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Topic: Boule (crystal)

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	Boule (crystal) Information
		A boule is a term used to describe a single crystal ingot produced by synthetic means.
		A semiconductor crystal boule is normally cut into circular wafers.
		This boule is then cut with a diamond saw to produce the familiar wafers onto which the integrated circuits are etched.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Boule_(crystal) (166 words)

	Boule (crystal) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A boule is a term used to describe a single crystal ingot produced by synthetic means.
		A semiconductor crystal boule is normally cut into circular wafers.
		This boule is then cut with a diamond saw to produce the familiar wafers onto which the integrated circuits are etched.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Boule_(crystal) (189 words)

	Boule (crystal)
		A boule is a term used to describe a single-crystal ingot produced by synthetic means.
		In the Czochralski process a seed crystal is required to create a larger crystal, or ingot.
		This seed crystal is dipped into the pure molten silicon and slowly extracted.
	www.photonicsknowledge.com /optics/Boule_(crystal) (181 words)

	Semiconductor Fundamentals
		The intercepts of a crystal plane with the axis defined by a set of unit vectors are at 2a, -3b and 4c.
		The cubic crystals are characterized by a single parameter, the lattice constant a, while the hexagonal structures are characterized in the hexagonal plane by a lattice constant a and by the distance between the hexagonal planes, c.
		Such boules have a cylindrical shape, in part because the seed crystal is rotated during growth and in part because of the cylindrical shape of the crucible containing the melt.
	ece-www.colorado.edu /~bart/book/book/chapter2/ch2_2.htm (1394 words)

	Solar Energy Technologies Program: Silicon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the Czochralski process, a seed crystal is dipped into a crucible of molten silicon and withdrawn slowly, pulling a cylindrical single crystal as the silicon crystallizes on the seed.
		One "ribbon growth" technique—edge-defined film-fed growth—starts with two crystal seeds that grow and capture a sheet of material between them as they are pulled from a source of molten silicon.
		The cooling rate is one factor that determines the final size of crystals in the ingot and the distribution of impurities.
	www.eere.energy.gov /solar/silicon.html (1525 words)

	Photonics.com Printer Friendly View (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Neodymium-doped vanadate has become the crystal of choice for many diode-pumped lasers, primarily because the absorption cross section for 808-nm laser-diode pumping to the neodymium upper laser level is nearly eight times greater than the corresponding value in Nd:YAG.
		Laser crystals, both YAG and vanadate, are traditionally grown by the Czochralski technique, which involves touching a seed crystal to the surface of molten material in a crucible and then slowly pulling the seed crystal upward, allowing the crystal boule to solidify beneath it.
		They first operated each crystal in the resonator without the Q-switch, obtaining similar CW operation from all three, and thereby establishing that any difference in Q-switched performance was not caused by differences in the optical quality of the crystals.
	www.photonics.com /printerFriendly.aspx?contentID=79861 (1207 words)

	Answers to Questions About Watches - Questions in Time - Watch Industry Questions and Answers
		The terms "lunette," "bombé", "chevé" and "boule" are sometimes used to describe watch crystals.
		Note that, coincidently, the word "crystal" is also used to denote the tiny piece of quartz that serves as an oscillator in a quartz watch.
		This type of crystal has been coated on one or both sides with a substance - the same one used on anti-reflective eyeglasses - that lessens reflections and glare and makes it easier to read the watch face.
	www.europastar.com /europastar/watch_tech/watchcrystals.jsp (949 words)

	Segmented YAG laser rods and method of manufacture - Patent 4509175
		A crystal boule of about 1 to 3 inches in diameter is formed, the length of which depends on the mass of starting melt and available process time.
		Also, the Czochralski method generally produces a boule whose quality and concentration of active dopant changes along the boule length This is due to the difference in solubility of the active dopant species in the melt as contrasted with the solid crystal boule.
		Still another object is to join boule slabs or rod segments selected to match each other in concentration of dopants such as neodymium in the case of doped YAG materials, to thereby provide laser rods that are predictably more uniform in the length direction.
	freepatentsonline.com /4509175.html (3202 words)

	Boule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		boule (Ancient Greece), plural boulai, were advisory assemblies in the governments of many cities in Ancient Greece.
		boule (crystal), a large block of synthetically produced crystal material.
		boule (bread), a round loaf of white (often sourdough) bread, from the French word for 'ball.'
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Boule (127 words)

	Crystal Systems - Sapphire Grades
		One of the major advantages to the Heat Exchanger Method (HEM) of crystal growth is an isothermal environment created in the furnace after solidification of the crystal.
		After crystal growth is complete, the furnace temperature is below the solidification temperature and the heat exchanger temperature is increased; thereby in situ annealing of the boule is achieved prior to controlled cooldown to room temperature.
		Crystal Systems has developed a matrix defining standards for characterizing HEM sapphire into five classes based upon lattice distortion and light scattering.
	www.crystalsystems.com /saphgrades.html (442 words)

