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Topic: Botulinum toxin

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	Emergency Medicine
		Botulinum toxin, which has been used as a therapeutic agent by neurologists, ophthalmologists, plastic surgeons, and ENT surgeons, is considered the most likely of these toxins to have a significant public health impact and is on the CDC's "A" list.
		Botulinum toxin type B (Myobloc) was approved in 2000 for spasmodic torticollis and cervical dystonia.
		The toxin is absorbed by gastrointestinal mucosa and respiratory epithelium.
	www.emedmag.com /html/pre/ter/BT0402.asp (1360 words)

	Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Botulinum toxin is produced by Clostridium botulinum, a gram positive spore forming anaerobe which dwells in the soil.
		The toxin is a 150 kDa zinc dependent metalloproteinase that cleaves proteins involved in the docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles to the membrane at the neuromuscular junction.
		Botulinum toxin, marketed as Botox, is used therapeutically for several medical conditions involving pathological muscle contraction such as torticollus, strabismus, and dystonia.
	dpalm.uth.tmc.edu /faculty/bios/norris/BT2002_files/BotulinumToxin.htm (1511 words)

	Botulinum Toxin: Efficacy in Migraine, Tension, and Cluster Headache: A Review
		Botulinum toxin injections have been utilized in the last several years as one other possibility for these difficult to treat patients.
		Different strains of Clostridium botulinum produce eight serotypes, designed A, B, C1, C2, and D through G. All are proteases with a similar structure, composed of a light chain linked by a disulfide bond to a heavy chain.
		The botulinum toxin was not effective for 3 of the chronic cluster sufferers.
	www.headachedrugs.com /archives/efficacy_botulinum_toxin.html (3619 words)

	EH&S: Fact Sheets - Botulinum Toxin as a Potential Weapon
		Botulinum toxin used in bioterrorism could be spread through the air or through contaminated food or drink.
		However, botulinum toxins could be disbursed through man-made devices that spray toxin into the air or through contamination of food.
		Botulinum toxin is easily destroyed by heating to an internal temperature of 85 degrees centigrade.
	www.uos.harvard.edu /ehs/fs_botulinum.shtml (576 words)

	Botulinum Toxin In The Treatment Of Headaches
		The concept that this toxin might be useful in the treatment of excitatory states of the central nervous system was described in the early part of the 19th-century.
		Botulinum toxin is formed as a single-chain molecule that is cleaved to form a dichain molecule.
		Botulinum Toxin is a relatively recent novel approach to the treatment of chronic headache conditions.
	www.dcmsonline.org /jax-medicine/2000journals/april2000/botox.htm (941 words)

	eMedicine - Botulinum Toxin in Pain Management : Article by Martin K Childers
		While incompletely understood and at times controversial, use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of conditions associated with involuntary muscle contraction, such as focal dystonia and spasticity, is supported by prospective, randomized clinical research; however, while the volume of comparable studies in pain syndromes is growing, the number of clinical randomized trials is limited.
		Botulinum toxin is produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a rod-shaped, gram-positive organism found in soil and water.
		Botulinum toxin's putative success in pain management was originally attributed to its ability to block acetylcholine from being released at the synapse.
	www.emedicine.com /pmr/topic218.htm (5346 words)

	Botulinum Toxin (Botox, Myobloc) and How They Work
		Botulinum Toxin A, commonly referred to as Botox®, is an artificially produced neuromuscular paralyzing agent that is now licensed by the FDA for blepharospasm and wrinkles.
		Botulinum Toxin B, commonly referred to as Myobloc® or Neurobloc®, is an artificially produced neuromuscular paralyzing agent that was more recently licensed by the FDA for cervical dystonia.
		In the case of hyperhidrosis, a condition where one produces excessive amount of sweat, the botulinum toxin is used to target the nerves that come into contact with the sweat gland.
	www.loftusmd.com /Articles/botulinum/botulinum_toxin.html (581 words)

	BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A Drug Information BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A
		BOTOX® (Botulinum Toxin Type A) Purified Neurotoxin Complex is a sterile, vacuum-dried purified botulinum toxin type A, produced from fermentation of Hall strain Clostridium botulinum type A grown in a medium containing casein hydrolysate, glucose and yeast extract.
		Botulinum Toxin Type A is not expected to be present in the peripheral blood at measurable levels following IM or intradermal injection at the recommended doses.
		Excessive neuromuscular weakness may be exacerbated by administration of another botulinum toxin prior to the resolution of the effects of a previously administered botulinum toxin.
	www.drugs.com /pdr/botulinum_toxin_type_a.html (6991 words)

