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Topic: Botulin toxin

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Clostridium botulinum

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	Botulinum toxin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is the ingestion of preformed toxin that causes botulism, not ingestion of the spores or vegetative organism.
		Botulin toxin has always been considered an inferior agent for chemical warfare since it degrades rapidly on exposure to air, and therefore an area attacked with the toxic aerosol would be safe to enter within a day or so.
		There are no documented cases of the toxin actually being used in warfare; however, it may have been used in the Operation Anthropoid to kill top Nazi Reinhard Heydrich ([3]) and in "Operation Mongoose", where in 1961, the CIA saturated some cigars, of Fidel Castro's favorite brand, with botulinum toxin for a possible assassination attempt.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/Botulin_toxin (2174 words)

	Botulin toxin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Botulin toxin, sold commercially under the brand name Botox®, is an exceptionally potent neurotoxin that has found a variety of remarkable uses in modern medicine.
		The toxins incorporate an enzyme (a protease) that attacks one of the fusion proteins at a neuromuscular junction, preventing vesicles from anchoring to the membrane to release acetylcholine.
		Botulin toxin has always been considered an inferior agent for chemical warfare since it degrades rapidly on exposure to air, and therefore an area attacked with the toxic aerosol would be safe to enter within a day or so.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Botulin_toxin (1569 words)

	Botulin Toxin
		But sterile, purified botulin toxin in small doses also blocks the release of acetylcholine, a chemical produced by nerve cells that signals muscles to contract.
		Botulin toxin has always been considered an inferior agent for chemical warfare since it degrades rapidly on exposure to air, and therefore an area attacked with the toxic aerosol would be safe to enter...
		Botulin toxin - Botulin bacteria produce the botulin toxin, and this toxin is deadly to people in incredibly small quantities (as little as a billionth of a gram)
	www.plastic-surgery-dictionary.com /botulin_toxin.php (341 words)

	Botulin toxin: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Botulin toxin or botox is the toxic compound produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum (Clostridium botulinum: Anaerobic bacterium producing botulin the toxin that causes botulism).
		There has been concern over the use of botulin toxin as a terrorist (terrorist: A radical who employs terror as a political weapon; usually organizes with other terrorists in small cells; often uses religion as a cover for terrorist activities) weapon, but it appears to not be ideal for this purpose.
		The heavy chain of the toxin is particularly important for targeting the toxin to specific types of axon (axon: Long nerve fiber that conducts away from the cell body of the neuron) terminals.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/botulin_toxin (600 words)

	Body Toxins -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A toxin, in a scientific context, is a biologically produced substance that causes injury to the health of a living thing on contact or absorption, typically by interacting with biological macromolecules such as enzymes and receptors.
		The toxins may be produced either in the living body during infection (for instance, by tetanus) or by bacteria in dead biological material.
		Botulin toxin has always been considered an ideal agent for biological warfare (though the distinction from chemical warfare is a thin one), since it oxidises rapidly on exposure to air, so an area attacked with a toxin aerosol would be safe to enter within a day or so.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/20/body-toxins.html (1060 words)

	Botulism Reference @ NaturalResearch.org (Natural Research) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Botulin is the most potent known toxin, blocking nerve function and leading to respiratory and musculoskeletal paralysis.
		Botulinum toxin blocks the release of acetylcholine from nerve endings thus arresting their function.
		An unusual example of botulism occurred in Britain in the unusually hot, dry summer of 1976, when river levels dropped so low in some areas that feeding swans accidentally ingested material from anaerobic layers in a river (normally out of their reach), and were struck by botulism symptoms.
	www.naturalresearch.org /encyclopedia/Botulism (1137 words)

	Botulism on MediResource TM - Health Simplified
		This is botulin toxin, one of the most dangerous substances known.
		This is because the spores produce toxin slowly, and the child absorbs it bit by bit instead of all at once as in foodborne botulism.
		It involves injecting the suspected botulin toxin into a mouse that's received a toxoid, a sort of vaccine against poison.
	www.mediresource.com /e/health/disease_detail.asp?disease_id=21&dowhat=accept_disclaimer (867 words)

	Botulin toxin or Botox® is the toxic compound produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		There has been concern over the use of botulin toxin as aterrorist weapon, but it appears to not be ideal for this purpose.
		The toxin's properties did not escape the attention of the Aum Supreme Truth cult in Japan, who actually set up a plant for bulk production of this agent, though their terrorist and assassination attacks used thenerve agent sarin instead, it being easier to disperse and faster acting.
		A botulin toxin formulation called Botox Cosmetic is used for cosmetic purposes, to paralyse facial muscles for months at a time as a means of concealing wrinkles.
	www.raleghs.com /Botox.htm (607 words)