	[No title]
		Compared to PZT ceramics, PureWave crystals are purer, more uniform, have lower losses, and are able to transfer energy with greater precision and efficiency.
		The powder is melted into a liquid at 1400º C. A seed crystal is pulled away from the melting zone and the crystal is enlarged layer by layer to form a homogeneous crystal boule.
		The boule is sliced into wafers and polarized prior to slicing into imaging elements.
	www.medical.philips.com /main/products/ultrasound/technology/gi/purewave.asp (393 words)

	CASTECH Crystals from CONEX, Inc.
		The high-quality crystal boule is steadily available from CASTECH, who holds specialized proprietary techniques(flux-method) of the BBO crystal growth.
		With type I sum-frequency of 780-950 nm and 248.5 nm (SHG output of 495 nm dye laser) in BBO, the shortest UV outputs ranging from 188.9nm to 197 nm and the pulse energy of 95 mJ at 193 nm and 8 mJ at 189 nm have been obtained, respectively.
		Using CASTECH's BBO crystal, the OPO system covers a tuning range from 400nm to 3100nm which guarantees a maximum of 30% and more than 18% conversion efficiency, over the wavelength range from 430nm to 2000nm.
	www.castech-us.com /casbbo.htm (1278 words)

	Britney Spears guide to Semiconductor Physics: Glossary of Terms
		Crystals are composed of groups of atoms repeated at regular interval in three dimensions with the same orientation.
		Molecular-Beam Epitaxy (MBE) - a technique in crystal growth in which a molecular beam is directed at a crystalline substrate in a vacuum, resulting in the formation of crystals whose orientation is related to the orientation of the substrate.
		Reciprocal Lattice / Reciprocal Space - the lattice with axes a, b and c, related to the crystal* lattice or direct lattice (with axes a, b and c) in such a way that a* is perpendicular to b and c; b* is perpendicular to a and c; c* is perpendicular to a and b.
	britneyspears.ac /physics/lipgloss/gloss.htm (3879 words)

	Replica Watch Report Guide to Replica Watches - Watch Crystal 101 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		I saw this posted on The Replica Collector today, which is a detailed FAQ on watch crystals.
		Note that, coincidentally, the word "crystal" is also used to denote the tiny piece of quartz that serves as an oscillator in a quartz watch.
		It is a very hard, transparent material made of crystallizing aluminum oxide at very high temperatures.
	www.replicawatchreport.com /articles/general/watch-crystal-101.html (1020 words)

	oe magazine - meterology aims for precision (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Comparison of the plate's conversion efficiency versus tuning angle (rocking curve) to that of a well-characterized proof crystal allows the difference between the plate cut angle and phase angle to be determined to within ±4 µrad.
		This process continues until the crystal is cut to the proper angle and the plate passes onto the final finishing process.
		If the crystal does not pass scratch/dig specifications, the final finishing process is repeated until either the specifications are met, or the crystal becomes too thin to be useable.
	oemagazine.com /FromtheMagazine/dec03/metrology.html (1383 words)

	CASIX BBO CRYSTAL
		BBO is also an excellent crystal to be applied to frequency-double, -triple and -quadruple the high power acousto-optic and electro-optic Q-switched and mode-locked Nd:YAG and Nd:YLF lasers.
		Based on advanced crystal technology, CASIX is proud to provide as thin as 0.02 mm BBO crystals for frequency conversion of ultrafast lasers.
		In order to prevent crystals from damaging or to be easily operated, CASIX provides three kinds of mount to install different dimension crystals.
	www.u-oplaz.com /crystals/crystals02.htm (1789 words)

	[No title]
		A synthetic is a man-made material, which has the same composition and crystal structure as the natural material.
		Method involves melting powdered material, drops of melt fall onto a growing 'boule' crystal that is lowered as it grows.
		The carrot-shaped 'boule' is usually several 100 carat.
	socs.berkeley.edu /~eps2/wisc/gemsynthesis.html (553 words)

	Strontium titanate - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Its most important application has been in its synthesized form wherein it is occasionally encountered as a diamond simulant, in precision optics, in varistors, and in advanced ceramics.
		Its crystal system is cubic and its refractive index (2.41—as measured by sodium light, 589.3 nm) is nearly identical to that of diamond, but the dispersion (the optical property responsible for the "fire" of the cut stones) of strontium titanate is over four times higher, at 0.19 (B–G interval).
		This boule is usually no larger than 2.5 centimetres in diameter and 10 centimetres long; it is an opaque fl to begin with, requiring further annealing in an oxidizing atmosphere in order to make the crystal colourless and to relieve strain.
	fabulite.quickseek.com (1043 words)

	Sabato's Crystal Ball - Electorate Map
		The Crystal Ball has moved Arizona, Arkansas, Missouri, Louisiana, Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia to solid Red states.
		But this is where your Crystal Ball has an advantage over other political rating services: we do not jump with each new poll, but try to give an overall assessment based on all the information and factors at our disposal.
		The path to the White House is a meandering one, which will take both Bush and Kerry through teetering swing states scattered across the country in order to top off their tanks with enough high-octane electoral votes to propel them to the highest elected office in the land.
	www.centerforpolitics.org /crystalball/2004/president/electoratemap.php (1555 words)