	Botulinum toxin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
		It is the ingestion of preformed toxin causes botulism, not ingestion of the spores or vegetative organism.
		There are no documented cases of the toxin actually being used in warfare; however, it may have been used in the Operation Anthropoid to kill top Nazi Reinhard Heydrich ([2]) and in "Operation Mongoose", where in 1961, the CIA saturated some cigars, of Fidel Castro's favorite brand, with botulinum toxin for a possible assassination attempt.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Botulinum_toxin (2050 words)

	Research on Botulinum Toxin in Cerebral Palsy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		They wrote that Botulinum toxin, the most potent of the neurotoxins, produces paralysis by blocking presynaptic release of the neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) at the neuromuscular junction, with reversible chemical denervation of the muscle fibre, thereby inducing partial paralysis and atrophy.
		The authors were of the opinion that Botulinum toxin A provides a safe and effective adjuvant treatment of dystonic skilled movements and gait disorders in children with cerebral palsy.
		Between 50 and 320 units of botulinum toxin were injected into each muscle group to a total dose of 100 to 400 units per child.
	www.udaan.org /drugs/research.html (1827 words)

	Botulinum Toxin Type B Drug Information
		Botulinum toxin type B (BOT-yoo-lye-num) is used to treat abnormal head position and neck pain that is a result of cervical dystonia.
		Botulinum toxin type B is injected into the muscles that are affected.
		Although there is no specific information comparing use of botulinum toxin type B in the elderly with use in other age groups, this medicine is not expected to cause different side effects or problems in older people than it does in younger adults.
	www.drugs.com /cons/Botulinum_Toxin_Type_B.html (949 words)

	FDA/CFSAN Bad Bug Book - Clostridium botulinum (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Infant botulism is diagnosed by demonstrating botulinal toxins and the organism in the infants' stools.
		Botulinum toxin causes flaccid paralysis by blocking motor nerve terminals at the myoneural junction.
		botulinum, determination of the source of an outbreak is based on detection and identification of toxin in the food involved.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~mow/chap2.html (1656 words)

	DMRF: Botulinum Toxin Injections (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Botulinum toxin is a complex protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
		Botulinum toxin type-A was developed as a therapeutic agent for this disorder along with blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, and other disorders characterized by inappropriate muscle spasms.
		Botulinum toxin is used extensively to treat the various forms of dystonia.
	www.dystonia-foundation.org /treatment/botox.asp (1269 words)

	ASA Newsletter - Article Botulinum Toxin
		Botulinum toxins are the causative agents of botulism, a potentially fatal condition of neuromuscular paralysis.
		All botulinum toxins are synthesized as single-chain polypeptides with a molecular Wight of approximately 150 kDa [7].
		Botulinum toxin often is included as one of these agents because it is relatively easy to produce and is highly lethal in small quantities.
	www.asanltr.com /newsletter/02-1/articles/Botulinum.htm (3617 words)

	Botulinum Toxin Injections \| Botox Treatment, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
		Botulinum toxin injections are intramuscular injections done in children and adults to reduce spasticity and / or abnormal movements in a specific muscle group(s).
		The botulinum toxin used for injection is purified from this bacterium, clostridium botulinum, and freeze-dried for future use.
		Botulinum toxin injections may be used in combination with other muscle spasticity treatments to get the best overall reduction in spasticity to allow functional gains in children.
	www.cincinnatichildrens.org /health/info/neurology/treat/botox.htm (2713 words)

	Botulinum Toxin: Friend or Foe
		Botulinum Toxin is most commonly associated with Botulism, a paralytic illness caused by neurotoxins of the anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium, Clostridium botulinum, an organism found in soil throughout the world.
		Botulinum toxin causes paralysis by binding (irreversibly) to receptors on nerve endings, entering the nerve, and interfering with the release of acetylcholine, causing flaccid paralysis.
		Use of botulinum toxin as a bioweapon dates back to the 1930's when it was produced by the U.S. and Soviet Union in their biological weapons programs.
	www.colostate.edu /Orgs/safefood/NEWSLTR/v9n4s06.html (901 words)

	Botulinum Toxin Information on Healthline
		Botulinum toxin was developed to treat strabismus (cross-eye or lazy eye), and was shortly thereafter discovered to be highly effective for many forms of dystonia.
		The effects of botulinum toxin begin to be felt several days after the injection.
		Botulism poisoning, which occurs after ingesting large amounts of the toxin, is due to the effects of the poison on the breathing muscles.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/botulinum-toxin (751 words)

