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Topic: Brachycera

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	Brachycera
		Nagatomi, A. History of some families of Diptera, chiefly those of the lower Brachycera (Insecta: Diptera).
		Sinclair, B. A phylogenetic interpretation of the Brachycera (Diptera) based on the larval mandible and associated mouthpart structures.
		Wada, S. Morphological evidence for the direct sister group relationship between the Schizophora and the Syrphoidea (Aschiza) in the phylogenetic systematics of the Cyclorrhapha (Diptera: Brachycera).
	www2.ncsu.edu /unity/lockers/ftp/bwiegman/fly_html/brachycera.html (178 words)

	WilsonWeb: Full Record (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The lower Diptera (Nematocera) is paraphyletic with respect to Brachycera, and morphological evidence suggests the sister-group of Brachycera lies in the Psychodomorpha.
		The remaining groups of Brachycera may be united by the loss of a pharyngeal filtering apparatus, the presence of a slashing distal hook in the mouthparts, a primary predatory larval lifestyle with either an external channel or internal duct for delivery of saliva to prey, and presence of lateral ejaculatory sclerites in the male genitalia.
		The lower Brachycera (Orthorrhapha) are represented on the diagram by the infraorders Stratiomyomorpha, Xylophagomorpha, and Tabanomorpha and the superfamilies Nemestrinoidea, Asiloidea, and Empidoidea.
	www.eeb.uconn.edu /Courses/Eeb477/Yeates_Wiegmann_99.htm (10239 words)

	Fathom :: The Source for Online Learning
		Some Brachycera are mimics of other insects, especially of the Hymenoptera (bees and wasps), although in most cases the nature of the mimicry is not that well understood.
		The larvae of a Hyperechia species (a robber fly, Asilidae) prey on the larvae of the carpenter bee and it is thought the resemblance of the adult fly to the bee may enable the female robber fly to get near enough to the bee nest to lay her eggs.
		Most Brachycera immatures (larva), are unknown but, where they are known, the majority are predators or parasitoids (parasites which kill their hosts).
	www.fathom.com /feature/190259 (5218 words)

	Diptera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Diptera are divided into two suborders, the Nematocera and Brachycera.
		In older classifications two Divisions were recognised in the Brachycera, the Orthorrhapha and Cyclorrhapha.
		Yeates, D. Relationships of the lower Brachycera (Diptera): A quantitative synthesis of morphological characters.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Diptera&contgroup=Endopterygota (1955 words)

	FLIES
		The Brachycera are characterized by having a annulated terminal segment on their three segmented antennae.
		The Cyclorrhapha used to be classified as a seperate suborder but is now grouped with the suborder Brachycera, generally classed as the higher flies.
		Adult flies of this suborder can be distinguished by arista on the terminal segment of their three segmented antennae.
	www.roberth.u-net.com /Diptera.htm (630 words)

	CPC Plant Profile - National Collection of Endangered Plants
		In G. brachycera, leaves are evergreen, coriaceous, not resinous-glandular; stems are sharply angled (3-sided), bearing a conspicuous ridge below the base of each leaf.
		brachycera can be found on wooded slopes, mostly facing north and on acid, well-drained (sandy) soil (Gray 1922,Small 1933, Tatnall 1946, Foote and Jones 1994).
		brachycera is known from West Virginia and possibly Virginia.
	www.centerforplantconservation.org /ASP/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=1999 (713 words)

	Notes on Morphology
		Two suborders are presently recognized, Nematocera and Brachycera, which differ among the larvae primarily in terms of reduction of the head.
		Most Brachycera (Orthorrhapha), on the other hand, have a head capsule, more or less, reduced posteriorly and partially retracted within the thorax, with sickle-shaped mandibles operating in a vertical plane (i.e.
		Some of the Brachycera (Cyclorrhapha or infraorder Muscamorpha) have further reduction and retraction of the head capsule into the thorax combined with the development of an internal pharyngeal skeleton (an acephalic head).
	www-personal.umich.edu /~mjwiley/www516/lab_notes_for_diptera.htm (1851 words)

	FLYTREE Phylogeny, the story so far - p. 2
		An exception is a recent detailed analysis of Brachycera relationships using over 2 Kb of 28S rDNA (Wiegmann and Yeates in prep.).
		The supertree analysis currently favors Ptychopteromorpha+Culicomorpha as the sister group to the remaining Diptera with Blepharicerimorpha and Bibionomorpha being the next lineages to emerge from the Lower Dipteran stem.
		Close to the grade transition to Brachycera, the Lower Dipteran infraorders are not monophyletic, with Psychodomorpha and Tipulomorpha forming a paraphyletic grouping, the superfamily Tipuloidea being sister to the Brachycera.
	www.inhs.uiuc.edu /cee/FLYTREE/flyphylogeny2.html (389 words)

