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Topic: Bottom quark

Related Topics

Charm quark

Down quark

Fundamental particle

Hadron

Baryon

Meson

List of particles

Muon

Boson

Tauon

Neutrino

Strange quark

Top quark

Up quark

	Quark - MSN Encarta
		Unlike other elementary particles, quarks have electric charges that are a fraction of the standard charge—that is, the charge (e) of one proton.
		A particle containing the charm quark, the second-generation partner of the strange quark, was discovered at the Stanford Linear Accelerator and at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Brookhaven, New York, in 1974.
		The bottom quark was discovered in 1977 and, after a long search by physicists from all over the world, the top quark was found in 1995.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761576347/Quark.html (1524 words)

	Bottom quark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The bottom quark is a third-generation quark with a charge of -(1/3)e.
		Although all quarks are described in a similar way by the theory of quantum chromodynamics, the bottom quark's large mass (around 4 GeV, or four times the mass of a proton), combined with low values of CKM values V
		Because three generations of quark are required for CP violation (see CKM matrix for an explanation of why), mesons containing the bottom quark are the easiest particles to use to investigate the phenomenon; this is being done at the BaBar and Belle experiments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bottom_quark (359 words)

	quark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Quarks constitute all hadrons (baryons and mesons)--i.e., all particles that interact by means of the strong force, the force that binds the components of the nucleus.
		Strange quarks occur as components of K mesons and various other extremely short-lived subatomic particles that were first observed in cosmic rays but that play no part in ordinary matter.
		In many of the baryon configurations constructed of quarks, sometimes two or even three identical quarks had to be set in the same quantum state--an arrangement prohibited by the exclusion principle.
	zyx.org /QUARK2.html (1077 words)

	Quarks
		Quarks and Leptons are the building blocks which build up matter, i.e., they are seen as the "elementary particles".
		Quarks are observed to occur only in combinations of two quarks (mesons), three quarks (baryons), and the recently discovered particles with five quarks (pentaquark).
		Quarks undergo transformations by the exchange of W bosons, and those transformations determine the rate and nature of the decay of hadrons by the weak interaction.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/particles/quark.html (1357 words)

	1 July 2005 - KEK: Evidence for a decay of the bottom to the down quark
		Quarks are the most fundamental constituents of material, and it is widely known that six types exist in nature.
		The purpose of the B Factory is to produce an enormous number of the second heaviest, called the bottom quark, and clarify the fundamental laws of the universe by detailed studies of its behavior.
		These include the discovery of the violation of particle-antiparticle symmetry in bottom quark decays, the experimental confirmation of the Kobayashi-Maskawa theory that predicted this symmetry violation, and the discovery of many new particle states.
	www.interactions.org /cms/?pid=1020785 (501 words)

	Quark, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Quark, any of six hypothetical particles that are believed to form the basic constituents of the elementary particles called hadrons, such as the proton, neutron, and pion.
		Experimental evidence for the existence of the bottom quark was obtained in 1977.
		Each kind of quark has its antiparticle, and each kind of quark or antiquark comes in three types of "colors." Quarks can be either red, blue, or green, while antiquarks can be either antired, antiblue, or antigreen.
	www.levity.com /mavericks/quark.htm (244 words)

	ScienceWeek
		The heavier varieties of quark, such as the bottom quark, can disintegrate to produce other, lighter particles, and the pattern of the decay rates is constrained, but not determined, in the theory of fundamental particles, the so-called "standard model".
		A quark is a hypothetical fundamental particle, having charges whose magnitudes are one-third or two-thirds of the electron charge, and from which the elementary particles may in theory be constructed.
		A quark is a hypothetical fundamental particle, having charges whose magnitudes are one-third or two-thirds of the electron charge, and from which the elementary particles that have an apparent internal structure may in theory be constructed.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sa040326-4.htm (1833 words)

