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	Boyar Council (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		boyars and higher clergy was, from the 10th century, one of the three agenciesâ”along with the prince and the assembly ( viche)â”of the central government of Kyivan Rus'.
		Council was a permanent political-judicial body, which was based on the prince's obligation to confer with the boyars of his domain.
		Duma (1547â“1711), was an advisory body of the absolute monarch and conducted itself according to the principle âthe ruler has indicated his wish, and the
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/B/O/BoyarCouncil.htm (243 words)

	Boyar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A boyar (also spelt bojar ; Romanian : boier) was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Ruthenian ( Russian) and Romanian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th through the 17th century.
		In the Russian language, the singular is boyarin (Ð±Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð½), the plural is boyare.
		The Boyar Duma was finally abolished by Tsar Peter the Great in 1711 in his extensive reforms of government and administration.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Boyar (245 words)

	Boyar. Who is Boyar? What is Boyar? Where is Boyar? Definition of Boyar. Meaning of Boyar.
		A Boyar ( Romanian : boier) was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Russian and Romanian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes.
		Boyars wielded considerable power: they received extensive grants of land and, as members of the Boyars' Duma (council), were the major legislators of medieval Russia.
		Tsar Ivan the Terrible severely restricted their powers during the 16th century and the Boyars' Duma was finally abolished by tsar Peter the Great in 1711 in his extensive reforms of government and administration.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Boyar (103 words)

	Duma - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Boyar Duma was an advisory council to the grand prince s and tsars of Muscovy.
		While Russia being an empire, rather than democracy, State Duma is sometimes formally compared to the lower house of a parliament (the State Council being compared to the upper house).
		It stated in part that Tsar's minister s could not be appointed by and were not responsible to the Duma, thus denying representative government at the executive level.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /duma.htm (575 words)

	Duma [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The State Duma The State Duma (Russian: Государственная дума (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), common abbreviation: Госдума (Gosduma)) in the Russian Federation is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (parliament), the upper house being the Federation Council of Russia....
		It was composed of all nobles having the rank of boyar A boyar (also spelt bojar; Romanian: boier) was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Ruthenian (Russian) and Romanian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th through the 17th century....
		Just before the creation of Duma in May 1906, the Tsar issued the Fundamental Laws The first Russian constitution, known as the Fundamental Laws was enacted on April 23, 1906, on the eve of the opening of the first State Duma....
	www.wikimirror.com /Duma (1542 words)

	RUSNET :: Encyclopedia :: D :: Duma, State Duma
		The Duma constituted the lower house of the Russian parliament, and the State Council was the upper house.
		As a traditional institution, the Duma (meaning "deliberation") had precedents in certain deliberative and advisory councils of pre-Soviet Russia, notably in the boyar dumas (existing from the 10th to the 17th century) and the city dumas (1785-1917).
		Initiated as a result of the 1905 revolution, the Duma was established by Tsar Nicholas II in his October Manifesto (Oct. 30, 1905), which promised that it would be a representative assembly and that its approval would be necessary for the enactment of legislation.
	www.rusnet.nl /encyclo/d/duma.shtml (598 words)

	Duma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Duma ( Ð”ÑÌÐ¼Ð° in Russian) is any of various representative assemblies in modern Russia and Russian history.
		It is also the term for a council to early Russian rulers ( Boyar Duma), as well as for city councils in Imperial Russia ( City Duma).
		Though Russia was an empire, rather than a democracy, the State Duma is sometimes formally compared to the lower house of a parliament (the State Council of Imperial Russia being compared to the upper house).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Duma (552 words)

	boyar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A boyar (also spelt bojar ; Romanian : boier) was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Ruthenian and Romanian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th through the 17th century.
		Boyars wielded considerable power through their military support of the Kyivan princes.
		The Boyars' Duma was finally abolished by Tsar Peter the Great in 1711 in his extensive reforms of government and administration.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /boyar.html (280 words)

	Duma -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A Duma ( Ду́ма in (A native or inhabitant of Russia) Russian) is any of various representative assemblies in modern (A federation in northeastern Europe and northern Asia; formerly Soviet Russia; since 1991 an independent state) Russia and Russian history.
		Boyar Duma was an advisory council to the (Click link for more info and facts about grand prince) grand prince s and (A male monarch or emperor (especially of Russia prior to 1917)) tsars of (A Russian principality in the 13th to 16th centuries; Moscow was the capital) Muscovy.
		The Duma was discontinued by (Czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government; he extended his territories in the Baltic and founded St. Petersburg (1682-1725)) Peter the Great, who transferred its functions to the (Click link for more info and facts about Governing Senate) Governing Senate in 1711.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/D/Du/Duma.htm (671 words)