	Tachinid Bibliography, "C" references
		Cepelák, J. Higher flies of the middle section of the express highway North-South (Diptera, Brachycera).
		Cepelák, J. The distribution and biology of Diptera of northern Moravia and Silesia (Diptera, Brachycera).
		Cepelák, J. Die Vertretung höherer Zweiflügler (Diptera, Brachycera) der Umgebung von Kurort Nimnica in der Frühlingsperiode.
	www.uoguelph.ca /nadsfly/Tach/Bib/listc.htm (5363 words)

	Harvard University's Caribbean Insects: Blattodea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Diptera are divided into two suborders, the Nematocera and Brachycera, both of which are holometabolous, meaning that they undergo a complete metamorphosis.
		The Brachycera are heavier built with shorter, stouter antennae and palps, such as the familiar houseflies.
		All media are for the personal use of students, scholars and the public.
	mcz-28168.oeb.harvard.edu /caribbean/Diptera.htm (182 words)

	Search for products to control Brachycera Flies based upon pesticides registered in various states to control ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Brachycera Flies is a 'pest' (an unwanted organism) that can be controlled through the use of pesticides.
		Pesticides, such as products to control Brachycera Flies, are regulated by State Departments of Agriculture.
		To find all products ever registered at EPA to control Brachycera Flies: www.kellysolutions.com/epadata (login as username: 'Guest' and password: 'Guest' - your results will be limited to 5 items).
	www.kellysolutions.com /searchpests/Brachycera_Flies.htm (421 words)

	Brachycera types (exclusive of Schizophora) in CNC
		The groups covered in Part 2 include the orthorrhaphous and aschizan sections of the second Diptera suborder, Brachycera.
		The types in the remainder of the Brachycera, those of the Schizophora, will be cataloged in the two subsequent parts of this four-part series.
		All primary (i.e., name-bearing) types of orthorrhaphous brachyceran and aschizan Diptera in the Canadian National Collection of Insects (CNC) have been cataloged as of 31 December 1991.
	www.nadsdiptera.org /Catalogs/CNCtypes/Part2.htm (428 words)

	bibliography_page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Frey, R. (1934) Diptera Brachycera von den Sunda-Inseln und Nord-Australien.
		In M.D. Delfinado and D.E. Hardy (eds), A catalog of Diptera of the Oriental region, volume II, suborder Brachycera through Division Aschiza, suborder Cyclorrhapha., The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu.
		Sinclair, B.J., Cumming J.M. and Wood D.M. (1993) Homology and phylogenetic implications of male genitalia in Diptera - Lower Brachycera.
	www.cdfa.ca.gov /phpps/ppd/Entomology/Lucid/Therevidae/Austherevid/key/Austherevid/Media/Html/bibliography.html (1083 words)

	Flower
		Brachycera were some of the most ancient pollinators.
		Extant Brachycera comprise a wide variety of flower visitors (9, 10).
		Geographical distribution of Middle and Late Jurassic main orthorrhaphous Brachycera.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/images/flower-associaedFlies.htm (1302 words)

	Mostovski
		Mostovski, M.B. [The Early Stages of the Evolution of Diptera Brachycera].
		Mostovski, M.B. and Martínez-Delclòz, X. New Nemestrinoidea (Diptera: Brachycera) from the Upper Jurassic- Lower Cretaceous of Eurasia, taxonomy and palaeobiology.
		Jarzembowski, E.A. and Mostovski, M.B. A new species of Sinonemestrius (Diptera: Brachycera) from the Weald Clay (Lower Cretaceous, southern England), with a discussion of its affinities and stratigraphical implications.
	www.palaeoentomolog.ru /Personnel/mm.html (1541 words)

	Dr. Wiegmann's Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Ocoidae, a new family of asiloid flies (Diptera: Brachycera: Asiloidea), based on Ocoa chilensis gen. and sp.
		Phylogenetic relationships and placement of the Empidoidea (Diptera: Brachycera) based on 28S rDNA and EF-1alpha sequences.
		Monophyly and relationships of the Tabanomorpha (Diptera: Brachycera) based on 28S ribosomal gene sequences.
	www.cals.ncsu.edu:8050 /entomology/wiegmann/wiegmannpubs.html (576 words)

	Order Diptera - Flies - BugGuide.Net
		Brachycera - A group of flies sharing a reduction in the number of antennal segments.
		Orthorrhapha - A paraphyletic subdivision of the Brachycera, including those flies that don't have the circular pupal aperture of the Cyclorrhapha.
		Cyclorrhapha - A monophyletic subdivision of the Brachycera.
	bugguide.net /node/view/55 (534 words)

	terratreasures and adventures101 Clusiidae fly in authentic Dominican amber
		The larvae, which occur in decaying wood and under bark are able to jump, much like the larvae of skipper flies." Triplehorn 1992.
		Flies belong to the Diptera order which is subdivided into 3 suborders, the Nematocera, the Cyclorrhapha, and the Brachycera.
		Cyclorrapha generally have glob like antennae with the arista originating near the base of the antennae.
	www.terratreasures.com /amber/flagship/dr75clusiidae/dr75clusiidae.htm (366 words)

