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Topic: Brachycephalic

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	BRACHYCEPHALIC - LoveToKnow Article on BRACHYCEPHALIC
		Thus taking the length as 100, if the width exceeds 80, the skull is to be classed as brachycephalic.
		The prevailing form of the head of civilized races is brachycephalic.
		It is supposed that a brachycephalic race inhabited Europe before the Celts.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BR/BRACHYCEPHALIC.htm (120 words)

	Brachycephalic Breeds
		Brachycephalic dogs have been bred so as to possess a normal lower jaw, that is, one in proportion to their body size, and a compressed upper jaw.
		Brachycephalic breeds are characterized by "brachycephalic respiratory syndrome," which affects the different areas of the respiratory tract.
		In the brachycephalic dog, so much extra work is required to move the same amount of air that the airways become inflamed and swollen.
	www.marvistavet.com /html/body_brachycephalic.html (964 words)

	Home-Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome in Dogs and Cats
		Brachycephalic airway syndrome is defined as partial blockage of airflow through the upper respiratory tract, which consists of the area from the nostrils to the throat.
		Brachycephalic airway syndrome is caused by compressed or narrowed air passages, which are typical of dogs or cats with brachycephalic conformation.
		It is diagnosed by observing the characteristic brachycephalic conformation and detecting a partial obstruction or blockage in airflow along the upper respiratory tract.
	www.petalia.com.au /templates/storytemplate_process.cfm?specie=Dogs&story_no=1875 (505 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - CRANIOMETRY: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Another remarkable fact is the striking absence of the dolichocephalic type, which is characteristic of all the other modern Semitic races and tribes, as the Arabs, Syrians, Abyssinians, etc. Among the modern Jews this ranges, as is seen in the table, from 1 per cent, in Blechman's series, to 7.3 per cent in Glück's.
		As has been seen, all the results of craniometry prove that the Jews are brachycephalic, and that the dolichocephalic form is only found among them in less than two per cent of cases.
		The opinion that the Sephardim are dolichocephalic, while the Ashkenazim are brachycephalic, is not supported by craniometrical research on European Jews.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=852&letter=C&search=skulls (1876 words)

	Brachycephaly
		None of these abnormalities applied to my Dandie, a brachycephalic breed, except possibly a longer soft palette than usual as she did snore sometimes when asleep but was never limited in her excercise when she never made snorting sounds.
		I don't believe any of the other conditions you describe occur generally in her breed or any of the other brachycephalic terriers so, certainly in their case, I believe it is wrong to describe the syndrome as a characteristic of brachycephalic breeds.
		I have always known that head shape to be called brachycephalic as did my vet when discussing aneasthetics for my Dandie (which when shaved of their topnots are pretty much like a Staffie) as a longer soft palette is a feature.
	www.champdogsforum.co.uk /board/topic/60987.html (1724 words)

	Brachycephalic Dogs
		Not every brachycephalic dog will develop respiratory problems but truth be told, most will to some degree or the other.
		Brachycephalic dogs have the normal 42 teeth but in a much smaller mouth than a full-size dog.
		For a brachycephalic dog, much extra work is required to move the same amount of air which causes airways to become inflamed and swollen.
	www.lucythewonderdog.com /breathing.htm (549 words)

	Merck Vet. Edition - Neoplasia Of The Nervous System: Introduction
		Brachycephalic breeds are at risk for certain neuroectodermal tumors.
		Dogs >2 yr old in the brachycephalic breeds with common ancestry—Boxers, English Bulldogs, and Boston Terriers—have the highest incidence of brain tumors among domestic animals, and of these, the glial tumors (including unclassified gliomas) are the most numerous.
		They are common in brachycephalic breeds and are usually found in middle-aged or older dogs but have been reported in dogs <6 mo old.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/101700.htm (4075 words)

