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	House of Bourbon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bourbon monarchs ruled Navarre (from 1555) and France (from 1589) until the 1792 overthrow of the monarchy during the French Revolution.
		Restored briefly in 1814 and definitively in 1815 after the fall of the First French Empire, the senior line of the Bourbons was finally overthrown in the July Revolution of 1830.
		The House of Bourbon as a noble family dates at least from the beginning of the 13th century, when the estate of Bourbon was ruled by a Lord who was a vassal of the King of France.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/House_of_Bourbon (4779 words)

	Bourbon Dynasty, Restored - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Following the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814, the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne.
		Louis XVIII's restoration to the throne in 1814 was effected largely through the support of Napoleon's former foreign minister Talleyrand who convinced the victorious Allied Powers of the desirability of a Bourbon restoration.
		This Second Restoration saw the atrocities of the White Terror, largely in the south, when supporters of the monarchy murdered many who had supported Napoleon's return.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bourbon_Dynasty,_Restored (1632 words)

	Houe of Bourbon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Bourbon Duchy of Lucca (1815–47), on the other hand, was a creation of the Congress of Vienna: having assigned Parma to Napoleon's estranged consort Marie-Louise for her lifetime, the Congress had to find some alternative compensation for the still-dispossessed Bourbons.
		The Bourbons of Parma and of the Two Sicilies were dethroned in 1859–60, in the course of the unification of Italy under the House of Savoy.
		Bourbon France is compared with Stuart England in John Miller, Bourbon and Stuart: Kings and Kingship in France and England in the Seventeenth Century (1987).
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/BourbonHouse/BourbonHouse.html (2137 words)

	List of French monarchs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Most medieval historians would argue that the existence of France proper did not begin until the advent of the Capetian Dynasty in 987, or, at the very earliest, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Western Francia at the Treaty of Verdun in 843.
		This view is somewhat problematic in layman's terms, however, in part due to the existence of centuries-old tradition that considers the beginnings of France to lie in the Merovingian Frankish kingdom established under Clovis I.
		The history of France as recounted in the "Grandes Chroniques de France," and particularly in the personal copy produced for King Charles V between 1370 and 1380 that is the saga of the three great dynasties, the Merovingians, Carolingians, and the Capetian Rulers of France, that shaped the institutions and the frontiers of the realm.
	usapedia.com /l/list-of-french-monarchs-1.html (718 words)

	Wikinfo \| History of France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		After Clovis's death (511) his realm underwent repeated division while his Merovingian dynasty eventually lost effective power to their successive mayors of the palace, the founders of what was to become the Carolingian dynasty.
		The new order left the new dynasty in immediate control of little beyond the middle Seine and adjacent territories, while powerful territorial lords such as the 10th and 11th-century counts of Blois accumulated large domains of their own through marriage and through private arrangements with lesser nobles for protection and support.
		The area around the lower Seine, ceded to Scandinavian invaders as the duchy of Normandy in 911, became a source of particular concern when duke William took possession of the kingdom of England in 1066, making himself and his heirs the king's equal outside France (where he was still nominally subject to the crown).
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=History_of_France (2035 words)

	The Bourbons
		Anjou continued to be the traditional title for younger sons of France: it was bestowed later in 1710 to the third son of the duc de Bourgogne (later Louis XV), and in 1730 to the second son of Louis XV (died in 1733).
		It is curious to note that the Spanish Bourbons did not wait for the extinction of the senior branch in 1883 to adopt the arms of France over-all.
		That title was the first one born by Robert, younger son of Louis IX and founder of the Bourbon branch, and was the usual title of the eldest son of the duc de Bourbon in the 14th and 15th c.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/bourbon.htm (3422 words)

	The French revolution of 1848
		At the close of the French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars (1789-1815) the Bourbon dynasty was restored in France in the person of a brother of the King who had been sent to the guillotine during the revolution.
		This restoration King, Louis XVIII, alienated opinion due to his absolutist tendencies and his 'legitimate' monarchy was usurped in 1830 with a junior, Orleanist, branch of the dynasty being recognised as Kings of the French rather than as Kings of France.
		The King installed in 1830, Louis Phillipe, was himself a son of a Bourbon prince who had offered some support to the revolution of 1879 and who had become known as Philip Egalite.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /history/1848/french_revolution_1848.html (794 words)

	Bourbon Dynasty - France.com
		Descended from France's ruling Capetian dynasty, the house of Bourbon became monarchs of France, Spain and southern Italy.
		The Bourbon Dynasty owes its name to the marriage (1268) of Robert, count of Clermont, sixth son of king Louis IX of France, to Beatrice, heiress to the lordship of Bourbon.
		The Bourbon pretender to the throne of France, the Comte de Chambord, was offered a restored throne following the collapse of the empire of Emperor Napoleon III in 1870.
	www.france.com /docs/71.html (304 words)

