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	Foot binding - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		"bound feet") was a custom practiced in some parts of medieval China on young females for many centuries and finally discontinued in the early 20th century.
		According to legend, women were bound in this way to replicate an imperial concubine who danced with her feet wrapped in silk; the other concubines were envious and they all started binding their feet in order to impress the emperor.
		While bound feet were considered desirable by some men, a misconception is that men found the deformed foot, in the flesh, erotic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Foot_binding (956 words)

	Chinese Foot Binding
		The mother who was the one to bind the feet, and usually started the process late in the fall or winter, so the foot would be numb and the pain would not be as severe.
		The women who had their feet bound were more likely to fall, less able to squat and less able to rise from a sitting position in their older years.
		The mother of the man that she loved finding out she does not have bound feet was the most embarrassing thing that could happen to you (Jackson 62).
	www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us /History/China/04/hutchins/hutchins.htm (1653 words)

	Chinese Foot Binding \| Golden Lotus \| Beauty Tactics \| Southern Tang Dynasty \| China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		They had to work in the rice fields, and later the tea factories, so they had to be able to use their feet.
		Bound feet were thought to be so alluring because they were always hidden.
		Bound feet were covered in bindings, socks and shoes and then doused in perfume and scented powder.
	www.kidzworld.com /site/p2142.htm (366 words)

	CHINESE FOOT BINDING
		This made the feet narrower but at the same time it made the feet shorter because it also forced the big toe and the heel closer together by bowing the arch of the foot.
		This was considered very charming, since a bound foot woman was largely restricted to her home, bound feet became a symbol of chastity.
		Their feet would not be bound but it wasn't uncommon for a woman to buy a pair of shoes one or two sizes down to make her feet appear smaller.
	www.angelfire.com /ca/beekeeper/foot.html (1699 words)

	Bold Type: Excerpt by Wang Ping
		For about two or three years, little girls go through the inferno of torture: the flesh of her feet, which are tightly bound with layers of bandages day and night, is slowly putrefied, her toes crushed under the soles, and the insteps arched to the degree where the toes and heels meet.
		By having to relearn how to place her reduced feet on the ground and relearn how to walk through a long period of intense pain, the little girl was forced into a speedy maturation—physically, mentally, and socially.
		Their airy weightlessness, embodied in the darting, floating movement of their bodies on the lotus feet that are both there and not there, is the emblem of a femininity purged of earthly dross and carnality.
	www.randomhouse.com /boldtype/0302/ping/excerpt.html (1924 words)

	Marie Vento: One Thousand Years of Chinese Footbinding: Its Origins, Popularity and Demise
		Bound feet became a sexual fetish and were said to be conducive to better intercourse.[29] It was accepted that these golden lotuses had developed not only an aesthetic appeal for the Chinese male, but also a sexual one.
		Bound feet, and the women who had them, were considered beautiful and highly desirable, and natural, so-called big feet were considered ugly, as were the women who possessed them.
		To destroy one and replace it with another, the perception of beauty attached to bound feet had to be destroyed, which in its extreme moments necessitated an assault on the women who had them.[38] This almost-unreal process of change demanded its price, and the payment was often in the form of great individual suffering.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /core9/phalsall/studpages/vento.html (2233 words)

	East (Chinese) Bound Feet vs. West (French) High Heels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The process of foot binding is so horrifying and unwrapped bound feet are so grotesque that it would have frightened the hell out of any man. Foot binding was most likely invented or developed by a mother, who hoped that her daughter would marry an emperor or wealthy man.
		Women binding feet did so because that had become the accepted norm for beauty among the upper classes, and of course if a woman wants to 'be provided for' in life she was expected to have a small foot, in the area of three inches long.
		In order to portray a Chinese girl/woman with bound feet accurately and believably in a live Chinese opera, the same is needed today as it was during the period of time in which girls actually had their feet bound.
	www.2heels.com /b.html (2447 words)

	yax-045 Bound feet
		But what caught my eye was her bound feet, still neatly tucked into white socks and little fl shoes.
		Whenever they removed the dressings to wash their feet, there would often be a terrible smell from accumulated sweat, and a pretty horrible sight to behold, of twisted toes, doubled-over arches and folds of skin festering with fungus and bacteria.
		A society that uses history or tradition as the main justification for its moral code is a society with bound minds, as crippled as those with bound feet.
	www.yawningbread.org /arch_1997/yax-045.htm (745 words)

	History of Footbinding
		She is extremely proud of her tiny two and a half-inch feet, although the life of luxury once promised to one with such extraordinary feet never came to her.
		The bound foot was understood to be the most intimate and erotic part of the female anatomy, and wives, consorts and prostitutes were chosen solely on the size and shape of their feet.
		To avoid physical and emotional trauma, releasing bound feet had to be done slowly, by loosening the bindings on a regular basis and allowing the feet to gradually resume a more normal shape.
	www.josephrupp.com /history.html (2015 words)

