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Topic: Bradykinesia

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	Bradykinesia
		Bradykinesia is a Greek term that means "slow movement", and it is one of the constituents of Parkinson's disease (2), although it is also associated with other diseases.
		(1) Bradykinesia is a motion disorder and a perception disorder.
		Bradykinesia is reduced in patients who undergo therapies that attempt to restore the signal pathway by dealing with the interruption.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /bb/neuro/neuro03/web1/ljackson.html (1301 words)

	bradykinesia definition,bradykinesia
		Bradykinesia: Slowed ability to start and continue movements, and impaired ability to adjust the body's position.
		Bradykinesia essentially refers to a component of parkinsonism.
		The full spectrum of parkinsonism is derived from the features of Parkinson disease, which include bradykinesia, tremor Surgery, and rigidity.
	parkinsonindia.org /bradykinesia.htm (82 words)

	Bradykinesia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In medicine (neurology), bradykinesia denotes "slow movement" (etymology: brady = slow, kinesia = movement).
		It is a feature of a number of diseases, most notably Parkinson's disease and other disorders of the basal ganglia.
		Rather than being a slowness in initiation (see akinesia) bradykinesia describes a slowness in the execution of movement.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bradykinesia (84 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL OF GERIATRICS, Ch. 46, Movement Disorders
		Motor symptoms similar to those of Parkinson's disease (eg, bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor) are called parkinsonian symptoms, or parkinsonism.
		Bradykinesia hinders the patient from taking a step or moving the arms to stop the fall.
		Almost all patients have bradykinesia; tremor or rigidity may be absent.
	www.merck.com /mrkshared/mmg/sec6/ch46/ch46c.jsp#sec6-ch46-308 (3273 words)

	Parkinson's Disease
		The four primary symptoms are tremor or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face; rigidity or stiffness of the limbs and trunk; bradykinesia or slowness of movement; and postural instability or impaired balance and coordination.
		Bradykinesia, or the slowing down and loss of spontaneous and automatic movement, is particularly frustrating because it is unpredictable.
		Some studies indicate that pallidotomy may improve symptoms of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia, possibly by interrupting the neural pathway between the globus pallidus and the striatum or thalamus.
	www.athealth.com /Consumer/disorders/parkinsons.html (7232 words)

	Robert Blue - UF Journal of Undergraduate Research Paper
		Bradykinesia, or slowness of movement, is the third symptom found in Parkinsonian patients.
		Bradykinesia is not a secondary symptom of rigidity: the limbs most affected by rigidity may still move freely.
		Parkinsonian bradykinesia is often characterized by a difficulty in initiating movements (PDF-Symptoms), but may include a slowness to perform fine motor movements and trouble with repetitive movements (Parkinson Glossary).
	www.clas.ufl.edu /jur/200103/papers/paper_blue.html (1937 words)

	eMedicine - Parkinson Disease : Article by Robert A Hauser, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bradykinesia refers to slowness of movement but also includes a paucity of spontaneous movements and decreased amplitude of movement.
		Bradykinesia also is expressed as micrographia (small handwriting), hypomimia (decreased facial expression), decreased blink rate, and hypophonia (soft speech).
		MPTP crosses the blood-brain barrier and is oxidized to MPP+ by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) type B. MPP+ accumulates in mitochondria and interferes with the function of complex I of the respiratory chain.
	www.emedicine.com /NEURO/topic304.htm (10961 words)

	Bradykinesia
		When rigidity and tremor are present at the same time, the examiner may be able to feel "cog wheeling," in which passive flexion or extension of the child's elbow results in a series of catches in rapid succession.
		Physical examination of children with bradykinesia is important to determine the severity and location of rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia.
		Although it is rare to find a family history of parkinsonism in childhood-onset bradykinesia, the autosomal recessively inherited "parkin" gene mutation is more likely in families where there is a history of intermarriage within the same family (consanguinity).
	endoflifecare.tripod.com /juvenilehuntingtonsdisease/id60.html (1207 words)

	MDVU - Pediatric Movement Disorders - Bradykinesia
		Bradykinesia means "slow movement." In the context of childhood movement disorders, bradykinesia essentially refers to a component of parkinsonism.
		The full spectrum of parkinsonism is derived from the features of Parkinson's disease, which include bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity.
		In some cases, there are reduced movements of the face leading to an expressionless look referred to, in its extreme form, as a "mask face." Bradykinesia may affect one limb, one side of the body, or the entire body.
	www.mdvu.org /library/pediatric/bradykinesia (534 words)

	eMedicine - Parkinson Disease in Young Adults : Article by Stephen T Gancher, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In the upper extremities, bradykinesia can cause small effortful handwriting (ie, micrographia) and difficulty using the hand for fine dexterous activities such as using a key or kitchen utensils.
		Bradykinesia is seen as a paucity or slowness of movement.
		Used in patients with established Parkinson disease; most effective in relieving bradykinesia and rigidity; it is less consistently effective in relieving tremor and usually ineffective in relieving postural flexion, severe imbalance, freezing gait, dysarthria, and dysphagia.
	www.emedicine.com /neuro/topic635.htm (8371 words)

	bradykinesia - General Practice Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		One manifestation of bradykinesia is laboured and monotonous speech.
		Bradykinesia is most easily demonstrated by asking to tap their forefinger on their thumb.
		Normally an individual will be able to tap at 4 or 5 Hz; the bradykinesic individual may only be able to manage 1 Hz or less.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /cache/-999620606.htm (152 words)

