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Topic: Brachiocephalic vein

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Superior vena cava

Brachiocephalic artery

Aorta

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	Chapter 24: Blood vessels, lymphatic drainage and nerves of the thorax
		Each brachiocephalic vein is formed by the confluence of the subclavian and internal jugular veins behind the corresponding sternoclavicular joint.
		The veins in the vertebral plexus are valveless: blood may flow in either direction, and pressure in them is reflected in the cerebrospinal fluid.
		Veins of the thoracic wall (such as the thoraco-epigastric veins, which are superficially placed) connect the superior and inferior venae cavae and can provide a collateral circulation in obstruction of one of the venae cavae.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~humananatomy/part_4/chapter_24.html (2996 words)

	The Heart,
		From its origin in the arch of the aorta, the brachiocephalic trunk lies anterior to the trachea and posterior to the brachiocephalic vein.
		It begins at the jugular foramen in the posterior cranial fossa, and descends in the carotid sheath with the common carotid artery and vagus nerve (the vein is lateral, artery medial and nerve posterior).
		The left brachiocephalic vein receives the thoracic duct (which receives lymph from the remainder of the body) at the junction of the left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein.
	www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk /studentwebs/session1/group50/heart.htm (1451 words)

	Dissector Answers - Posterior Triangle of the Neck
		The subclavian vein begins at the lateral border of the 1st rib as a continuation of the axillary vein and ends when it unites with the IJV, posterior to the medial end of the clavicle (SC joint).
		The subclavian veins both end at their respective SC joints by uniting with the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic veins.
		The left brachiocephalic vein is longer than the right because it needs to cross the branches of the aortic arch to reach the right brachiocephalic to form SVC.
	anatomy.med.umich.edu /nervous_system/postneck_ans.html (2289 words)

	Surgery of the Superior Vena Cava: Resection and Reconstruction
		Reconstruction of the superior vena cava and left brachiocephalic vein with a patch of autologous pericardium.
		Reconstruction of the left brachiocephalic vein using a ringed PTFE graft.
		Revascularization of both systems is indicated in case of previous neck surgery (laryngeal or thyroid surgery for cancer); a separate distal anastomosis of the two grafts is preferred to avoid thrombosis of the accessory left limb of a Y graft, starting at the level of the graft–to–graft anastomosis.
	www.ctsnet.org /sections/clinicalresources/thoracic/expert_tech-6.html (2546 words)

	Korean Journal of Radiology
		The injected contrast material drained into the left brachiocephalic vein through the lateral thoracic and thoracoepigastric vein (open arrow), and this explains the lesser degree of contrast enhancement of the left subclavian vein.
		The left brachiocephalic vein beyond the obstruction is opacified by collateral circulation via the left external jugular vein.
		Although some flow artifacts were present in contralateral central veins and the superior vena cava, the information derived from CT venography was sufficient for diagnosis and treatment, and on the basis of the observed pattern of opacification of collateral and central veins, an understanding of the venous hemodynamics involved was facilitated.
	www.kjronline.org /abstract/view_articletext.asp?year=2003&page=146 (3641 words)

	The Root Of The Neck
		The brachiocephalic trunk is covered anterior by the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles.
		Veins of the Root of the Neck (pp.
		The subclavian vein, which lies on the concavity of the subclavian artery superior to the clavicle, has a bicuspid valve near its termination.
	download.videohelp.com /vitualis/med/rootneck.htm (1106 words)

	Education - Case of the Month - Answers to Question #2 - Yes, D is correct!
		The venogram demonstrated intermittent compression of the brachiocephalic vein associated with respiration.
		Figure 4 is a 3-D reconstruction demonstrating the imprint of the arch vessels on the brachiocephalic vein during expiration.
		The thorax contracts, and the vein is compressed between the arch vessels (right and left common carotid arteries) and the hyoid bone, as a result of the presence of the aberrant right subclavian artery displacing these structures and the trachea and esophagus anteriorly.
	www.venous-info.com /education/casekw/killewich022d.html (300 words)