	WELLINGTON, 1ST DUKE OF - LoveToKnow Article on WELLINGTON, 1ST DUKE OF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Peshwa was now restored, and entered into various military obligations with Wellesley, which he very imperfectly fulfilled.
		During the autumn and winter of 1814 he witnessed and reported the mistakes of the restored Bourbon dynasty, and warned his government of the growing danger from conspiracies and from the army, which was visibly hostile to the Bourbons.
		His insight, however, did not extend beyond the circumstances immediately before and around him, and he failed to realize that the great mass of the French nation was still with Napoleon at heart.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /W/WE/WELLINGTON_1ST_DUKE_OF.htm (6168 words)

	Francegate.com : History of France - Timeline
		Both the Frankish Merovingian dynasty (486-751) and the Carolingians (751-987) were unable to bring more than spasmodic periods of political calm.
		Defeated in 1814 and replaced by the restored Bourbon dynasty, followed by the 1830 Revolution and the so called July Monarchy, the Napoleonic clan made a cameback after 1848.
		The Revolution of 1789 seemed to end the Bourbon dynasty, but it made a brief come-back from 1814-30.
	ydelta.free.fr /history.htm (2308 words)

	French History of the Bourbon Dynasty
		The Bourbons first became an important family in 1268, with the marriage of Robert, Count of Clermont, sixth son of king Louis IX of France, to Beatrice of Burgundy, heiress to the lordship of Bourbon.
		On November 24, 1615, she was married to King Louis XIII of France (1601-1643), part of the Bourbon Dynasty.
		The son of Louis, Duke of Burgundy and Marie-Adélaide of Savoy, and great-grandson of King Louis XIV, Louis was part of the Bourbon Dynasty.
	www.bonjourlafrance.net /france-facts/france-history/bourbon-dynasty.htm (7673 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Sicily, 1806-1815
		The Bourbon dynasty, with British aid, was restored.
		The massive presence of the British was a burden to the Sicilian population, and a somewhat dubious blessing to the Bourbon court.
		With the Restoration of Bourbon rule in Naples, the many reforms Murat had undertaken on the mainland were cancelled; Sicily, never under the control of the French, never had experienced these reforms; in 1816 King Ferdinand IV., residing in Naples, cancelled the Sicilian constitution.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/italy/napsicily.html (564 words)

	Vesuvian Villas
		It was acquired by the Vesuvian Villa consortium in 1978 and restored and opened in 1984 as the centerpiece of the entire project.
		A building that actually predates the Bourbon arrival in Naples, it is up the slopes from Ercolano and is an attraction for those on a "literary tour" of southern Italy.
		I will settle for a gradual restoration of what can be restored and the integration of that restored property back into an area already well-endowed with items of great interest.
	faculty.ed.umuc.edu /~jmatthew/naples/vesuvillas.html (845 words)

	Burke: Select Works of Edmund Burke, Vol. 3, Letters on a Regicide Peace, Front Matter: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Thus did Spain sow the seeds of which she reaped the fruit in the expulsion of her dynasty, in the loss of her American possessions, in her financial ruin, and in her exclusion from the number of the great nations of Europe.
		Many a Frenchman who twenty years afterwards served the restored Bourbon dynasty, had worn the blue uniform and white cockade of the Penn school, and had eagerly turned his eyes to greet the worn face and emaciated figure of the famous Englishman who had stirred up Europe in their cause.
		The restoration of the monarchy and the church was to be followed by a Bloody Assize.
	www.econlib.org /LIBRARY/LFBooks/Burke/brkSWv3c0.html (17561 words)

	Bourbon dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		French royal house (succeeding that of Valois), beginning with Henry IV and ending with Louis XVI, with a brief revival under Louis XVIII, Charles X, and Louis Philippe.
		The Bourbons also ruled Spain almost uninterruptedly from Philip V to Alfonso XIII and were restored in 1975 (Juan Carlos); at one point they also ruled Naples and several Italian duchies.
		The Grand Duke of Luxembourg is also a Bourbon by male descent.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0017983.html (144 words)

	Later Career - Jean Jacques Régis De Cambacérès
		After the Bourbon Dynasty, Restored, he was in danger of arrest for his revolutionary activities, and for a time he was exiled from France.
		But the fact that he had opposed the execution of Louis XVI counted in his favour, and in May 1818 his civil rights as a citizen of France were restored.
		He was a member of the Académie française, and lived quietly in provincial France until his death in 1824.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /AAS8144/jean-jacques-regis-de-cambaceres-later-career.html (260 words)

	The French Restoration 1814 - 1848
		ollowing the ouster of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814, the Bourbon Dynasty was restored to the French throne.
		He left France at the outbreak of the French Revolution, and stayed in England until the Bourbon restoration in 1814.
		With the restoration of the monarchy under his cousin King Louis XVIII and then under the reign of Louis' brother, King Charles X, the popularity of Louis-Philippe grew.
	www.bonjourlafrance.net /france-facts/france-history/french-restoration.htm (1724 words)