	PetPlace.com - Brachycephalic Syndrome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Brachycephalic syndrome is a group of conditions that cause resistance to airflow through the upper respiratory tract (nose, larynx) in short-nosed breeds of dogs.
		This syndrome is caused by anatomic abnormalities related to the shortened bones of these dogs’ compressed faces without the same proportionate shortening of the overlying soft tissues.
		Brachycephalic breeds of either sex, such as the English bulldog, Boston terrier, pug and Pekingese, are most commonly affected.
	petplace.netscape.com /Articles/artShow.asp?artID=68 (613 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Human Race
		The skull of the Malay race is brachycephalic; the parietal bones project strongly sidewards, the nose and cheek-bones are flat, and the upper jaws slightly prognathous.
		The brachycephalic type is composed of the little Lapps and Lagurians with brown hair, and the Celto-Slavs of medium height.
		According to Huxley, the particular modifications of the Negroid type are: the small Bushmen with lighter skin; the partly brachycephalic Negritos with heavy superciliary arch, living in southern and south-eastern Asia (the Malay Peninsula), and in the Andaman, Philippine, and South Sea Islands (Papuans) as far as Tasmania.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12620b.htm (5464 words)

	The brachycephalic syndrome
		As with the palate, increased turbulence and vibrations in the airway cause swelling and irritation of the laryngeal membranes, further worsening the situation.
		Third, the trachea in brachycephalic dogs may be underdeveloped (“hypoplastic”), and may present still another obstacle in breathing.
		If you have a vet with large Bulldog practice, she or he may have considerable experience with the brachycephalic syndrome, and may be perfectly competent to evaluate and treat your pet.
	www.bulldogfrances.com /brachy2.html (1818 words)

	Pug medical problems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This condition is most commonly seen in brachycephalic breeds of dogs (dogs with pushed in noses.) These breeds include boxers, bulldogs, boston terriers, and pugs.
		The nares (nostrils) of brachycephalic dogs are often too narrow to permit normal respiration.
		Of the three conditions affecting the upper airway of brachycephalic dogs, this is probably the most serious since airflow can be completely obstructed.
	www.justpugs.com /pugmedical.htm (2349 words)

	Southern California Veterinary Surgical Group - Brachycephslic Airway Syndrome
		The term brachycephalic refers to dogs of a particular short-face conformation (dogs that have a shortened nose and mouth).
		The nares, or nostrils, of brachycephalic dogs are often to closed to allow for normal respiration.
		Of the three conditions affecting the upper airway of brachycephalic dogs, this is probably the most serious as airflow can be completely obstructed.
	www.artreality.com /portfolio/wdwork/vet/brachycephalicairwaysyndrome.htm (796 words)

	Main Races Of Mankind
		Whether the "Caucasian" race is to be divided into two or three main subdivisions depends upon the classificatory value to be attached to certain differences in the skeleton and partitularly to the shape of the skull.
		Even in Neolithic times dolichocephalic and brachycephalic skulls are found in the same group of remains and often buried together, and that is true of most peoples today.
		But it is this study of skull shapes which has led many ethnologists to divide the Caucasian race not, as it was divided by Huxley, into two, the northern blonds and the Mediterranean and North African dark whites or brunets, but into three.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles32n/history-outline-43.shtml (572 words)

	PetPlace.com - Stenotic Nares (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Because of their anatomy, dogs with brachycephalic syndrome have an increased resistance to airflow through their upper respiratory tracts – the mouth, nose and larynx.
		The diagnosis of brachycephalic syndrome may be suspected based on your pet's breed and his clinical signs.
		However, the other components of brachycephalic syndrome are less obvious and typically require light, general anesthesia or heavy sedation for diagnosis.
	petplace.netscape.com /articles/artShow.asp?artID=77 (774 words)

	[No title]
		A condition that may explain such deaths is an acute airway collapse, resulting from long-standing airway obstruction by the too-common French bulldog problems of stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, and crowded nasal passages and pharynx.
		In order to understand this brachycephalic syndrome (a “syndrome” being a group of signs and symptoms that collectively characterize a disease or abnormal condition), we must first consider the normal mechanism of breathing, and how the nbormal construction of flat-faced dogs’ respiratory passages interferes with this mechanism.
		Although some brachycephalic dogs have a soft palate that is short and in proportion to the abbreviated bony skull, many of them have an overly long soft palate that hangs far down into the pharynx (throat).
	www.pugcentral.com /brachsyndrome.html (3043 words)