	Lifetime of the Bottom Quark
		The lifetime of a subatomic particle called the "bottom" (or b) quark was first measured at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in 1983 and found to be unexpectedly long.
		It also led to predictions that the preference of the universe for matter over its mirror image, antimatter, would be seen in decays of the b quark, and made it possible to build "B-factories" to study the matter/antimatter asymmetry.
		The SLAC work aided in the discovery of the "top" quark (which decays to a b quark) and searches for the Higgs particle, which is the last missing piece of the Standard Model and is expected to decay to pairs of b quarks.
	www.er.doe.gov /Sub/Accomplishments/Decades_Discovery/52.html (318 words)

	Quark -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics
		Quarks are a class of fermions whose members are the fundamental building blocks of hadrons.
		Quarks may interact via the strong force, weak force, electromagnetic force, or gravitational force.
		They are characterized by properties known as flavor (up, down, charm, strange, top, or bottom) and quark color (red, blue, or green).
	scienceworld.wolfram.com /physics/Quark.html (181 words)

	fUSION Anomaly. Quarks
		Quarks have fractional charges of 1/3 or 2/3 of the basic charge of the electron or proton.
		There is evidence for five kinds, or flavors, of quarks: up, down, strange, charm, and bottom; the discovery of evidence for the existence of the sixth, labeled top, was announced in 1994.
		Word History: "Three quarks for Muster Mark!/Sure he hasn't got much of a bark/And sure any he has it's all beside the mark." This passage of James Joyce's Finnegans Wake is part of a scurrilous 13-line poem directed against King Mark, the cuckolded husband in the Tristan legend.
	fusionanomaly.net /quarks.html (725 words)

	A Theory for Deducing Quark Behavior
		Physicists have difficulty studying individual quarks, because these smallest particles of matter are always bound together in pairs or groups of three.
		"Heavy quark effective theory" enables physicists to deduce the individual behavior of one type of quark (the bottom quark) by showing how its properties can be directly inferred from measurements of another type (the charm quark).
		The six quarks identified in nature (in order of increasing mass) are distinguished by the terms up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top.
	www.science.doe.gov /Sub/Accomplishments/Decades_Discovery/48.html (319 words)

	TOP STUFF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The bottom quark, the weak isospin partner of the top, was discovered in the late 1970's.
		As the diagram on the left indicates, after the charm and bottom quarks were discovered in the late 70's a bunch of particles were discovered soon after.
		Because the quarks are not seen individually in nature, but rather as bound together in composite particles, a spectrum of particles containing charm quarks exist.
	hep.bu.edu /~kmblack/topinfo.html (826 words)

	Measuring the Heaviest Known Particle, Physics Research Highlights, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
		It has a mass that is 40 times the mass of the next heaviest quark, bottom, and it is hundreds of times heavier than the lightest quarks.
		Top quarks can be produced in very high-energy collisions between other particles, making use of the 100-year-old equation E = Mc to convert the energy of the collisions into the enormous mass of the top quark.
		The bottom quark from the top decay also shows up as a jet of charged particles, but about 10 percent of the time there is a muon in that jet from the decay of the bottom quark.
	www.physics.uiuc.edu /research/Highlights/topquark.htm (814 words)

	symmetry - October 2005 - gallery: jan-henrik andersen
		The difference in mass is indicated by the number of geometric elements and visual 'activity.'" For example, the first-generation up quark (see image top) is represented by a single curve in space, while the charm quark is created by fitting two of those curves together—indicating the charm's identity as a second generation particle.
		Quarks that are in the same generation, such as the charm and strange quark, are positive and negative versions of the same space, and particles with opposite spins are represented as mirror images of each other.
		The colors are based on naming conventions in quantum chromodynamics (the theory of the strong force)—quarks are red, green, and blue, and their anti-colors are represented by cyan, magenta, and yellow, respectively.
	www.symmetrymagazine.org /cms/?pid=1000198 (804 words)