	CliffsNotes::The Good Earth:Book Summary and Study Guide
		One of the earliest stories asserts that bound feet originally came from the practice of wearing bow-shoes, which were small shoes with upturned toes and were worn by royal dancers in the royal court.
		To keep her from interfering in matters of state, he had her feet and the feet of her followers bound so that she was forced to remain in her quarters.
		Of course, with her feet bound, the woman was quite content to remain at home because, in addition to the pain of walking on them, she could not balance herself for a long period of time; consequently, she had no desire to do anything that would take an extra amount of energy.
	www.cliffsnotes.com /WileyCDA/LitNote/id-184,pageNum-21.html (1682 words)

	Chinese Foot Binding
		Chinese families, depending on how affluent they were, bound the feet of their girl children between the ages of three to seven years.
		The feet were put into smaller and smaller shoes and the bandages were bound tighter every day till they achieved the perfect size of three to four inches to fit into Lotus shoes.
		The process was not only excruciatingly painful for the little girl when the feet were actually broken and bound but it was also very tedious for the family to care for her during the next two or three years.
	www.asianartmall.com /chinesefootbinding.htm (711 words)

	Footbinding - Australian Museum's Body Art
		Mothers bound the feet of their daughters at around 5 years of age and gradually decreased the size of the child's foot over a period of months.
		The feet were called lotus of gold if they were 3 inches (about 7.5 centimetres) long, silver if they were 4 inches (about 10 centimetres) long or iron if they were more than 4 inches long.
		She was a thin woman, always had her feet bound and couldn't walk by herself.
	www.austmus.gov.au /bodyart/shaping/footbinding.htm (776 words)

	Chinese life/society
		The bounding of women's feet originated in the imperial courts of the Five Dynasties and was introduced to ordinary people in later years.
		Zhao Jiying was born in 1894 and her feet were bound when she was seven years old.
		Bound feet were more important than a woman's talents or personality.
	www.chinavoc.com /life/focus/smallfoot.asp (437 words)

	BIO 226W Nazareth College
		Between the ages of four to seven, the foot binding process occurred, and young girls would have to sit as a strip of bandage ten feet long and two inches wide was wrapped tightly around the foot.
		Bound feet also became a symbol of chasity, for once a woman's feet were properly bound, she would never be able to walk again on her own.
		In a study of osteoporosis in China by the UCSF, it was found that about 18 percent of the women in the 70s age group, and 38 percent of women in the 80s age group from the sample had footbinding deformities.
	www.naz.edu:9000 /~bio226w/cultural/cultures/BodyAlterations.htm (1122 words)

	Foot-Binding
		Some girls were bound their feet in painful 3-inch golden lotus style, whereas others were just only restricted the growth of the feet without hurting bones.
		Feet bound women had walking difficulties and they had to stand by the wall or be supported by another person.
		Women who had the feet bound in the childhood become worried about no shoes to wear because shoe factories start to stop producing the small shoes (Chinese).
	www.indiana.edu /~ealc100/Group3/Foot-Binding.html (1673 words)

	chinese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		When a female child was a baby (under the age of three) her feet were bound.
		First her feet were washed, then all but her big toes were broken.
		Her feet were then tightly bound in cloth strips to restrict the growth of her feet.
	www.georgiasouthern.edu /~esauls/chinese.html (403 words)

	Honolulu Star-Bulletin Features
		Feet were wrapped in cotton, with only the big toe left free.
		With their feet bound, women walked with a "lotus gait" that tightened their pelvic muscles.
		There are also X-ray photos of mangled feet and in one case, a photo of a mummified foot that had fallen off due to gangrene.
	starbulletin.com /98/03/10/features/story1.html (1502 words)

	Bound feet of Chinese Women (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Perfect feet were seen as a type of dowry to sweeten the pot when trying to marry off your daughter to someone with Standing.
		If your feet ended up over four inches long you could pretty much forget them bringing you any extra leverage when marriage offers came around - they were considered too large, and ruined; all the work done to mutilate them had been a "waste" of time.
		Stools were often put in chains in the homes and kitchens so all the women could scoot from one to the next without their feet touching the floor, or they would endure a life of traveling on their knees which would cause blistering and swelling of excruciating proportions.
	www.anomalies-unlimited.com /OddPics/Bound.html (633 words)

	Foot-Binding Custom Causes Disabilities In Chinese Women (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The study shows women in the 80 years or older group with bound feet were more likely to have fallen during the previous year than women with normal feet (38 percent versus 19 percent) and were less able to rise from a chair without assistance (43 percent versus 26 percent).
		In addition, the study found women with bound feet had 5.1 percent lower hip bone density and 4.7 percent lower spine bone density than women with normal feet, putting them at greater risk of suffering hip or spine fractures.
		By the time a girl turned three years old, all her toes but the first were broken, and her feet were bound tightly with cloth strips to keep her feet from growing larger than 10 cm, about 3.9 inches.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/42a6e.htm (583 words)