	Britney Spears guide to Semiconductor Physics: Fabrication of VCSELs.
		These wafers are sliced from a large single crystal known as a boule.
		A small seed crystal of the material to be grown is lowered to the surface of the melt and then drawn upwards, slowly.
		As the seed crystal is pulled from the melt, it draws with it a layer of molten material.
	britneyspears.ac /physics/fabrication/fabrication.htm (1968 words)

	M/A-COM III-V Materials Group: Si-GaAs - Entering the Realm of Silicon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The aim of this large melt development effort is to produce entirely single 100mm diameter crystals from melt sizes in excess of 20 kilograms.
		Our hypothesis to increase the yield of single crystal grown from a given melt size was that the breakdown of single crystal growth was linked to the morphology of the crystal/melt interface.
		Three stages of the crystal growth process were modelled: growth of the shoulder (early in growth), growth of the initial section of the body (full diameter growth) and growth at the end of the body section.
	www.macom-gaaswafers.com /fabtech.html (896 words)

	ATP Project Brief - 00-00-7075
		Crystal IS proposes an aggressive research program that will produce 2-inch diameter, crack-free, optically transparent, semi-insulating, native single-crystal AlN boules and substrates and will generate the knowledge required to transfer that technology to also produce electrically conductive substrates.
		The technical difficulty of the barriers to success (in the areas of seed generation, uncracked boule growth, optical transparency, axial and radial thermal gradient control, and doping) run from medium to high, and private capital cannot bear the risk of a more aggressive approach toward surmounting them.
		Subcontractors to Crystal IS at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) will perform x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyses for this effort, and North Carolina State University (NCSU) subcontractors will perform secondary ion mass spectrometry and cathodoluminescence.
	www.nist.gov /public_affairs/factsheet/atp2004/00-00-7075_factsheet.htm (476 words)

	La Maison du Tarot
		Boule de Cristal avec pied en métal PM Le support idéal pour la...
		Boule de Cristal avec socle en bois GM Le support idéal pour la voyance...
		Boule de Cristal avec pied en métal GM Le support idéal pour...
	www.lamaisondutarot.com /c147132.2.html (91 words)

	Zone Melting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A polycrystalline specimen is prepared, typically in the shape of a cylinder and placed into a crucible, with a seed crystal near the top of the crucible.
		The portion of the cylinder containing the seed crystal is heated to the melting point, and the rest of the cylinder is slowly pulled through the hot zone.
		Consequently, this process sweeps them out of the sample and concentrates them at the end of the crystal boule, which is then cut off and discarded.
	www.chemistry.ohio-state.edu /~woodward/ch754/syn_zone.htm (151 words)

	Crystal Synthesis and Substrate
		Specializing in Single and Poly Crystal Target, Substrate and Powder and Chemical and Physical Vapor Deposition (CVD and PVD) Evaporation Material, American Elements is a manufacturer of crystalline and polycrystalline high purity and pre-melted materials for optic, electronic and other high technology applications.
		purity elemental and compound materials produced in the form of single crystal, polycrystalline pieces, boule, crackle and shaped charge and rod.
		American Element's crystal synthesis facility is equipped to synthesis crystalline structures using a variety of established technologies, including:
	www.americanelements.com /crystal_synthesis&substrates.htm (268 words)

	Hilger Crystals - via Xtal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ingots are produced from a solidification of the molten material which is held in a high purity ceramic crucible.
		An orientated selected seed is used to ensure that high quality crystal growth is achieved.
		Techniques such as Bridgeman Stockbarger, Kyropulous and Czochralski are employed to meet the above criteria and crystals up to 130 Kg and 400 mm can be produced in our in-house designed and constructed crystal growth furnaces.
	www.hilger-crystals.co.uk /prior/via_xtal.htm (171 words)

	Silicon Carbide (SiC) Powder, Crystal, Wafer, Boule From READE
		silicon carbide powder, fused silicon carbide, SiC, silicon carbide crystals, silicon carbide wafers, silicon carbide boule, silicon carbide platelet, silicon carbide fiber, fabrications, fused, synthetic, powder, grit
		Silicon carbide powder, fused silicon carbide, SiC, silicon carbide crystals, silicon carbide wafers, silicon carbide boule, silicon carbide platelet, fabrications, synthetic, powder, grit
		silicon carbide powder, fused silicon carbide, SiC, silicon carbide crystals, silicon carbide wafers, silicon carbide boule, silicon carbide platelet, silicon carbide fiber, fabrications, fused, synthetic, powder, grit, silicon carbide powder, fused silicon carbide, SiC, silicon carbide crystals, silicon carbide wafers, silicon carbide boule, silicon carbide platelet, silicon carbide fiber, fabrications, fused, synthetic, powder, grit
	www.reade.com /Products/Carbides/silicon_carbide.html (340 words)

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