	Arnold Lasky
		Conclusion: The periodic table of the first family of the elements should be tripled by the inclusion of corresponding elements, with similar properties, that are composed of corresponding quarks from the other two families of matter.
		Assumption two: The rest masses of all massive particles sum to the equal of, or are multiples of, the rest mass of the bottom quark (4.5 GeV).
		Step 2: Subtract the rest mass of the bottom quark (4.5 GeV) from the rest mass of the Zº boson (90 GeV) and the result is 85.5 GeV.
	www.arnoldlasky.com (539 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The theory predicts the existence of six quarks, called "up," "down," "charm," "strange," "bottom" and "top." The elusive top quark was the last to surrender its secrets to physicists.
		Quarks are the basic building blocks of all matter.
		The top quark is 40 times more massive than the next lighter quark (bottom).
	www.iastate.edu /inside/1995/0310/quark.txt (554 words)

	What kinds of quarks are protons and...
		Truth and Beauty quarks were called T and B when originally proposed, to be Top and Bottom in analogy with the nucleon quarks that had just been renamed the Up and Down quarks.
		The Cornell accelerator was called a "Beauty factory" which sounds much nicer than a "Bottom factory." After the B was discovered and years went by without the T, people started to say "the quark model has no truth." This was true, but did not sound nice.
		The Top was the last quark discovered in two experiments called CDF and D0 at a sister lab to Jefferson Lab, Fermilab, outside Chicago.
	education.jlab.org /qa/quark_04.html (488 words)

	NOVA \| The Elegant Universe \| Smashing Pictures \| PBS
		The discovery of the charm quark left no doubt that there was a deep symmetry that forced the number of leptons and quarks to be the same.
		Hence, baryons are composed of one red quark, one blue quark, and one green quark, and mesons are composed of one red quark and one anti-red anti-quark (or green/anti-green, or blue/anti-blue).
		This theory predicted that the quarks are bound together by a strong force that is carried by a new massless particle called the gluon.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/elegant/smas-nf.html (3526 words)

	First Experimental Evidence for Top Quark Announced (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This theory holds there are six quarks, grouped into three distinct pairs, that combine to form composite particles, such as the protons and neutrons in the nuclei of atoms.
		The key to revealing the top quark's existence was the CDF detector, which is actually a 2,000 ton array of more than 100,000 individual particle detectors arranged around a point in the Tevatron where beams of protons and antiprotons collide.
		When a top quark is formed, it promptly decays into a bottom quark and a W boson, which is one of two particles that carry the weak nuclear force.
	www.lbl.gov /LBL-Science-Articles/Archive/top-quark-first-evidence.html (674 words)

	Come-from-behind success
		The discovery of the bottom quark, found twenty-five years ago at Fermilab, is a case in point.
		It took another eighteen years until scientists discovered the bottom's partner—the top quark, which was twenty-five times heavier than the bottom quark.
		Particles containing bottom quarks are the perfect instrument to learn more about a tiny flaw in the mirror-like behavior of matter and antimatter.
	www.eurekalert.org /features/doe/2002-06/dnal-cs070102.php (683 words)

	bottomstory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Analysis of the properties of the upsilon has confirmed that it is made from the quark-anitquark pair of a new kind of quark.
		This quark has been called "beauty" or "b" but is now commonly referred to as the bottom quark.
		The bottom is the first of a new third generation of quarks.
	quarknet.fnal.gov /run2/bottomstory.shtml (408 words)

	University of Florida News - UF physicist leads team that discovers protons and neutron relatives
		The two newly discovered baryons are made of two up quarks and one bottom quark.
		To beat the low odds of producing bottom quarks — which in turn transform into the Sigma-sub-b according to the laws of quantum physics —; scientists take advantage of the billions of collisions produced by the Tevatron each second.
		Quark theory predicts six types of baryons with one bottom quark and spin J=3/2.
	news.ufl.edu /2006/10/23/quarks (725 words)

	Undergraduate helps discover beautiful quark combinations
		Bodek's doctoral thesis provided the evidence of the quark's existence and was the basis for the 1990 Nobel Prize in physics.
		Particles with three quarks are called baryons, the most common of which are protons and neutrons.
		Scientists have observed many baryons, but combinations including the heavy bottom quark have remained elusive because they are difficult to produce: a lot of energy is required to create these heavier particles.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-10/uor-uhd102306.php (508 words)

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