	The French Revolution
		There is also no question that much of the violence associated with the Reign of Terror resulted from the government's attempt to stop counter-revolutionary threats, especially in the city of Lyon and in the West of France, in a region called the Vendée.
		At the end of the French Revolution in 1815, the Bourbon dynasty was restored under Louis XVIII.
		Although Louis attempted to bring back the France that had existed in 1789, the revolution had created a powerful political culture which held that "the people" were the source of sovereignty.
	faculty.fullerton.edu /nfitch/history110b/rev.html (1624 words)

	The Congress of Vienna
		The new French government, under the restored Bourbon dynasty in the person of King Louis XVIII, was enlisted as an ally by the British.
		The second goal, to restore "legitimate" or traditional governments to power and to prevent political revolutions, or to maintain the status quo met with partial success in the short term, but was bound to fail in the long term because it opposed the irresistable forces of historical change resulting from modernization.
		The king had adopted a reactionary policy which sought to undermine fundamental changes wrought by the French Revolution, to wit: to restore the aristocracy to exclusive rule.
	www2.sunysuffolk.edu /westn/congvienna.html (836 words)

	The Succession to the French throne
		France, which emerged as a fragment of Charlemagne's empire in the 9th century, was a monarchy until September 22, 1792, ruled from 987 by Hughes "Capet" and his male-line descendants (from 1589, the Bourbons).
		The Charter of 1814, which served as constitution for the restored monarchy (and the "July monarchy" of Louis-Philippe until 1848), did not specify the succession law.
		Legitimism, by and large, remained a party strongly tied to nostalgia for pre-1789 France, attached to central authority, tradition, the Catholic church, the supremacy of a God-given dynasty, and distrust for democracy.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/france/succession.htm (1500 words)

	Royal Banner 1761-1931 (Spain) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Bourbon-Anjou] were restored with Alfonso XII, a decree (8 Jan 1875) restored the use of the coat of arms as it stood until September 29, 1868.
		In practice the Anjou escutcheon (actually called Borbón in Spanish) was displayed without the bordure, because the bordure was considered inessential, and the escutcheon an indication of lineage from the French Bourbon dynasty.
		With the extinction of the Carlist dinasty, Alphonse XIII was the candidate of the French legitimistes to the French throne, being the closest descendant of the French Bourbon by line of male primogeniture.
	flagspot.net /flags/es_r1761.html (986 words)

	A country falling apart (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		After all, it would be the fourth time the Bourbon dynasty disappears from Spanish history.
		And although the first three times it was restored almost miraculously, this time it would vanish forever.
		In the second scenario, it might be possible to save the monarchy by totally sacrificing the office of prime minister, because the existence of a central power would no longer make sense.
	www.firmaspress.com /562.htm (774 words)

	A Brief History of France \| Bethesda Travel Center
		The Hundred Years’ War for Aquitaine (1337-1453), the rivalry between the Capetian dynasty and the Burgundian dukes, and the ravages of the Black Death represented serious setbacks for France.
		Defeated in 1814 and replaced by the restored Bourbon dynasty, the Napoleonic clan made a comeback after 1848, with Napoleon III.
		During his reign Paris was modernized and the industrial transformation of France began.
	www.travelfavorites.com /FR/FRhist.asp (935 words)

	George William Des Voeux - The Connection of England to Newfoundland - Newfoundland History
		This remained in force only until 1848, when the system of 1832 was restored.
		Those of 1815 were made with a view to rendering less unpopular the restored Bourbon dynasty, while later yieldings may have had excuse in the expediency of avoiding war at an inconvenient time.
		But what is absolutely inexcusable is that all these sacrifices have been made entirely at the cost of a very poor Colony.
	www2.marianopolis.edu /nfldhistory/GeorgeWilliamDesVoeux-TheConnectionofEnglandtoNewfoundland-NewfoundlandHistory.htm (3222 words)

	Footnotes to Volume 9 of Marx Engels Collected Works (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Constitution of March 4, 1849, was a step towards the restoration of absolutism (it was finally restored by the imperial patent of December 31.
		The decisions of the Congress helped to restore the feudal system and a number of former dynasties in the states that had been conquered by Napoleon, sanctioned the political disunity of Germany and Italy, the incorporation of Belgium into Holland and the partition of Poland and mapped out measures to combat the revolutionary movement.
		Monarchist factions of legitimists (supporters of the Bourbon dynasty), Orleanists (followers of Louis Philippe) and Bonapartists formed a coalition in the Constituent Assembly, launched a struggle against the moderate republicans for political influence and strove to strengthen counter-revolutionary policy.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/cw/volume09/footnote.htm (18235 words)

	:::► Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net ◄:::
		In the Salon of 1802 appeared his "Metamorphosis of Narcissus," and he continued to exhibit with rare interruptions up to 1831.
		"Ruth," produced in 1822, became the property of Louis XVIII of France Louis XVIII, who from the moment that Hersent rallied to the Restoration jealously patronized him, made him officer of the Legion of Honour, and pressed his claims at the Institut de France (Académie des Beaux-Arts), where he replaced van Spaendonck.
		He continued in favour under Charles X of France Charles X, for whom was executed "Monks of Mount St Gotthard," exhihited in 1824.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Louis_Hersent.html (312 words)

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