	BOYAR - LoveToKnow Article on BOYAR
		Originally the boyars were the intimate friends and confidential advisers of the Russian prince, the superior members of his drulhina or bodyguard, his comrades and champions.
		At a later day the boyars were the chief members of the princes duma, or council, like the senatores of Poland and Lithuania.
		Still later, when the courts of the northern grand dukes were established, the boyars appear as the first grade of a fullblown court aristocracy with the exclusive privilege of possessing land and serfs.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BO/BOYAR.htm (308 words)

	Duma. Who is Duma? What is Duma? Where is Duma? Definition of Duma. Meaning of Duma.
		The Duma ( Дума in Russian) is the name of the lower house of the Russian parliament.
		On March 3, 1905 Tsar Nicholas II of Russia agreed to create an elected assembly, or Duma.
		Petersburg, Russia on March 5, 1907 and 40,000 demonstrators had to be dispersed by Russian troops.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Duma (116 words)

	Peter I of Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Consequently, the Boyar Duma (a council of Russian nobles) chose the ten-year old Peter to become Tsar, his mother becoming regent.
		Boyars who sought to retain their beards were required to pay an annual tax of one hundred rubles.
		In order to deprive the Boyars of their high positions, Peter directed that precedence should be determined by merit and service to the Emperor.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peter_the_Great (2643 words)

	Boyar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In Russian language, the singular is boyarin, theplural is boyare.
		The boyars occupied the highest state offices and through a council ( Duma) advised theprince.
		Tsar Ivan IV " Ivan theTerrible " severely restricted their powers during the 16th century.Their ancient right to leave the service of one prince for another was curtailed, as was their right to hold land without givingobligatory service to the tsar.
	www.therfcc.org /boyar-154093.html (226 words)

	Duma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		---- The Duma ( Ду́ма in Russian) is the term for various representative assemblies in modern Russia and Russian history.
		The Fourth Duma of 1912– 1917 was also of limited political influence; however, it played a role in the events of 1917, partly cooperating with the Russian Provisional Government, 1917provisional government.
		The State Duma (Russian: Государственная дума (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), common abbreviation: Госдума (Gosduma)) in the Russian Federation is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (parliament), the upper house being the Federation Council of Russia.
	www.33beat.com /Duma.html (551 words)

	boyar_duma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Due to his inexperience, his first 6 years as Tsar he was heeding the advice of the Boyar Duma and the Assembly of the land.
		The council of boyars, the Boyar Duma, grew in number as did their reputation for corruption and quarreling...
		The former was administered by the traditional institutions, from the boyar duma down; oprichnina, the personal domain of the tsar, had its own administrative agencies independent of...
	boyar_duma.networklive.org (326 words)

	RUSNET.NL :: Encyclopedia :: D :: Duma, State Duma
		They rarely enjoyed the confidence or the cooperation of the ministers or the emperor, who retained the right to rule by decree when the Duma was not in session.
		The Dumas were, nevertheless, dominated by liberal and socialist opposition groups that demanded extensive reforms.
		The Duma also has the right to approve the prime minister and other high government officials nominated by the president.
	www.rusnet.nl /encyclo/d/print/duma.shtml (547 words)

	Zemsky Sobor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It could be summoned either by tsar, or patriarch, or the Boyar Duma.
		Nobility and high bureaucracy, including the Boyar Duma.
		The first zemsky sobor was held by tsar Ivan the Terrible in 1549.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zemsky_Sobor (280 words)

	MAJOR STAGES OF REPRESENTATIVE (LEGISLATIVE) POWER HISTORY IN RUSSIA AND ESTABLISHING OF THE COUNCIL OF FEDERATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Boyar duma was a successor of prince's dumas in the new historical surrounding of the Moscow csardom.
		The Boyar duma functioned till the end of the XVII century and was later reorganized into the Senate.
		The State Duma became the lower, and the State Council - the upper chamber of the Russian Parliament.
	council.gov.ru /inf_e/history_e.htm (2400 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - duma
		Duma (Russian, âassemblyâ), lower house of the Russian parliament (1906-17), created by Tsar Nicholas II in response to demands made during the...
		The war games of Peter's childhood developed over a period of years into a serious military undertaking.
		Voters elect half of the Duma members by casting a vote for a specific party listed on the ballot; these 225 seats...
	encarta.msn.com /duma.html (139 words)