	Brachycephalic Airway Obstruction Syndrome (BAOS)
		Brachycephalics refers to breeds which have a comparatively short head.
		Other Brachycephalic breeds in which this has been found to be an issue inclue the Pug, the Boston Terrier, the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, the Pekingese, the Lhasa Apso, the French Bulldog, and the Shih Tzu.
		A recent BTCA Health Survey indicates that over 6% of Boston Terriers are born with either stenotic nares or elongated palates (or both).
	www.canadasguidetodogs.com /health/baos.htm (270 words)

	Anthropometry obsessions: example of how little the anthropometric measure cephalic index can mean
		Assuming such to be the case, the Rumsfeld on the left, has a cephalic index of 65, which would be called dolicocephalic, due to a slight narrowing of the face that I have accomplished using the Microsoft Paint Program; and the Rumsfeld on the right would be brachycephalic, with a cephalic index of 85.
		Likewise assuming the ape in the middle to have a cephalic index of 75, the ape on the left would be a dolichocephalic with cephalic index of 65 and the ape on the right would be a brachycephalic with a cephalic index of 85.
		The difference between the dolichocephalic ape and the brachycephalic ape, is clearly much less than the difference between any of the apes and any of the Rumsfelds.
	www.angelfire.com /ma/vincemoon/anthronuts.html (396 words)

	PetPlace.com - Article: Brachycephalic Syndrome
		Although brachycephalic breeds of dog often make loud snorting noises while inhaling and are considered "normal," clinical signs of weakness, cyanosis or fainting are indications that the dog is unable to get enough oxygen through his airways and may need treatment.
		They are not visible in a normal dog, but can be sucked out of their crypts with excessive negative pressure during inspiration (when air is drawn into the lungs).
		The presence of everted laryngeal saccules indicates a more severe form of brachycephalic syndrome and is thought to represent an early stage of laryngeal collapse.
	www.petplace.com /articles/artPrinterFriendly.asp?conID=15693 (860 words)

	Etruscan Bologna: A Study
		It is an observation generally made that the modern peoples of upper Italy are mostly short headed, and the southerners long headed, whilst the two forms blend in the Island of Elba, in modern Umbria, and in the Province of Rome, where, however, the brachycephalic is said to be waxing rarer.
		Two brachycephalic skulls from the Grotta di Castello, on the Monte Pisano, beyond the Serchio, greatly resembled them, although only the CALVARIAE remained.
		To the latter people probably belonged the cannibals of the Palmaria Island in the Gulf of Spezia: their remains have been ably described (Grotta de' Colombi) by Professor Giovanni Capellini, a native of that place, who, at the early age of 34, has risen to be Rector of the venerable University of Bologna.
	www.wollamshram.ca /1001/Bologna/bologna_11.htm (1518 words)

	WHO ARE THE MODERN JEWS?
		Jacobs writes; "They are predominantly brachycephalic, or broad-headed, while the Semites of Arabic origin are invariably dolichocephalic, or long-headed" (Jew.
		He again presented the anthropological evidence the cranial measurements of the modern Jews, stating: "Their skulls are mainly brachycephalic; that is, the breadth is generally over 80 per cent of the length.
		As has been seen, all results of craniometry prove that the Jews are brachycephalic, and that the dolichocephalic form is only found among them in less than two percent of the cases" (Jew.
	www.biblebelievers.org.au /hittites.htm (1938 words)

	MedFriendly.com: Brachycephalic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Brachycephalic means relating to or characterized by brachycephaly, which means to have a short head.
		Brachycephalic comes from the Greek word "brachys" meaning "short," the Greek word "kephale" meaning "head," and the Greek word "ikos" meaning "pertaining to." Put the words together and you have "pertaining to (a) long head."
		You may not reprint or redisplay this material for commercial use without the express written consent of MedFriendly.com.
	www.medfriendly.com /brachycephalic.html (108 words)

	Correlation of skull conformation and the breathing ability of the dog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The most severe phenotypic exaggeration is brachycephaly (short skull), because it is often accompanied by respiratory problems (brachycephalic syndrome) and may even lead to death from suffocation.
		Based on the fact that mainly brachycephalic breeds are affected, it is assumed that the short nose accounts for an increased resistance during inspiration.
		This pathophysiological explanation seems plausible as, in the case of classical brachycephalic syndrome, all soft tissues are indeed displaced into the lumen of the upper respiratory tract.
	www.research-projects.unizh.ch /vet/unit50100/area110/p4707.htm (328 words)