	Botulin toxin: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Botulin toxin or botox is the toxic compound produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum Clostridium botulinum quick summary:
		Clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming, anaerobeanaerobic bacillus which produces the toxin botulin that causes botulism....
		Botulism (from latin botulus, "sausage") is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin, botulin, that is produced by the bacterium...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bo/botulin_toxin.htm (1422 words)

	Shoppers Drug Mart - Health & Wellness
		Very small amounts of botulinum toxin are also marketed for the cosmetic purpose of removing "crow's feet" around the eyes.
		This is because the spores produce toxin slowly, and the child absorbs it bit by bit instead of all at once as in food borne botulism.
		There is a test for botulin toxin, but it's only available in certain clinics.
	www.mediresource.com /sdm/sdm/english/disease_detail.asp?disease_id=21 (1027 words)

	AllRefer.com - botulism : Medicinal Use of Botulin Toxin (Pathology) - Encyclopedia
		In a technique pioneered by Alan B. Scott, an ophthalmologist, and Edward Schantz, a biochemist, in the late 1970s, botulin toxin has been purified and used in the treatment of debilitating muscle spasms caused by the excessive firing of certain nerves.
		Botulin was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1989 for treatment of blepharospasm (uncontrolled rapid blinking) and strabismus (crossed eyes); it is under study for use in other spasmodic conditions.
		The toxin is also injected to provide short-term (three to four months) cosmetic treatment of facial wrinkles.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/botulism-medicinal-use-of-botulin-toxin.html (233 words)

	botoxin - Medical Microbiology - Reading assignment
		BOTOX® (Botulinum Toxin Type A) Purified Neurotoxin Complex is a vacuum-dried form of purified botulinum toxin type A. The toxin molecule is a di-chain polypeptide consisting of a heavy chain linked by a disulfide bond to a light chain.
		Work with botulinum toxin type A as a therapeutic agent to treat human disease began in the late 1960s through the collaboration of Alan B. Scott, MD, of the Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Foundation and Edward J. Schantz, PhD, director of food microbiology and toxicology at the University of Wisconsin.
		This is when botulinum toxin type A was first considered not as an agent of human sickness and disease but as a powerful therapeutic agent to treat symptoms of neurological disorders.
	www.panam.edu /faculty/materon/3403/botoxin.html (3691 words)

	Cosmetic, oncologycal, plastic surgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Purified botulin toxin, when injected into the mimetic muscles of the face, temporarily weakens them and causes a reduction in contractile activity, thus attenuating wrinkles and laughter lines.
		WARNING: the use of botulin toxin for aesthetic purposes is not currently permitted in Italy.
		There is no specific antidote to purified botulin toxin once it has become fixed to the receptors on the motor nerve terminals and has penetrated the nerve terminals thus preventing the release of acetylcholine.
	www.myaestheticsurgery.com /site/botox.asp (682 words)

	Clostridium botulinum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Clostridium botulinum is a bacterium that produces the toxin botulin, the causative agent in botulism.
		It has other "off-label" medical purposes, such as treating severe facial pain, such as that caused by trigeminal neuralgia.
		Botulin toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum is often believed to be a potential bioweapon as it is so potent that it takes less that 1 microgram to kill a person.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clostridium_botulinum (294 words)

	Botulin toxin - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Botulin toxin, popularly sold under the brand name Botox®, is an exceptionally potent neurotoxin that has found a variety of remarkable uses in modern medicine.
		The German physician and poet Justinus Kerner called botulinum toxin "sausage poison", as this bacterium often causes poisoning cases by growing in badly-handled made-up meat items.
		There are no documented cases of the toxin's actually being used in warfare; however, it was probably used in the Operation Anthropoid to kill top Nazi Reinhard Heydrich ([1]) and in "Operation Mongoose" in 1961, the CIA saturated some cigars, of Fidel Castro's favorite brand, with botulinum toxin for a possible assassination attempt.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Botulin_toxin (1550 words)

	Pandemic Flu Bird Flu Preparation Anti Terror ABC Safety-Products
		Bioterrorism is terrorism using germ warfare, an intentional human release of a naturally-occurring or human-modified toxin or biological agent.
		Botulin toxin, popularly sold under the brand name Botox®, is an incredibly potent neurotoxin that has found a variety of remarkable uses in modern medicine and biological warfare.
		Botulin toxin has always been considered an ideal agent for biological warfare since it oxidises rapidly on exposure to air, so an area attacked with a toxin aerosol would be safe to enter within a day or so.
	www.pandemic.info /pandemien-epidemien.htm (1206 words)