	Glossary
		Regression of the proximal end of the left anterior cardinal vein and formation of the left brachiocephalic vein at the end of the second month results in all blood from the head and neck flowing into the proximal end of the right anterior cardinal which thus forms the superior vena cava.
		Left brachiocephalic vein - As the left anterior cardinal vein loses its connection with the left horn of the sinus venosus (presumptive coronary sinus), a new vein develops from thymic and thymus veins to connect the distal end of the left anterior cardinal vein with the right anterior cardinal vein.
		Oblique vein of the left atrium - This small vein draining the wall of the left atrium, arises from the distal end of the left sinus horn and is directly connected with the coronary sinus.
	www.med.wayne.edu /anatomy/berkowitz/Glossary.htm (2400 words)

	Lecture 14.System Circutation
		The branches of the arch of the aorta are the brachiocephalic trunk and the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries.
		Veins do not have branches, but they may receive tributaries between their formation and the point at which they empty into, or participate in the formation of, a larger vein.
		The hepatic vein drains the liver sinusoids; it is a tributary of the IVC.
	ext.sac.edu /faculty_staff/mansfield_patricia/14vascular.html (996 words)

	Subclavian vein (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The subclavian vein is the continuation of the axillary vein.
		It begins at the outer border of the first rib and ends behind the medial end of the clavicle, joining the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.
		Lateral to scalenus anterior the vein lies in the front of the artery.
	www.primalpictures.com /gallery/SportsShoulder/Contents/Anatomy_text/Veins/Subclavian_vein.html (154 words)

	Anatomy Atlases: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus II: Cardiovascular System: Veins: Head, ...
		In another variation, a vein runs from the left brachiocephalic or from the left superior intercostal vein through the "vestigial fold" (of Marshall) of the pericardium to the vein of Marshall to the coronary sinus.
		The arrangement of the azygos veins under these conditions may be reversed: a left azygos opens (over the root of the left lung) into the left superior vena cava, and the now right hemiazygos and accessory veins are organized in a manner similar to the typical arrangement of the left hemiazygos veins.
		When an accessory vertebral vein is present, it arises from the venous plexus on the vertebral artery and descends through the seven transverse foramina to join the brachiocephalic vein.
	www.anatomyatlases.org /AnatomicVariants/Cardiovascular/Text/Veins/SuperiorVenaCava.shtml (2304 words)

	Bilateral Retrosternal Dislocation and Hypertrophy of Medial Clavicular Heads With Compression to Brachiocephalic Vein
		Following thrombosis of vena cava superior and brachiocephalic vein, venous collateral pathways are developed via azygos-hemiazygos, internal mammary, lateral thoracic, anterior jugular and paravertebral veins.
		Central venous thrombosis (brachiocephalic vein, subclavioaxillar vein or jugular vein thrombosis or combination of all of them) is a very important and life threating condition.
		We think that compressive factors were promptly eliminated before thrombosis because the brachiocephalic vein is very important for the venous drainage of brain and left upper limb.
	www.ispub.com /ostia/index.php?xmlFilePath=journals/ijtcvs/vol6n1/clavicular.xml (1184 words)

	Anaesthesiology
		Following the merger of the subclavian vein with the internal jugular vein, it then continues its course as the brachiocephalic vein which turns towards the mediastinum joining with its contralateral counterpart to form the superior vena cava.
		The femoral vein runs alongside the femoral artery in the thigh and drains into the external iliac vein at the level of the inguinal ligament.
		There is a lot of individual variation in the anatomy of these veins, but basically the basilic vein runs medially and becomes the axillary vein on entering the axilla, wheareas the cephalic vein runs laterally and joins the axillary vein as it passes beneath the clavicle.
	www.hku.hk /anaesthe/LearNet/find.htm (1774 words)

	symbols
		A second possibility is to form an anastomosis between the perforating vein of the median cubital vein and the brachial artery, called the Gracz A/V fistula (for details: see appendix).
		Vein diameters, compressibility and continuity are checked with a tourniquet placed as high as possible in the axilla.
		Transposition of the vein into a new subcutaneous tunnel apart from the incision needed for mobilisation of the vein, however, is preferred by some groups, because the vein then does not lie beneath scar tissue.
	www.vascularaccesssociety.com /guidelines/h5.htm (1125 words)

