry.com /content.cfm?id=1096410763 (544 words)

	Neda Dispatch
		Bosque Redondo had functioned as a trading post in New Mexico for a hundred years until a US general decided it would serve better as a placement site for Mescalero and Apache Indians in his campaign to drive them from their homelands.
		Five hundred Apaches were eventually brought to Fort Sumner at Bosque Redondo.
		The U.S. officials called it a reservation, but Bosque Redondo was really a miserable prison camp for the nearly 9,000 Apache and Navajo captives.
	www.ustrek.org /odyssey/semester1/010601/010601nedageronimo.html (1050 words)

	El Malpais: In the Land of Frozen Fires (Chapter 5)
		It was either death by starvation or acceptance of Bosque Redondo.
		On November 7 the redoubtable Barboncito, a defector from Bosque Redondo, turned himself in at Fort Wingate with 64 of his people.
		On an inspection tour, he denounced the Bosque Redondo experiment as a failure citing "that the Navajos had sunk into a condition of absolute poverty and despair." [79] Sherman advocated the return of the Navajos to their homeland.
	www.nps.gov /elma/hist/hist5c.htm (1957 words)

	THE LONG WALK
		Despite intense resistance, thousands of Navajo people were starved into submission and forced to march to Bosque Redondo in the winter of 1864, a distance of over 350 miles.
		In 1868, the army finally admitted the failure of the Bosque Redondo, and the Navajo negotiated a treaty with the government acknowledging their sovereignty over their beloved homelands.
		A century later, in 1968, a portion of the Fort Sumner and the Bosque Redondo Reservation was declared a New Mexico State Monument.
	sped2work.tripod.com /long_walk.html (732 words)

	Southwest Indian Relief Council - SWIRC - helps Native Americans throughout the Southwest United States
		During the forced march to Bosque Redondo Reservation, led by Col. Kit Carson, Henryâs mother left her six year old son with other relatives to search for food.
		Dodge was passed from family to family and during a mix-up was left along the trail.
		An old man and his daughter found him and brought Henry with them to Bosque Redondo where they lived for four years.
	www.swirc.org /bio_henrycheedodge.cfm (463 words)

	Was Bosque Redondo a concentration camp?
		Last June 4, government officials dedicated the Bosque Redondo Memorial at Fort Sumner to honor the Navajos and Mescalero Apaches who were incarcerated there in the mid-1860 s.
		By its supporters, Bosque Redondo was regarded as an experiment — to see if Indians could be “civilized” by force and made self-supporting.
		In 1868, Bosque Redondo was closed, and the Navajos were allowed to retrace the original “Long Walk” west and return to their ancestral homeland.
	www.freenewmexican.com /news/38668.html (1317 words)

	Navajo Rugs: From the Long Walk Through the Trading Post Era
		His strategy was most effective and almost all the Navajos were driven to Bosque Redondo under terrible conditions.
		As is so common in such endeavors the land where they were taken could not begin to provide for the Indian livelihood and the shipment of provisions for the Indians was corrupt and inadequate for their needs.
		At Bosque Redondo women had only cotton trade cloth supplied by the government to make clothing.
	www.historyofquilts.com /navajo_rugs2.html (1086 words)

	[No title]
		The destination of the Long Walk was a reservation at Fort Sumner, New Mexico, called Bosque Redondo (Round Grove), which was shared with Mescalero Apache people.
		By 1868 conditions were so bad that a government commission was appointed to investigate the conditions at Bosque Redondo.
		From there several routes continued directly and indirectly to the Bosque Redondo at Fort Sumner on the Pecos River.
	www.doi.gov /ocl/2001/hr1384.htm (977 words)

	ICT [2005/04/22] Navajo president reflects on Bosque Redondo memorial.
		While the starvation, rape and murder of Navajos and Apaches at Bosque Redondo is often documented, Army accounts reveal a lesser-known fact that Navajos, including women and children, were sold by soldiers as slaves along the way.
		Currently preparing for the dedication of the new Bosque Redondo Memorial, New Mexico Monuments Director Jos￩ Cisneros said the completion of Phase I of the new monument would honor Mescalero Apache and Navajo who suffered at Bosque Redondo.
		Cisneros said a second phase of the Bosque Redondo Memorial construction, which would add a large exhibit hall for a permanent Long Walk exhibit and complete the landscaping, is planned.
	www.indiancountry.com /content.cfm?id=1096410823 (905 words)

	[No title]
		We came in anticipation of the official establishment of a memorial to the Diné’s Long Walk and their Bosque Redondo experiences, which will take place in June 2005 (see “Happening,” May/ June 2005).
		Beginning at the end of 1863 and into 1866, more than 10,000 Diné were forced to walk to the Bosque Redondo reservation that we called Hwéeldi.
		The Bosque Redondo Memorial will connect a place to Diné stories and be the beginning of this country’s acknowledgement of its shameful treatment of its indigenous peoples.
	nativepeoples.com /article/articles/124/1/.../print/124 (785 words)

	[No title]
		Documents their struggle to keep their land and the forced 300-mile journey taken by 8,000 Navajo to the uninhabitable reservation, Bosque Redondo.
		Also explains how those who survived the Long Walk and the four-year internment at Bosque Redondo were able to return and re-establish themselves on their ancestral lands.
		Objective 6) Students will be able to describe the horrific living conditions of Bosque Redondo, where the Navajo were kept for four years, known as the “fearing time”.
	www.ket.org /education/guides/navajo.doc (680 words)

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