	CNN.com - Is nation ready for botulinum attack? - Mar. 25, 2003
		The toxin easily poisons those who eat it, and experts fear terrorists could infect the nation's food supply and sicken thousands, making the 2001 anthrax attacks-by-mail seem minor by comparison.
		Botulinum toxin has never been used successfully as a weapon, though the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo tried and failed to disperse it in aerosols at least three times in the early 1990s.
		If botulinum toxin were present, it might not be killed during the processing stage.
	www.cnn.com /2003/HEALTH/03/25/botulinum.toxin.ap/index.html (807 words)

	Botulinum toxin (Botox)
		The injection of botulinum toxin, commonly known as Botox, has become very popular for reducing wrinkles and rejuvenating the aging face.
		Botulinum toxin has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating frown lines in adults younger than 65.
		Botulinum toxin is also approved by the FDA to treat eye muscle disorders, including strabismus (cross-eyes), abnormal neck and shoulder contractions, and vocal cord spasms.
	www.peacehealth.org /kbase/topic/detail/other/tf6217/detail.htm (550 words)

	Botulinum Toxin
		To see whether therapy with botulinum toxin A may prove to be an effective treatment for headache of musculosketal origin.
		Botulinum toxin A produces prolonged muscle relaxation, which is dose dependent and can be easily targeted to affected muscles.
		The objective is to evaluate the long-term benefit of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) for the symptomatic relief of pain associated with chronic tension-type headache (TTH).
	www.headachedrugs.com /archives/botox.html (980 words)

	eMedicine - Botulinum Toxin : Article by Zoltan Trizna
		Botulinum toxin is used in dermatology for the treatment of facial wrinkles caused by muscular contractions.
		Myobloc Injectable Solution (botulinum toxin type B) in the United States and Canada and Neurobloc in Europe is indicated for the treatment of patients with cervical dystonia to reduce the severity of abnormal head position and pain associated with cervical dystonia.
		Botulinum toxin treatment of hyperhidrosis in persons with social anxiety disorder has led to improvement of social functioning and a reduction of overall disability.
	www.emedicine.com /derm/topic779.htm (3502 words)

	Botulinum Toxin
		Botulinum toxin type B (Myobloc) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for symptomatic treatment of patients with cervical dystonia (i.e., spasmodic torticollis) to reduce the severity of abnormal head position and neck associated with cervical dystonia.
		The evidence of botulinum toxin in the treatment of piriformis syndrome is limited to a small, controlled short-term study and a small pilot cross-over study reporting on the impact of botulinum toxin on pain, but not on disability and function (Fishman, et al., 2002; Childers, et al., 2002).
		Botulinum toxin is injected into the external urethral sphincter to treat detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, while intra-detrusal injections of botulinum toxin is employed in treating detrusor overactivity and symptoms of the overactive bladder (OAB).
	www.aetna.com /cpb/medical/data/100_199/0113.html (10571 words)

	Botox® injections: Cosmetic treatment across the UK & London
		Botulinum Toxin blocks impulses from the nerve to the tiny facial muscles that are related to expression lines.
		Botulinum Toxin injections have been used safely for over twenty years to treat many neurological and ophthalmological disorders.
		Each year tens of thousands of patients receive Botulinum Toxin for relief from a variety of conditions and it is quickly becoming a popular treatment for reversing the visible signs of aging.
	www.courthouseclinics.com /treatments/tr_botulinumtoxin.asp (706 words)

	Botulinum Toxin Injections: A treatment for muscle spasms -- familydoctor.org
		Botulinum toxin is used to stop muscle spasms because it blocks these messages.
		Botulinum toxin is a standard treatment for spasmodic torticollis, a muscle spasm that causes the head and neck to pull in one direction.
		Botulinum toxin is mixed with saline (salt water) and injected into the muscle with a tiny needle.
	familydoctor.org /online/famdocen/home/articles/017.html (317 words)

	National MS Society \| Botulinum Toxin (Botox) for MS
		Botulinum toxin was first identified in 1897 as the cause of the type of food poisoning subsequently known as botulism.
		It wasn't until 1949 that botulinum toxin type A was shown to block signals at the neuromuscular junction.
		Botulinum toxin type B is also being evaluated for use in spasticity and other conditions.
	www.nationalmssociety.org /Clinup-Botox.asp (712 words)

	Botulinum Toxin Treatment - Children's Hemiplegia and Stroke Association
		Spasticity associated with cerebral palsy in children: guidelines for the use of botulinum a toxin.
		Botulinum toxin type A injections in the spastic upper extremity of children with hemiplegia: child characteristics that predict a positive outcome
		Botulinum toxin A in the management of spastic gait disorders in children and young adults with cerebral palsy: a randomized, double-blind study of "high-dose" versus "low-dose" treatment
	www.chasa.org /botulinum_toxin.htm (603 words)

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