	The Religion of the Ancient Celts: Chapter II. The Celtic People
		The type is found among the Slavs, in parts of Germany and Scandinavia, and in modern France in the region of Cæsar's "Celtæ," among the Auvergnats, the Bretons, and in Lozère and Jura.
		Broca assumed that the dark, brachycephalic people whom he identified with Cæsar's "Celtæ," differed from the Belgæ, were conquered by them, and acquired the language of their conquerors, hence wrongly called Celtic by philologists.
		The short, brachycephalic type is now prominent in France, because it has always been so, eliminating the tall, fair Celtic type.
	www.sacred-texts.com /neu/celt/rac/rac05.htm (3732 words)

	Elongated Soft Palate in Brachycephalic Dog Breeds
		The soft palate is a flap of mucousal tissue which closes off the animal's airway (nasopharynx) during swallowing to prevent foods and liquids from going into their lungs.
		In animals with a normal soft palate, it touches or slightly overlaps the epiglottis.In the Brachycephalic breeds, it is difficult to fit the soft tissues of the canine mouth and throat into the short face.
		In dogs with an elongated soft palate, the palate then overlaps the epiglottis to a considerable degree, partially obstructing the animal's airway during breathing.
	www.bulldoginformation.com /elongated-soft-palate.html (370 words)

	Surgical Diseases of the Upper Airway: Collapsing Trachea, Stenotic Nares, Everted Laryngeal Saccules, Elongated Soft ...
		The term "brachycephalic" refers to dogs with shortened noses and mouths.
		Problems seen in brachycephalic breeds include stenotic nares, everted laryngeal saccules, and elongated soft palates.
		The soft palate in brachycephalic dogs can be too long for the length of the mouth.
	www.petsurgery.com /surgicaldiseasesofairway.html (712 words)

	Boston Terriers of Canada - Everything about the Boston Terrier in Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This is a CONGENITAL defect (present at birth) with a GENETIC (inheritable) basis, though it is unlikely that the genetic mechanism is a simple one-locus, dominant/recessive one.
		The very high incidence of hemivertebrae in brachycephalic, screwtailed breeds is a reflection of the fact that the brachycephaly and short tail are actually skeletal deformities (sorry, Minnie!) which have been built into the breed.
		In fact, the coccygeal vertebrae in the screwtail ARE hemivertebrae, whose asymmetry produce that elegant little embellishment on the derriere.
	www.bostonterriersofcanada.com /healthhemi.html (1506 words)

	Merck Vet. Edition - Dyschondroplasia
		The brachycephalic dwarfs that were common in Hereford cattle in the 1950's largely have been eliminated through genetic selection.
		The dolichocephalic dwarf, most commonly seen in Angus cattle, is of the same general body conformation as the brachycephalic dwarf, except that it has a long head and does not have either a bulging forehead or prognathism.
		The short-faced calves are frequently referred to as “snorter” dwarfs because of their labored and audible breathing.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/90307.htm (214 words)

	Brazzil - Brazil 24/7 :: View topic - Caucasoid Subraces
		Alpine: A reduced and somewhat foetalized survivor of the Upper Palaeolithic population in Late Pleistocene France, highly brachycephalized; seems to represent in a large measure the bearer of the brachycephalic factor in Cro-Magnon.
		Ladogan: The descendants of the mesocephalic and brachycephalic forest-dwelling population of northern Europe east of the Baltic in Kammkeramik times.
		This type is a blend of a partly mongoloid brachycephalic element with a mesocephalic form of general Upper Palaeolithic aspect; these elements are seen in crania from Lake Ladoga and Salis Roje.
	www.brazzilbrief.com /viewtopic.php?t=17686 (2332 words)

	Case 11 - Brachycephalic Syndrome
		What are the 6 components of brachycephalic syndrome and how do you confirm their presence in the patient?
		On recheck one week later, he had no signs of dyspnea or exercise intolerance.
		For brachycephalic syndrome respiratory emergencies, treat with oxygen, light sedation and tracheostomy if necessary.
	www.cvmbs.colostate.edu /clinsci/wing/nighter/answer11.htm (349 words)

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