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Topic: Braided stream

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	BMP's for Braided Stream Systems
		Braided stream channels or runs should be identified before harvesting in order to prescribe adequate streamside protection.
		Stream channels and lakes should be kept free of logging debris as harvesting operations progress.
		Braided stream systems may be inundated for long periods, and additional time is often necessary to complete the harvest.
	www.state.sc.us /forest/braid.htm (1845 words)

	River Systems and Causes of Flooding
		Streams receive most of their water input from precipitation, and the amount of precipitation falling in any given drainage basin varies from day to day, year to year, and century to century.
		Streams carry most of the water that goes from the land to the sea, and thus are an important part of the water cycle.
		Because meandering streams are continually eroding on the outer meander bends and depositing sediment along the inner meander bends, meandering stream channels tend to migrate back and forth across their flood plain.
	www.tulane.edu /~sanelson/geol204/riversystems.htm (2716 words)

	Stream Processes
		Stream velocity is the speed of the water in the stream.
		Stream velocity is greatest in midstream near the surface and is slowest along the stream bed and banks due to friction.
		Braided Stream patterns are found where there is a very large bed load where there is either a high sediment supply or the stream lies on a loose, unconsolidated bed of sand and gravel.
	www.columbia.edu /~vjd1/streams_basic.htm (1550 words)

	Streams and Floods
		The discharge is the velocity of the stream multiplied by its cross-sectional area.
		Braided streams are common in deserts where stream often only have significant discharge after a storm event.
		Braided streams are also found in association with glaciers, where the glacier supplies large amounts of sediment.
	www.trinity.edu /gkroeger/geos1304/Notes/streamanswers.htm (1173 words)

	Vocabulary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		When the stream overflows its channel, and innundates the floodplain, as soon as the water leaves the channel, it slows down and so must deposit part of it's load at the edge of the channel.
		The stream splits into man channels that split and merge, and resplit in a complex braided pattern.
		The stream must deposit it's load, building up a large fan-shaped deposit underwater known as a delta.
	www.csun.edu /~khurst/ES300/Vocabulary/river.html (527 words)

	G432 lecture - continental deposits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Braiding results as the stream leaves behind those sizes of particles that it is incapable of transporting for a given stage.
		Braided stream deposits are typically coarse grained, with poorly developed channels and abundant cross-bedded and current-rippled bar deposits.
		This is a good example of a braided stream in which the sediment supply has greatly exceeded the capacity of the stream.
	www.umt.edu /geosciences/faculty/hendrix/g432/g432_L16.htm (1815 words)

	Glossary of Forest Related Terms
		Braided stream -- A complex tangle of converging and diverging stream channels (Anabranches) separated by sand bars or islands.
		Stream Channel -- The bed where a natural stream of water runs or may run; the long narrow depression shaped by the concentrated flow of a stream and covered continuously or periodically by water.
		Stream gradient -- A general slope or rate of change in vertical elevation per unit of horizontal distance of the water surface of a flowing stream.
	www.streamnet.org /pub-ed/ff/Glossary/glossaryhabitat.html (2363 words)

	Devonian Times - Aquatic Habitats
		As a general rule, braided streams are broad and shallow, with channels that diverge and join to form an abundance of low-lying islands.
		Stream sediments tend to be coarser sands that constantly shift in response to the current.
		Streams with moderate gradients usually have currents strong enough to remove silts and clays sediment but leave coarser sands and fine gravel; the currents are also strong enough to remove streamside vegetation.
	www.devoniantimes.org /opportunity/channel.html (1221 words)

	10(z) Fluvial Landforms
		Within these stream systems, erosion is a very active process as the channel tries to adjust itself to the topography of the landscape.
		Technically, a stream is said to be meandering when the ratio of actual channel length to the straight line distance between two points on the stream channel is greater than 1.5.
		In a meandering stream, point bars tend to be common on the inside of a channel bend.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/10z.html (1351 words)

	Stream Processes
		Since stream velocity is lowest (approaching zero) along the stream bed and increases toward the surface, the greater the rate of change of velocity near the stream bed the greater the shear stress applied to sedimentary particles lying on the stream bed.
		Streams flowing between banks rich in clay and silt are deeper and narrower while streams flowing between banks poor in clay and silt are broad and shallow.
		Streams that formerly fed as tributaries into the river may be cut off from the river by the broad levees.
	myweb.cwpost.liu.edu /vdivener/notes/streams_geomorph.htm (2882 words)

	streams
		The drainage basin for the trunk stream consists of the all the drainage basins for all the tributaries to the trunk stream.
		Braided streams generally flow near their capacity; meandering streams almost always carry much less sediment than they could (less than their capacity).
		Soils near stream channels are usually entisols or inceptisols, because they rarely get a chance to develop the B horizon before another layer of sediment is deposited on top of them.
	www-class.unl.edu /geol101i/12_streams.htm (2003 words)