	Amazon.com: Bound: Books: Donna Jo Napoli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bound by the old traditions of China where she must become the servant of her stepmother after her father's death.
		Bound to remain a servant the rest of her life and be neglected by society.
		Xing Xing's step-sister, Wei Ping, is having her feet boung during the novel, feet binding is a process in which one's feet are bound to break the toes in order to have smaller feet.
	www.amazon.com /Bound-Donna-Jo-Napoli/dp/0689861753 (3034 words)

	The Ritual of Binding Feet - Chinese Culture
		Because of the deformity of their feet, it was extremely difficult for these women to walk.
		Not all women had their feet bound, even at the height of this practice.
		This was a shame for the girl in that it meant she would never be able to attract the hand of a rich man and move up in the social ladder.
	www.bellaonline.com /ArticlesP/art29600.asp (801 words)

	Lesson: Bound Feet
		The arches were broken as the foot was pulled straight with the leg, and a long narrow cotton bandage would be tightly wound around the foot from the toes to the ankle to hold the toes in place.
		Besides identifying women of gentility or high-class, it prevented women from "wandering," since the bound with bound feet was unable to walk unassisted, and even going a short distance was very painful.
		Women from the peasant and working classes did not have their feet bound as children because if was necessary for them to be able to work in the home and fields.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /eas/sum-inst/links/bd-feet.htm (1250 words)

	Morbid Outlook - Lotus Foot
		The dainty feet became a highly eroticised symbol of femininity and grace.
		Simple daily routines were painfully difficult; it was less common for rural girls to have their feet bound since they were needed to work, but in higher economic and social classes, the lotus foot prevailed at close to 100% percent.
		For a poor family to bind the feet of their young daughter or daughters would be a major sacrifice, but it improved the chances of marrying them into a higher social class.
	www.morbidoutlook.com /fashion/historical/2001_06_lotusfoot.html (524 words)

	Books@Random \| Bound Feet and Western Dress: Readers' Group Companion
		So beautiful a dancer was she that the emperor had a larger-than-life lotus complete with pond constructed for her of metal and jewels, and, for his entertainment, asked her to wrap her feet in strips of silk cloth and dance among the petals of the lotus.
		For instance, my great-aunt's feet were bound for three days until her progressive brother stepped in and said that it was too painful for her, and besides, old-fashioned.
		She was the first woman in her family not to have bound feet; she was one of the first women in China to get divorced.
	www.randomhouse.com /resources/bookgroup/boundfeet_bgc.html (4672 words)

	Bound Feet And Western Dress (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Chang family was made up of 8 brothers and 4 sisters, but Yu-i was the only girl who escaped having her feet bound.
		At one point he compared Yu-i and one girlfriend to "bound feet and western dress," even though Yu-i's feet hadn't been bound.
		Bound Feet and Western Dress not only gives an absorbing comparison of its two narrators, but also a vivid account of customs and traditions in China at that time.
	www.sonic.net /~barny/bound.html (478 words)

	Chinese Foot Binding - Lotus Shoes
		The study shows that women in the 80 years or older group with bound feet were more likely to have fallen during the previous year than women with normal feet (38 percent vs. 19 percent) and were less able to rise from a chair without assistance (43 percent vs. 26 percent).
		BEIJING (Oct. 26) XINHUA — Elderly Chinese women whose feet were bound since childhood to keep them small have fewer shoes to choose from in Harbin, the capital of northeast China’s Heilongjiang Province, because shoe factories no longer produce them, according to a report of Wenhui Bao.
		In the past, Chinese women’s feet were bound with meters of cloth to stop them from growing so that they would resemble a “three-inch golden lotus” at a time when normal big feet were considered alien to feudal virtues.
	www.sfmuseum.org /chin/foot.html (925 words)

	Kowloon Traders - Tales of the Banko - January 1998 - The Golden Lotus: Chinese Bound-Foot Shoes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The girl's feet were bound tightly with a 15-foot bandage, which forced the four small toes inward and under the sole.
		"Because of the constraints imposed by my bound feet, and also because it was considered proper for an unmarried daughter from a good family to remain at home, all my activities, including meals, were conducted within the confines of my bedroom.
		In those days, no woman would allow her bare feet to be seen by anyone, not even her own husband.
	www.kowloontraders.com /jan98.html (698 words)

	GR7: One Small Step for Man
		Such binding usually took place on a "lucky" day, determined by astrologists according to one's birthday and the phases of the moon.3 As their feet were being broken, young girls would be assured that their torture was a sign of love, a way to insure that they would be attractive and marry well.
		When Shansi residents sunned their feet during the sixth lunar month, foot enthusiasts of all ages travelled from outside the province to admire the tiniest of feet, some of which were dyed red especially for the event.
		5Some advocates argued that walking with bound feet caused women to tense their upper thigh and vaginal muscles, causing a tightness during intercourse that was not unlike having relations with a virgin.
	www.giantrobot.com /issues/issue07/foot/footmain.html (1740 words)

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