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Topic: Botulin

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	Botulinum toxin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Botulin toxin is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
		Botulin toxin has always been considered an inferior agent for chemical warfare since it degrades rapidly on exposure to air, and therefore an area attacked with the toxic aerosol would be safe to enter within a day or so.
		Attacks involving botulin toxin are distinguishable from those involving nerve agent in that NBC detection equipment (such as M-8 paper or the ICAM) will not indicate a "positive" when a sample of the agent is tested.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Botulin (1899 words)

	RNW: Poison on Prescription
		What botulin toxin in essence does is block the communication between nerves and body tissue.
		Botulin toxin has even been successfully used in the treatment of chronic back pain or severe head aches, and scientists are now trying to improve the poison's capacity to kill all kinds of chronic pain.
		However, given the current wealth of applications of botulin toxin in modern medicine, and the fact that every year new possibilities for its use are discovered, it's clear that the poison – used in the right doses - has definitely turned from a foe into a friend.
	www.radionetherlands.nl /features/science/botulin020819.html (672 words)

	The Fine Art of Making Poison - - science news articles online technology magazine articles The Fine Art of Making ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		But botulin has a good side also: in very small doses, it is an effective treatment for a whole class of human illnesses known as dystonias--uncontrollable muscle spasms that researchers suspect are caused by involuntary and excessive electrical impulses from the brain.
		Once the botulin molecule is in place, neurotransmitters-- chemicals that transmit nerve signals--are blocked from reaching a muscle, and the muscle quickly becomes weakened or, if enough of the nerves are blocked, paralyzed.
		The answer to Schantz’s initial question was no. Botulin would not be an effective battlefield weapon because it doesn’t remain potent once it’s exposed to air, though Schantz points out it could still be useful for sabotage (in food that is eaten without heating, for example, or used as an aerosol in small areas).
	www.discover.com /issues/aug-92/features/thefineartofmaki93 (2788 words)

	Botulin Toxin (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Botulin toxin has long brought people grief, but now it has found its way into modern medicine, and not...
		Botulin has many medical as well as cosmetic applications and has proven to be a safe and effective muscle relaxant.
		This is botulin toxin, one of the most dangerous substances known.
	www.plastic-surgery-dictionary.com.cob-web.org:8888 /botulin_toxin.php (327 words)

	CHIRURGIA RICOSTRUTTIVA
		Purified botulin toxin, when injected into the mimetic muscles of the face, temporarily weakens them and causes a reduction in contractile activity, thus attenuating wrinkles and laughter lines.
		WARNING: the use of botulin toxin for aesthetic purposes is not currently permitted in Italy.
		There is no specific antidote to purified botulin toxin once it has become fixed to the receptors on the motor nerve terminals and has penetrated the nerve terminals thus preventing the release of acetylcholine.
	www.chirurgiaricostruttiva.com /site/botox.asp (685 words)

	botulism: Medicinal Use of Botulin Toxin
		In a technique pioneered by Alan B. Scott, an ophthalmologist, and Edward Schantz, a biochemist, in the late 1970s, botulin toxin has been purified and used in the treatment of debilitating muscle spasms caused by the excessive firing of certain nerves.
		Injected in tiny amounts into the affected tissue, the botulin blocks the release of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that controls muscle contraction, and temporarily relieves the spasms.
		Botulin was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1989 for treatment of blepharospasm (uncontrolled rapid blinking) and strabismus (crossed eyes); it is under study for use in other spasmodic conditions.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0856991.html (137 words)

	Case Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Fearing that Sarah suffered from a case of botulism, she asked that Sarah’s grandparents be contacted and samples of the Thanksgiving meal retained, if possible, and sent to a local clinic for analysis.
		Botulin is produced by Clostridium botulinum, a spore forming, anaerobic bacterium that can contaminate food.
		The botulin toxin binds to the presynaptic membranes at motor end plates and prevents the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons, thereby preventing synaptic transmission and muscle contraction.
	www.mhhe.com /biosci/ap/maderap/student/olc/chap07casestudies.mhtml (397 words)

	CRITICAL CARE INFECTIOUS DISEASE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The bacterium Clostridium botulinum is a strictly anaerobic, spore-forming, gram-positive rod that excretes botulin, a potent neurotoxic exotoxin, during bacterial growth and autolysis.
		Currently, 7 antigenic types of botulin are recognized: A through G. Types A, B, E, and F are the principal causes of botulism in humans; C and D occur primarily in birds and mammals.
		The diagnosis of botulism is based on the presence of appropriate neurological signs and symptoms, results of laboratory tests to detect botulin, or culturing C botulinum from specimens of the patient’s stool, wound, blood, or other secretions.
	www.aacn.org /AACN/jrnlajcc.nsf/GetArticle/ArticleSix103?OpenDocument (4074 words)

	SHOW 301: Botulin Toxin: Rx For Dystonia
		The bacteria that produce the deadly botulin toxin have certain needs that must be met in order for it to survive.
		Botulism is a type of food poisoning caused by the botulin toxin, produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
		In 1968, Schantz suggested using botulin toxin as an alternative to surgery for strabismus, a condition of crossed eyes caused by overactive eye muscles.
	www.pbs.org /safarchive/4_class/45_pguides/pguide_301/4531_botulin.html (1372 words)