	VEINS OF THE PELVIS AND LOWER LIMB
		Note that the veins of the pelvis are deep to the corresponding arteries (unlike the superficial position of the veins in most places in the body).
		Follow the basilic vein from the posterior aspect (ulnar border) of the forearm to its junction with one of the venae comitantes of the brachial artery (in mid-arm).
		The lateral thoracic vein serves as a potential collateral route for venous drainage from the lower limb and lower abdominal wall by forming an anastomosis with the superficial epigastric vein.
	www.ucalgary.ca /med/education/umeonly/pangolins/resp/RES371.htm (762 words)

	Case Report
		The pericardial veins, which make up part of the deep venous drainage of the thorax, are rarely mentioned in the literature and their anatomic description by imaging has been largely limited to documentation of misplaced central venous catheters.
		A large left internal thoracic vein entered the left brachiocephalic vein and a smaller right internal thoracic vein was diverted from the thrombosed superior vena cava into a large thymic venous arcade.
		Firstly, with simultaneous occlusion of the superior vena cava, azygos and left brachiocephalic veins the patient was limited to the remaining deep veins seen here for her systemic venous return and they enlarged accordingly.
	www.ctisus.org /ct_angio_2003/syllabus/chest/PERICARDIALVARICES.html (1104 words)

	Superior Vena Cava (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hepatic vein, middle, intrahepatic vein which drains the middle third of the liver and is used as a landmark to differentiate the morphological left and right lobes.
		The politeal vein is formed by the junction of the anterior and posterior tibial veins and ascends to the femoral vein.
		It is a single vein in 80% of individuals, and passes from the hilus of kidney behind the splenic vein and the body of the pancreas and then crosses in front of the aorta, posterior to the proximal superior mesenteric artery.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/MedEd/Radio/curriculum/Vascular/Veins.htm (2488 words)

	Anomalous Brachiocephalic Vein: CT, Embryology, and Clinical Implications -- Chen et al. 184 (4): 1235 -- American ...
		Anomalous brachiocephalic vein is located on left, lateral and anterior to left common carotid artery (asterisk) at thoracic inlet.
		Total preservation of left common cardinal vein results in a persistent left superior vena cava with either presence (D3) or absence (D4) of normal left brachiocephalic vein.
		To the radiologist, the descending portion of an anomalous brachiocephalic vein
	www.ajronline.org /cgi/content/full/184/4/1235 (3343 words)

	Subclavian and Internal Jugular Veins at Doppler US: Abnormal Cardiac Pulsatility and Respiratory Phasicity as a ...
		the diagnosis of thrombus in the distal subclavian or brachiocephalic
		Obstruction of the superior vena cava or subclavian veins: sonographic diagnosis.
		Thrombosis of upper extremity thoracic inlet veins: diagnosis with duplex Doppler sonography.
	radiology.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/full/211/2/579 (3174 words)

	Thoracic Veins \| World of Anatomy and Physiology
		The superior vena cava is formed from the fusion of the brachiocephalic veins--also termed the innominate veins--are two large veins that run on each side of the neck.
		The left brachiocephalic vein is formed by the fusion of the left subclavian and left jugular vein.
		Although the azygous vein actually begins in the lumbar region near the renal veins, it travels upward to pass through the diagram and eventually fuse with the superior vena cava.
	www.bookrags.com /research/thoracic-veins-wap (505 words)

	UAMS Department of Anatomy - Veins Tables
		NOTE: Many veins follow the branching and distribution pattern of the artery of the same name.
		This table contains veins that do not travel with an artery of the same name, or that run an independent course from the artery of the same name.
		veins of the gall bladder and common bile duct
	anatomy.uams.edu /AnatomyHTML/veins_alpha.html (4608 words)