	Fluvial landforms - Encyclopedia of Earth
		Streams with high sediment loads that encounter a sudden reduction in flow velocity generally have a braided channel type (Figure 2).
		This type of stream channel often occurs further down the stream profile where the grade changes from being steep to gently sloping.
		Braided channels tend to be wide and shallow because bedload materials are often coarse (sands and gravels) and non-cohesive.
	www.eoearth.org /article/Fluvial_landforms (1501 words)

	streams_drainage
		Even though the velocity of the stream increases downstream, the bed load particle size decreases mainly because the larger particles are left in the bed load at higher elevations and abrasion of particles tends to reduce their size.
		Streams can cut deeper into their channels if the region is uplifted or if there is a local change in base level.
		Deltas - When a stream enters a standing body of water such as a lake or ocean, again there is a sudden decrease in velocity and the stream deposits its sediment in a deposit called a delta.
	earthsci.org /flood/J_Flood04/stream/stream.html (2532 words)

	STREAMS
		Stream discharge [units of length^cubed or volume/time] is calculated by multiplying stream velocity [units of length/time] by the stream’s cross-sectional area [width x depth (units of length^squared)]
		Stream with the correct slope and channel characteristics to maintain the velocity required to transport the material supplied to it
		Sediment deposits from stream action (alluvium) occur in channels (bars), along edges of stream channel (natural levees), on floodplains, and at the mouth of streams (deltas and alluvial fans)
	www.geology.sdsu.edu /classes/geol351/LEC03STREAMSW.htm (816 words)

	91072401.HTM
		Date: 24 Jul 91 05:37:40 GMT Organization: Capital Area Central Texas Unix Society, Austin, TX Lines: 237 Definition: The Braided Stream cipher, described by William Simon, consists of a cryptographic combiner and a key stream: * The combiner is a data multiplexer, which takes a single bit from one of multiple data channels.
		Thus, we are left with the combiner: Combiner Characteristics Stream cipher combiners have been one of the major research topics in the past decade [4,5,7], although most of those in the literature are non- reversible.
		The Braided Stream Combiner: Proposed as a "simple and fast system which allows for high levels of confidence without having recourse to weak, dubious, or controlled technologies," the Braided Stream combiner is in fact a simple multiplexer.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /BRAID/91072401.HTM (1153 words)

	Streams
		includes the point of origin of the stream called the head, the point of termination called the mouth, and a decreasing gradient of the stream channel towards the mouth---examples of the mouth of the stream are the juncture of the stream and: another stream; a pond or lake; the ocean
		stream piracy is the diversion of the waters of one stream by another and is caused by the extension of the channel of the pirating stream by head-ward erosion
		Stream gradient-- is the slope of the stream channel or number of feet dropped per mile as measured between two points along the path of the stream
	courses.missouristate.edu /EMantei/creative/glg110/streams.html (1237 words)

	Stream Flow
		Although water in streams and lakes is not significant in terms of the global water supply, it is a significant component of the fresh water budget.
		The pattern of the small streams (tributaries) that feed the main stream is based on the material being eroded.
		Streams draining areas of high slope tend to have such heavy sediment loads and variable flows that they do not have the chance to develop organized meandering channels.
	www.geol.umd.edu /~tomascak/solar/0624t.htm (958 words)

	Seismic Susceptibility of U.S. Highway 60 in Southeast MO
		Sediments east of Crowley's Ridge are classified as late Wisconsin braided stream terrace level 1, which are geologically young materials deposited in the last 12,000 years.
		The alluvial valley was formed by shallow braided streams of the Ohio River during the Pleistocene glaciation and by the Mississippi River during the late glacial and postglacial periods (5).
		Deposits overlaying the early Wisconsin braided stream terrace consists of Ozark Alluvial Fan near Poplar Bluff, Holocene undifferentiated alluvium from Crowley's Ridge, and a slightly-elevated ridge near Dudley, MO, (the Dudley Ridge) representing a separate valley train deposit within the early Wisconsin sequence.
	web.umr.edu /~rluna/us60eq/Geology_page.htm (966 words)

	Identification of Fluvial Landforms 2, Answers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This channel pattern forms when the stream load consists of relatively coarse particles (sand and gravel), and the stream cannot transport all of its load at one time.
		Stream terraces represent an older erosional surface produced by the stream, and will only form if a stream is actively downcutting its channel (thus leaving the terrace perched above the active erosional surface).
		This stream was thus downcutting its channel at the time this picture was taken.
	www3.cerritos.edu /earth-science/tutor/Fluvial/fluvial_landforms_page2_answers.htm (361 words)

	Braided Streams
		Braided streams are created when the discharge of water cannot transport its load.
		When there is a decrease in stream velocity sediment is deposited on the floor of the channel creating bars.
		Braided channels are common in glaciated or recently glaciated landscapes where streams are fed by debris-choked melt water..
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/faculty/ritter/glossary/A_D/braided_streams.html (84 words)