	PDF - Parkinson's Disease Foundation, Inc. \| Symptoms
		Bradykinesia: Bradykinesia is the phenomenon of a person experiencing slow movements.
		People who have bradykinesia may walk with short, shuffling steps (this is called festination).
		Bradykinesia and rigidity can occur in the facial muscles, reducing a person's range of facial expressions and resulting in a "mask-like" appearance.
	www.pdf.org /AboutPD/symptoms.cfm (528 words)

	Gait Disorder Project
		Although gait abnormalities in Parkinson's disease are very common, the presenting symptoms are frequently resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability.
		Bradykinesia is defined as a general slowness of movement.
		There is a slowness on turns (because of the bradykinesia and the postural instability).
	sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca /gait/parkinson/clinical.asp (1230 words)

	Michigan Parkinson Foundation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Basal ganglia: A group of nuclei, or clusters of nerve cells, near the base of the brain that is important in regulating both movements and emotions.
		Bradykinesia, hypokinesia and akinesia: Bradykinesia means slow movements.
		Hypokinesia means reduced movements and generally refers to making smaller movements than intended, such as the small steps seen when a Parkinsons patient walks, or the small size of a Parkinsons patient's handwriting (called micrographia).
	www.parkinsonsmi.org /facts_glossary.htm (747 words)

	Postural Instability, Balance, Parkinson Disease - Welcome to The National Parkinson Foundation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Rigidity, bradykinesia, and tremor, result from a loss of dopamine cells in the substantia nigra (SN).
		By reversing the dopamine deficiency with levodopa (which is changed to dopamine) or a dopamine agonist (which mimics dopamine) rigidity, bradykinesia and tremor are relieved.
		This suggests that rigidity, bradykinesia and tremor are under, in large part, controlled by dopamine.
	www.parkinson.org /site/pp.asp?c=9dJFJLPwB&b=100112 (4986 words)

	WE MOVE - Bradykinesia
		» Pediatric Bradykinesia Information for Patients and Caregivers (see table of contents below)
		» Pediatric Bradykinesia Information for Medical Professionals at MDVU
		All medical procedures, drug doses, indications, and contraindications should be discussed with your personal physician.
	www.wemove.org /bradykinesia (127 words)

	Update: continued
		Akinesia (failure to initiate movement) and bradykinesia (slow movements) may initially be detected as reduced facial expression and blinking rate.
		Not uncommonly, patients may describe stiffness or soreness of a shoulder and the tendency to drag one leg, reflecting the asymmetric manifestations of akinesia/ bradykinesia and rigidity.
		Alternatively, some may report that a limb is weak, clumsy or "doesn't do what I tell it to do." Akinesia/bradykinesia is evaluated with rapid alternating movements including tapping the index finger and thumb, opening/closing or supinating/pronating the hands and toe or heel tapping.
	www.parkhurstexchange.com /update_continued/2005/ud_01_pg2_vol13.html (902 words)

	Pathophysiology of bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease -- Berardelli et al. 124 (11): 2131 -- Brain
		Pathophysiology of bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease -- Berardelli et al.
		Bradykinesia means slowness of movement and is one of the cardinal
		Bradykinesia and impairment of EEG desynchronization in Parkinson's disease.
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/124/11/2131 (7624 words)

	BNI Quarterly Comments
		The initial symptom, bradykinesia of his left arm, is apparent in newsreels.
		Bradykinesia, unrecognized by Hitler but manifested as decreased movement of his left arm, is first apparent in L. Reifenstahl’s 1934 film, Triumph of the Will, made during the Second Annual Nazi Party Congress.
		Bradykinesia is defined as slowness of movement, paucity of movement, difficulty in initiating movement, and difficulty in sustaining movement; the different descriptions reflect the uncertainties regarding the anatomical and physiological substrate of bradykinesia.
	www.emergemd.com /bniq/article.asp?article_ref_id=11-3-1 (6250 words)

	Parkinson Disease
		The 3 key signs of Parkinson disease are tremor (shaking) at rest, rigidity, and slowness in the initiation of movement (called bradykinesia).
		Bradykinesia refers to slowness of movement but also includes a lessening of unplanned movements and decreased size of movement.
		The initial symptoms of PD may be nonspecific and include fatigue and depression.
	www.emedicinehealth.com /parkinson_disease/page3_em.htm (631 words)

	Parkinson's Disease
		PD is a progressive brain disorder characterized by tremor, muscular rigidity and slowness of movement (bradykinesia).
		Using stereotactic guidance technology, surgeons defined portions of the deep brain: the basal ganglia in which destructive lesions effectively reduced tremor and rigidity.
		The introduction of L-dopa in the 1960's brought a marked reduction in stereotactic surgery for PD. L-dopa alleviates bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor, allowing patients to improve in activities of daily living.
	www.sd-neurosurgeon.com /diseases/pd.html (1023 words)