	Malloch Society. - montane Brachycera distribution
		The Malloch Society aims to improve knowledge and awareness of Diptera
		No 3 An assessment of the distribution and status of montane Brachycera (Diptera) in Scotland.
		Download PDF of An assessment of the distribution and status of montane Brachycera (Diptera) in Scotland.
	www.mallochsociety.org.uk /montane-brachycera-distributio (42 words)

	Milichiidae-Literature
		Bezzi, M. 1928: Diptera Brachycera and Athericera of the Fiji Islands based on material in the British Museum [Natural History].
		Verzeichnis der bisher von den Azoren bekannten Dipteren.
		Frey, R. 1958b: Kanarische Diptera brachycera p.p., von Håkan Lindberg gesammelt.
	www.sel.barc.usda.gov /Diptera/milichid/mi-lit.html (5330 words)

	DIPTERA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		BRACHYCERA- 14 of 63 families have aquatic species
		Brachycera), and may not be visible, but is withdrawn into the first thoracic segment-- have a more maggot-like appearance (horseflies, soldierflies, rattail maggots)
		More advanced families (i.e., Brachycera) pupae are usually enclosed in the last larval exuvium, which is protective and highly sclerotized
	www.biology.eku.edu /SCHUSTER/bio542/diptera.htm (1319 words)

	Image: Scansoriopteryx heilmanni on a branch, scoping out potential prey Palaepangonius (Brachycera: Tabanidae) [The ...
		Image: Scansoriopteryx heilmanni on a branch, scoping out potential prey Palaepangonius (Brachycera: Tabanidae) [The Dinosauricon]
		Scansoriopteryx heilmanni on a branch, scoping out potential prey Palaepangonius (Brachycera: Tabanidae)
		Trying to show the possible scansorial habits of this animal, the tail could have been used as a brace, as in woodpeckers, but the arms would not likely have been used for climbing.
	dino.lm.com /images/display.php?id=292 (60 words)

	Diptera
		These structures are reduced or absent in the more advanced suborders (Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha) where the larvae, known as maggots, have worm-like bodies and only a pair of mouth hooks for feeding.
		Adult flies live in a wide range of habitats and display enormous variation in appearance and life style.
		In some newer classifications, Brachycera includes the Cyclorrhapha.
	www.cals.ncsu.edu /course/ent425/compendium/diptera.html (1006 words)

	Order (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Diptera have 2 wings (few species with none); membranous fore wings, hind wings modified into small knobbed structures (halteres).
		Antennae are variable (Nematocera: filaform or plumose; Brachycera: short, horn-like; Cyclorrhapha: aristate); generally, Nematocera slender, fragile flies, other suborders more robust flies.
		Habitat- Virtually all habitats, some in vegetation, aquatic, insect predators or parasites, feed on ectoparasites of vertebrates.
	entomology.unl.edu /kyi/insect_orders/diptera.htm (195 words)

	New Entomological Taxa, Section E 1(5): Future Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Tomasovic, G. (1999) Notes sur les Asilidae paléarctiques (Diptera Brachycera).
		Mostovski, M.B. (1999) On an interesting find of a Brachycerous fly (Diptera, Brachycera) in the Jurassic of Kazakhstan.
		Norris, K.R. (1999) Establishment of a subfamily Aphyssurinae for the Australian genus Aphyssura Hardy (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with a review of known forms and descriptions of new species.
	www.sciref.org /nete/nete1-5/nete6-9.htm (1755 words)

	Asilidae Homepage: New literature
		- Larger Brachycera* Recording Scheme Newsletter 13: 4; ?.
		Ebejer, M.J. (1995): Notes and new records of the larger Brachycera (Diptera) of Malta.
		Raréfaction en Europe occidentale et porté disparu en Belgique: Asilus crabroniformis Linné, 1758 (Diptera, Brachycera, Asilidae).
	www.geller-grimm.de /lit1995.htm (1582 words)

	Dipteran Larvae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		A predacious gall midge feeding on Aphids,Lestodiplosus sp.
		House fly larvae "in situ", Musca domestica, Muscidae: Brachycera.
		A leaf mining fly, within its leaf mine, Amauromyza flavifrons, Agromyzidae: Brachycera.
	tolweb.org /accessory/Dipteran_Larvae?acc_id=432 (147 words)

	PLANTS Profile for Gaylussacia brachycera (box huckleberry) \| USDA PLANTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		PLANTS Profile for Gaylussacia brachycera (box huckleberry)
		See available county distributions by clicking on the states below or on the map.
		Gaylussacia brachycera (Michx.) Gray occures in the following states: Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia
	plants.usda.gov /java/profile?symbol=GABR5 (185 words)

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