	Botulism - infant botulism
		Botulism (from Latin botulus, botulism food poisoning "sausage") is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin, botulin, that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
		Botulin is the most potent known toxin, blocking nerve function and leading to respiratory and musculoskeletal paralysis.
		Foodborne botulism is a form of foodborne illness and is caused by eating foods that contain the botulism toxin.
	www.medicalgeo.com /Med-Diseases-At---B/Botulism.html (1468 words)

	ERRATA -- GURPS Compendium II, Third Printing --March 13, 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Collectively known as "botulin toxins" or simply "botulin," these substances are candidates for the most deadly poison known: less than three 8-ounce cups could kill the entire human population of the Earth.
		Symptoms of botulin poisoning show in 2d hours, and include blurred vision, dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, weakness, and shortness of breath.
		A dose of botulin will be lethal in 1d/2 days (round up) unless a HT-2 roll is made, in which case effects are limited to 4d damage.
	www.sjgames.com /errata/gurps/compendium-2_3p.html (538 words)

	Drug neutralizes toxin in mouse tests - New Antidote to Botulism - Brief Article Science News - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		They also suggest that the drug could be mass-produced and stockpiled as a deterrent to the use of botulism toxin, or botulin, as a weapon.
		Smith and his colleagues used one of seven known types of botulin in their study.
		By one estimate, a single gram of botulin dispersed evenly in a form that could be inhaled would kill 1 million people.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_6_162/ai_90870802 (449 words)

	Why is it botulin and not some chemical name?
		It's botulin because it is a protein from Clostridium botulinum.
		Although it is not an unbreakable rule, a protein usually is given a name ending in "-in." Examples are insulin, actin, myosin.
		hence, the use of "botulin" or "botulinus toxin."
	www.cbwinfo.com /Biological/Toxins/BotName.html (256 words)

	Sausage Info
		Botulism is a serious form of food poisoning caused by eating food contaminated with the deadly toxin botulin.
		Botulin is particularly dangerous because it can exist without a foul odor or other sign of contamination.
		This is probably going to be more than you care to read about botulism but it is a very serious form of poisoning and precautions must be taken to prevent it.
	www.sausagesource.com /sausage_info.htm (681 words)

	botulin c toxin precipitated by methanol (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		botulin c toxin precipitated by methanol Botulin c toxin precipitated by methanol botulin c toxin precipitated by methanol NIMH BATTERY...
		Botulin c toxin precipitated by methanol BIODIESEL and NBSP ;and NBSP ; ENERGY and NBSP ; POLICY...
		Botulin C Toxin Precipitated By Methanol Energy Efficiency Gate Petroleum In Jacksonville, Fl...
	www.rmc-freunde.de.cob-web.org:8888 /9005 (246 words)

	CNN - Botulin derivative new poor man's face-lift - July 1, 1999
		This deadly toxin has become one of the most popular weapons in the fight against aging.
		It seems there is nothing a little botulin won't fix.
		When injected into wrinkles, the poison paralyzes the facial muscle, and a few days later those frown lines are gone.
	www.cnn.com /HEALTH/9907/01/botox.boom/index.html (430 words)

	BIOLOGY 102 Lecture Notes. Bioterrorism
		Derived from Clostridium botulinum, anerobic soil bacterium, endospore former.
		When botulin endospores are present, they may withstand boiling.
		It is heat sensitive, like most proteins, so it is unclear how long it would remain active if added to water system, the most likely scenario for attempting mass murder.
	www.sp.uconn.edu /~bi102vc/102f01offline/terry/bioterrorism.html (2503 words)

	ANA: Simple Techniques Increase Effectiveness of Botulin Toxin in Controlling Upper Limb Spasticity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		ANA: Simple Techniques Increase Effectiveness of Botulin Toxin in Controlling Upper Limb Spasticity
		If this is not your name, click here.
		New York, NY -- October 16, 2002 -- In a groundbreaking study, researchers reported that both high-volume dilution of botulinum toxin-A (Botox) and an endplate targeting technique provide greater neuromuscular block and spasticity reduction than a low-volume dilution in the treatment of upper limb plasticity.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/22066E.htm (468 words)

	botulin - English-French Dictionary - WordReference.com
		We found no French translation for 'botulin' in our English to French Dictionary.
		Or did you want to translate 'botulin' from French to English?
		Forum discussions with the word(s) 'botulin' in the title:
	www.wordreference.com /enfr/botulin (57 words)

	Keyword (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Donate to FR Articles indexed to botulin (in order of time indexed.)
		157 poison bombs: Spleen fire, mushroom poisons, Botulin Iraq admits possession of bio weapons Now it is safe: The Iraq possesses bio weapons.
		Its people therefore found 157 bombs with spleen fire exciters, mushroom poisons (Aflatoxin) and the poison Botulin!
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/keyword?k=botulin (973 words)

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	www.wkyc.com /news/news_article.aspx?storyid=57696 (205 words)

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