	Learn more about Botulin toxin in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Learn more about Botulin toxin in the online encyclopedia.
		The toxin itself is a two-chain polypeptide with a 100-kd heavy chain joined by a disulfide bond to a 50-kd light chain.
		Botulin toxin has long been considered an ideal agent for chemical warfare (though, given its origins, the distiction from biological warfare is a thin one), since it oxidises rapidly on exposure to air, so an area attacked with a toxin aerosol would be safe to enter within a day or so.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /b/bo/botulin_toxin.html (383 words)

	botulism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The toxins are destroyed by boiling canned food for 30 min at 176°F (80°C).
		Once the toxins (which are impervious to destruction by the enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract) have entered the body, they interfere with the transmission of nerve impulses, causing disturbances in vision, speech, and swallowing, and ultimately paralysis of the respiratory muscles, leading to suffocation.
		Botulinus antiserum is given to persons who have been exposed to contaminated food before they develop symptoms of the disease and is given to diagnosed cases of the disease as soon as possible.
	www.bartleby.com /65/bo/botulism.html (354 words)

	American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy :: Member Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Botulinum toxin type A is one of three toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum responsible for botulism in humans.
		The toxin is obtained for clinical use by acidification and centrifugation of bacterial cultures, and subsequent purification
		Botulium toxin injection for achalasia is a promising technique, due to its minimally invasive nature, ease of use, and lack of morbidity.
	www.asge.org /nspages/practice/patientcare/technology/98-botulinum.cfm (1476 words)

	Wikinfo \| Toxin
		A toxin is a substance that causes damage to biological systems by chemical means.
		The study of toxins and their adverse effects is known as toxicology.
		However, a molecular assembler or other new molecule may itself be a toxin, or reasonably defined as one by default under Precautionary Principle.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Toxic (517 words)

	Arthroscopic Day Care Surgery An Approach to New Millennium
		In recent years, Botulin toxin has been a topic of fervent research, and as with all great discoveries, its use to enhance facial features was discovered more by accident than by intention.
		Botulin toxin is a neurotoxin, produced by an obligate bacterium, Clostridium botulinum.
		Yes, botulin toxin has arrived and the results achieved are akin to a miracle of sorts.
	www.bhj.org /journal/2003_4502_april/arthro_256.htm (3052 words)

	Botulism Information from Johns Hopkins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Botulism is caused by a toxin made by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
		The botulin toxin is one of the most poisonous substances known.
		Botulism is the disease triggered when the toxin is absorbed by the gut, lungs, or any open wound.
	www.hopkinsmedicine.org /heic/bioterrorism/facts/botulism.html (265 words)

	Medbroadcast Condition Info
		This is botulin toxin, one of the most dangerous substances known.
		This is because the spores produce toxin slowly, and the child absorbs it bit by bit instead of all at once as in food borne botulism.
		It involves injecting the suspected botulin toxin into a mouse that's received a toxoid, a sort of vaccine against poison.
	www.medbroadcast.com /condition_info_details_pf.asp?disease_id=21 (1049 words)

	toxin
		Toxins are classified as either exotoxins or endotoxins.
		Toxoids are protein toxins that have been heated or chemically treated to deprive them of their toxicity but not of the ability to induce the formation of antibodies.
		toxin-antitoxin - toxin-antitoxin, mixture of a poisonous substance, or toxin, with an antitoxin, or antibody, in...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0849190.html (268 words)

	SHOW 301: Botulin Toxin: Rx For Dystonia
		A lethal toxin injected in just the right muscle turns out to be an effective medical treatment for two people who suffer from a severe muscle disorder called dystonia.
		The bacteria that produce the deadly botulin toxin have certain needs that must be met in order for it to survive.
		In 1968, Schantz suggested using botulin toxin as an alternative to surgery for strabismus, a condition of crossed eyes caused by overactive eye muscles.
	www.pbs.org /safarchive/4_class/45_pguides/pguide_301/4531_botulin.html (1372 words)

	Howstuffworks "How does botulism work?"
		A strain of bacteria called Clostridium botulinum creates a protein called botulin, and this protein is the cause of botulism.
		Botulin invades excitatory nerve cells where they meet with muscle fibers and blocks the junction so no signals can get through.
		Because botulin is a protein, heating will destroy it.
	science.howstuffworks.com /question214.htm (286 words)

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