	History of Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Between the abolition of serfdom and beginning of World War I in 1914, the Stolypin reforms, the constitution of 1906 and State Duma introduced notable changes in economy and politics of Russia, but the tsars were still not willing to cede autocratic rule.
		He replaced the old boyar Duma (council of nobles) with a nine-member senate, in effect a supreme council of state.
		The Duma refused to disband, the strikers held mass meetings in defiance of the regime, and the army openly sided with the workers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Russia (9808 words)

	Ivan Andreevich Khovansky
		1600 – 1682) was a Russian prince and boyar.
		In August he was in conflict with the Boyarskaya Duma (Боярская Дума) rejecting his offer about setting tax from Palace in advantage of Streltsy.
		In September Khovansky was declared a mutineer and patron of heretics by tsar’s decree.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/i/iv/ivan_andreevich_khovansky.html (543 words)

	The History of the Russian Navy. Glorious Beginnings.
		In 1656 Russian forces seized the Swedish fortresses of Dinaburg and Kokengausen on the Zapadnaya Dvina and the latter was renamed Tsarevich-Dmitriev.
		With the Tsar's approval, the boyar brought Dutch shipbuilding experts to the town of Dedinovo near the confluence of the Oka and Volga Rivers.
		While in counsel with the Boyar Duma on 20 October 1696, the Tsar proposed the creation and perpetual maintenance of a Russian fleet.
	www.navy.ru /history/hrn1-e.htm (3441 words)

	The Terrible Ivan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The former was administered by the traditional institutions, from the boyar duma down; oprichnina, the personal domain of the tsar, had its own administrative agencies independent of those of the zemshchina.
		In general, the boyaral estates on the Lithuanian frontier and those lying to the east and south near Tatar territory remained outside the new domain administration.
		Yet it was, in part at least, to free himself from even this mild restraint that the tsar convoked the Zemskii Sobor to still the voice of the boyars in a chorus of commoners votes, and then organized the oprichnina to avoid meeting with the duma altogether.
	mars.acnet.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/russia/lectures/09ivanIV.html (2584 words)

	About Authors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In Kievan Rus during the 10th-12th century, the boyars constituted the senior group in the prince's retinue (druzhina) and occupied the higher posts in the armed forces and in the civil administration.
		In the 13th and 14th centuries, in the northeastern Russian principalities, the boyars were a privileged class of rich landowners; they served the prince as his aides and councillors but retained the right to leave his service and enter that of another prince without losing their estates.
		The Gosudarstvennaya Duma, or state duma, however, constituted the first genuine attempt toward parliamentary government in Russia.
	www.pen.k12.va.us /Div/Winchester/jhhs/Russtemp/glossary.htm (501 words)

	Romanov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Their earliest common ancestor is one Andrei Kobyla, attested as a boyar in the service of Semyon I of Moscow.
		One of Kobyla's sons, Fyodor, a boyar in the boyar duma of Dmitri Donskoi, was nicknamed Koshka (cat).
		Suspecting the boyars of having poisoned his beloved, the tsar started the reign of terror against them.
	www.infoslurp.com /information/Romanov (1851 words)

	boyar -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Russian Boyarin, plural Boyare, member of the upper stratum of medieval Russian society and state administration.
		In Kievan Rus during the 10th–12th century, the boyars constituted the senior group in the prince's retinue ( druzhina) and occupied the higher posts in the armed forces and in the civil administration.
		In Kievan Rus during the 10th–12th century, the boyars constituted the senior group in the prince's retinue...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9016057 (376 words)

	Russian Life: Dawn of the Russian navy. (reprinted from Rodina magazine)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Russian navy was formally established by a resolution issued by the Duma on Oct. 20, 1696.
		However, the roots of the Russian navy dates back to the Petrine era when Peter the Great to sought build a navy and instill a strong public regard for seamanship among his subjects.
		On October 20, 1696 a now legendary resolution, `Let there be sea ships' was passed by the Boyar Duma, heralding the beginning of the Russian navy.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:18937723&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (170 words)

	Russia Engages the World - NYPL
		In Muscovy of the 16th and 17th centuries, the boyars formed the highest rank of the aristocracy, and had the right to advise the tsar in a duma, or advisory group.
		Duma : A body of deliberative advisors; a council.
		Romanov Dynasty : The House of Romanov, an old boyar family, was elected in 1613 to serve as Russia’s second ruling dynasty, after the end of the Rurikid dynasty.
	russia.nypl.org /glossary.html (2179 words)

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