	Planetary Landscapes
		The meandering rivulets of "Braided Stream" (right image) mimic flow patterns seen on Earth and other planets in the solar system.
		Streaming from the rim of the Olympus Mons Volcano on Mars (left image), lava-cut channels wind down the slope of this enormous shield volcano.
		How It Works: In "Braided Stream," air bubbles up through fine powder contained between two panes of glass tilted at a 45 degree angle.
	www.chabotspace.org /vsc/exhibits/planetlands/braidedstream/default.asp (154 words)

	A FAST RECURSIVE GIS ALGORITHM FOR COMPUTING STRAHLER STREAM ORDER IN BRAIDED AND NONBRAIDED NETWORKS1 Journal of the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It also presents a linear, O(n), stream ordering procedure for braided river networks, which is a major improvement to the existing quadratic, O(n^sup 2^), procedure.
		However, when a stream of order k is met by one of a lower order, no change occurs in the downstream order.
		To perform stream network analysis the network could be regarded simply as a graph (either directed or undirected, depending on the procedure's application).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4038/is_200408/ai_n9447596 (952 words)

	Streams
		The stream may have been channelized to: (1) prevent meandering into the valuable floodplain farmland, (2) deepen the channel and provide soil drainage for the field, and (3) provide straight flow under a highway bridge.
		Note that there is no floodplain development--all of the stream energy is used to cut the canyon deeper, not to meander back and forth.
		This stream has formed a braided pattern due to the extremely large sediment load provided by deeply weathered granite in a steep landscape undergoing deforestation.
	webspace.ship.edu /cjwolt/geology/slides/str-sum.htm (657 words)

	Analysis of Low Permeability Intervals in a Heavy-Oil Braided Stream Deposit Using a Combination of Core and Log ...
		Analysis of Low Permeability Intervals in a Heavy-Oil Braided Stream Deposit Using a Combination of Core and Log Analysis, Kern River field, California, by Larry C. Knauer, Robert Horton, and Allen Britton, #50004 (2003).
		This super-giant oil field has produced over 1.5 billion barrels of 12-degree-API gravity crude during the last 103 years from a Mio-Pleistocene braided stream deposit (the Kern River alluvial fan) (Figures 2, 3, and 4).
		The use of focused steamflood applications and/or horizontal drilling technology may be applicable in the Mitchell lease to distribute steam to the reservoir in a more efficient and effective manner.
	www.searchanddiscovery.net /documents/2003/knauer/index.htm (1336 words)

	braided stream 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This aerial view of a braided stream shows the intertwining nature of the channels.
		Braided streams form when streams are overloaded with sediment.
		In this case, the stream is fed by the melting Kennicott Glacier in Alaska, which provides more sediment than the stream can carry.
	www.albion.edu /geology/tlincoln/streams/braided3.html (56 words)

	GLY 242 Homework Page
		Although today Sweetwater Creek is very shallow and behaves as a braided stream, from aerial photos you can see that there are meander scars on the flood plain (old point bars and oxbox lakes) that suggest Sweetwater Creek previously had a meandering geometry.
		Your intuitive mind grasps the situation immediately - it was once a fine meandering stream, but now is no longer competent to carry the load supplied to it and so it has become a braided stream.
		Use the concepts of stream** psychology discussed in class and the controls on flooding mentioned in class and discussed in the textbook.
	www.uky.edu /AS/Geology/howell/242/hmwk6.html (723 words)

	Canadian Landscapes Photo Collection
		Braided stream, Kluane Lake National Park, Yukon Territory.
		This stream is fed by meltwater from a valley glacier.
		During spring, the entire riverbed is flooded by melting snow and ice, which is channeled through the valley.
	gsc.nrcan.gc.ca /landscapes/details_e.php?photoID=870 (128 words)

	Effects of vegetation on braided stream pattern and dynamics
		Investigations using a 16 m by 2 m recirculating experimental flume model of an ephemeral braided river indicate that the presence of large and erosion-resistant plants within the channel (e.g., trees or shrubs) can have a significant impact on channel pattern and planform dynamics.
		This is in direct contrast to previous studies, where increased levels of vegetation in perennial streams have decreased the braid index.
		Second, the plants stabilize braid bars and can form relatively stable islands in their lee, significantly reducing the longitudinal migration of islands typically associated with braided rivers.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2005/2004WR003201.shtml (265 words)

	annotated_5
		Braided streams typically have irregular water discharge, and a high sediment load (these two factors also lower the amount of vegetation).
		Dendritic and braided rivers both have steeper slopes than a meandering river, so if the rivers are the same size (and thus same water discharge), meandering rivers will have the lowest velocity.
		In particular, the hillslopes are prone to slope failure / landslides by a dendritic stream, and the shifting banks within a braid plain are also dangerous.
	www.geo.umn.edu /courses/1001/1001_perg/annotated_5.html (2072 words)

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