	[No title]
		Parkinson disease is a clinical diagnosis based on the signs of resting tremor, bradykinesia or slowness of movement, rigidity, and loss of postural reflexes (Sethi 2002).
		Because an individual's severity of impairment in tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, gait, and balance are not equal, investigators have searched for the clinical signs that best correlate with the dopamine nigrostriatal lesion.
		Bilateral bradykinesia was found, but more prominent difficulty with fine motor control and micrographia was seen on the right side.
	www.geocities.com /parkinsonsarticles/pd.html (18844 words)

	[A case of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis with spastic paraparesis, epilepsy, and bradykinesia] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		At the time of admission, cataract, a mild thickening of Achilles tendons, mental deterioration, spastic paraparesis, truncal ataxia, and bradykinesia were noted.
		Oral administration of chenodeoxycholic acid, 300 mg per day, resulted in improvement of bradykinesia and EEG abnormality, increase of HVA and 5-HIAA levels in CSF, and decrease of serum cholesterol level in two weeks.
		Bradykinesia observed in the present case is a rare clinical finding of CTX, and the improvement of bradykinesia soon after the treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid has not been reported yet.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1992/feb/M9220699.html (416 words)

	Pallidotomy, Thalamotomy, Deep Brain Stimulator NoFrames
		The major manifestations of the disease are resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia [slowness of movements] and hypokinesia [difficulty initiating movements].
		At the same time, many surgeons were performing surgery on the thalamus and for a variety of reasons, thalamotomy became widely accepted, replacing pallidotomy as the surgical treatment of choice for Parkinson's Disease.
		Thalamotomy, which has an excellent effect on the tremor, is not as effective at reducing rigidity, bradykinesia, or hypokinesia.
	www1.wfubmc.edu /surg-sci/ns/md-surg0.html (2978 words)

	Bradykinesia Induced by Dopamine D2 Receptor Blockade Is Associated with Reduced Motor Cortex Activity in the Rat -- ...
		Bradykinesia Induced by Dopamine D2 Receptor Blockade Is Associated with Reduced Motor Cortex Activity in the Rat -- Parr-Brownlie and Hyland 25 (24): 5700 -- Journal of Neuroscience
		Slowed movement (bradykinesia) is a prominent symptom of hypodopaminergic
		bradykinesia (-2.9 ± 2.4 Hz; -37%) that was significantly
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/25/24/5700 (8084 words)

	health.iafrica.com \| doc online \| ask the doctor \| neurology Bradykinesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		My mother's doctor has told me that she has bradykinesia syndrome and that it is related to Parkinson's disease.
		Bradykinesia is one of the features of Parkinson's disease.
		I have not heard of it as a syndrome, which is a collection of signs and symptoms.
	health.iafrica.com /doconline/qa/neurology/bradykinesia.htm (345 words)

	Bradykinesia akinesia inco-ordination test (BRAIN TEST): an objective computerised assessment of upper limb motor ...
		Bradykinesia akinesia inco-ordination test (BRAIN TEST): an objective computerised assessment of upper limb motor function -- Giovannoni et al.
		Bradykinesia akinesia inco-ordination test (BRAIN TEST): an objective computerised assessment of upper limb motor function
		The KS is a simple measure of speed of movement and is hence a surrogate for bradykinesia.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/67/5/624 (2602 words)

	Impairment of EEG desynchronisation before and during movement and its relation to bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease ...
		Impairment of EEG desynchronisation before and during movement and its relation to bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease
		Thin vertical lines have been drawn to indicate the onset of movement (second line), the premovement period (first to the second line) and the period measured as the movement time (second to the third line).
		EEG desynchronisation during movement and bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/66/4/442 (3001 words)

	[P&S; Medical Review:Fall 1998, Vol.5, No.2]
		But there were multiple descriptors of bradykinesia, including hypophonia, masked facies, decreased blink, bradykinetic motor examination and drooling.
		In fact, there are many extrapyramidal phenomena for which we use to term "bradykinesia", and as a result, valuable clinical information is lost.
		For example, decreased spontaneous movement is referred to as "bradykinesia", as is slow movement, decreasing amplitude during rapid alternating movements (RAMs), pauses during RAMs, and the stickiness of RAMs typically seen in Parkinsonism.
	www.cumc.columbia.edu /news/review/archives/medrev_v5n2_0003.html (6193 words)

	NS Parkinson's Disease
		These procedures are effective for the control of tremor, disabling dyskinesias, bradykinesia, and rigidity.
		For example, if a patient develops increasing rigidity, bradykinesia, or tremor some time after DBS surgery, the stimulation can be modified to achieve better clinical effects, which is not possible with lesioning procedures.
		This includes patients with increasingly problematic and disabling tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, gait and postural instability, dyskinesias, as well as on-off motor fluctuations.
	www.med.nyu.edu /hospitals/hjd/html/body_ns_parkinson_s_disease.html (672 words)

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