	Multi-Detector Row and Volume-rendered CT of the Normal and Accessory Flow Pathways of the Thoracic Systemic and ...
		cardiac and pericardiophrenic veins, and vein grafts; the azygos,
		The connection to the phrenic vein (short white arrow), the right internal mammary vein (straight fl arrow), and an unnamed collateral vessel (curved arrow) are also seen.
		The left brachiocephalic vein (large fl arrow) and accessory hemiazygos vein (small fl arrow) are also seen.
	radiographics.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/full/22/suppl_1/S45 (7282 words)

	Thoracic Cavity
		Brachiocephalic artery is the large red vessel anterior to the heart.
		Large blue vessel is the subclavian as it branches to the subscapular vein (blue vessel disappearing deep to the brachial artery) and brachial vein.
		Probe is holding brachiocephalic vein just before the branching of the external jugular which continues to the right.
	elmo.shore.ctc.edu /egenzmould/thorax_vessels.htm (685 words)

	Dissection of opossum heart, BAA 289L 2004
		The right internal and external jugular veins drain into the brachiocephalic vein. The internal jugular veins are substantially smaller than the external jugular veins, and drain only the deep neck area and a very small portion of the brain [3]. It was so small in our specimen that we could not locate it.
		The azygous vein branches from the postcaval just cranial to the heart. It then continues caudally on the left side of the thoracic cavity. Its caudal end joins the postcaval vein near the lower thoracic vertebrae. The azygous vein gives rise to the intercostal veins, which drain the intercostal spaces [4].
		The cardiac veins pursue a course similar to that in birds; that is, the cordis magna opens into the right atrium instead of the left precaval vein [4,5].
	www.baa.duke.edu /companat/BAA_289L_2004/heart/Opossum/opossum_thorax.htm (684 words)

	Cardiovascular System
		The brachiocephalic artery supplies blood to the tissues of the brain and the head.
		It is the first branch of the aortic arch and rises up to a point near the junction of the sternum (breast bone) and the right clavicle (collarbone).
		The brachiocephalic vein takes blood from these sites back to the heart from the subclavian vein.
	www.innerbody.com /image_cardov/card32-new.html (108 words)

	Spiral Vein Graft for SVC Stenosis
		The vein graft was left on the end of the cannulae and using a parachute technique an end-to-end anastomosis was first created in the distal SVC at the confluence of the right internal jugular and subclavian veins.
		Doty, et al, have reported on their experience of SVC bypass using the spiral vein graft and demonstrated excellent long-term patency rates (87.5% patency at a mean of 10.9 years) [3].
		The use of spiral vein grafting in benign SVC obstruction is superior to either PTFE grafting or nonsurgical interventions such as PTCA or stenting [4,5].
	www.ctsnet.org /sections/clinicalresources/clinicalcases/article-2.html (779 words)

	brachiocephalic vein (left, anatomy) - General Practice Notebook
		The left brachiocephalic vein is one of the great veins within the superior mediastinum.
		It is formed from the union of left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein and so it drains the territories of the left arm and left side of the head and neck respectively.
		The left brachiocephalic vein extends into the neck in infants, so making tracheostomy inadvisable.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /simplepage.cfm?ID=-1751515079 (247 words)

	Surgery of the Superior Vena Cava: Resection And Reconstruction - Venuta
		A double lumen endobronchial tube is placed to achieve one–lung ventilation. A radial arterial line and a venous line in the internal jugular vein are inserted routinely to obtain continuous pressure monitoring. Two additional venous lines are placed in the lower limbs to achieve volume expansion during venous clamping.
		Sometimes it may be indicated to replace only one brachiocephalic vein (either the right or left, according to local invasion). A ringed PTFE graft should be used (Figure 11, 12), especially for the left vessel and the distal anastomosis should be performed on the inferior stump of the SVC or on the right atrium.
		Do not dissect too much of the SVC and the two brachiocephalic veins on the side of the proximal anastomosis; you need just enough space to clamp the vessel and perform the anastomosis. Excessive mobilization could favor twisting and stenosis of the proximal suture line.
	www.ctsnet.org /doc/8320 (1393 words)

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