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	Brain cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Brain cells incude mostly neurons and glial cells.
		Neurons are cells that are adapted to carrying the electrical signals called action potentials that are the basic building blocks of information transmission in the brain.
		Brain cells are the only type of cells in the human body that do not regenerete.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brain_cell (154 words)

	Cornell News: Brain cell transplantation
		Brain cell transplantation with controlled-release nerve growth factor is demonstrated in rats by Cornell bioengineers
		For example, the adult brain produces molecules that inhibit cell migration and the growth of axons (the part of the nerve cell that carries the nerve impulse) that could connect nerve cells, while scars that form on the glial (or connecting) cells after brain injuries also inhibit the elongation of axons.
		Working with brain cells, their plan was for some NGF to be released almost immediately, when the cells were implanted, while remaining amounts were to be released over a two-week period.
	www.news.cornell.edu /releases/Oct01/brain_trans.hrs.html (892 words)

	Stem cell death gives clue to brain cell survival
		Identifying the factors that result in the timely, massive cell suicide is important to understanding the developmental puzzle, the researchers say of the work featured on the cover of the Aug. 4 issue of the Journal of Cell Biology.
		Cells destined to survive, and likely further divide and differentiate, are handed instead a protein called nestin.
		It also makes sense that the lethal coupling that signals cell suicide, or apoptosis, comes at a point where the doomed cells seem to have lost their potential usefulness and where their continued survival would result in a malformed brain.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-08/mcog-scd073003.php (1079 words)

	Brain Cells Found to Regenerate
		Brain cell regeneration had been observed before in some lower mammals, but not in humans, monkeys or apes.
		After the patients died, their brains were examined for the presence of the agent, which attaches itself to the DNA of new cells.
		Though few in number, the new cells formed in an important part of the brain, the hippocampus, which is involved in learning and memory.
	healthlink.mcw.edu /article/926345803.html (351 words)

	UF STUDY: CALORIE RESTRICTION REDUCES AGE-RELATED BRAIN CELL DEATH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the first study to look specifically at the effects of life-long calorie-restricted diets on brain cells, University of Florida researchers determined certain proteins linked to cell death that naturally increase with age were significantly reduced in the brains of rats whose calories were limited.
		The mechanisms of aging are complex, but as time passes, neurons of the brain and central nervous system are thought to be increasingly susceptible to apoptosis, a genetically programmed series of events leading to cell death.
		Mitochondria - the cells’ energy-producing centers - can be damaged by free radicals or through calcium imbalances and other processes during normal aging or as a result of disease.
	www.napa.ufl.edu /2002news/localoriebrains.htm (853 words)

	BRAIN CELL DAMAGE FROM AMINO ACID ISOLATES
		The brain, on an anatomical level, is an integrated network of nerve cells, support cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, et al), and is the controller for nerve-endocrine coordinating functions and its feedback network.
		The brain's capillary system (blood brain barrier), on the other hand, are composed of tightly packed cells or "junctions" which reduce their permeability and eliminates the bulk flow of solutes through them.
		Parkinson's Disease, itself, is a complex chronic brain disorder resulting primarily from progressive death of a specific group of nerve cells in a layer of a region of the substantia nigra (basal ganglia) in the midbrain.
	www.wnho.net /aspartame_brain_damage.htm (5116 words)

	Le Magazine, September 1995 - Update: Protecting Against Brain Cell Aging
		Brain aging is the number one cause of disease, disability, and death in the elderly.
		Moreover, new studies show that a decline in energy metabolism causes brain cells to be more vulnerable to blood flow disruption, which leads to an increasingly high incidence of paralysis and death in elderly people who suffer mild forms of cerebral vascular disease, transient ischemic attacks, multi-infarct dementia, and strokes.
		This means that PS protects cells against the functional and the structural deterioration that occurs as a result of aging.
	www.lef.org /magazine/mag95/95sep2.htm (1767 words)

	MS Neighborhood : Brain Cell Precursors May Have Potential in MS Therapy
		A new, international study suggests that stem cells, the primitive cells that give rise to cells found in the brain, could be the key to treating multiple sclerosis.
		Thus, at the center of the latest research have been efforts to either induce stem cells to repair damaged myelin (a fatty substance surrounding nerve cells in the brain that is a key target of the attacking immune system in people with MS) or other cells, or a possible stem cell transplant.
		In their study, the investigators injected neural stem cells taken from the brains of adult mice into the blood of mice with a disease similar to relapsing-remitting MS.
	www.msneighborhood.com /content/in_the_news/archive_2256.aspx (888 words)

	USATODAY.com - Brain cells 'recognize' famous people (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		When scientists sampled brain cell activity in people who were scrutinizing dozens of pictures, they found some cells that reacted to a particular famous person, landmark, animal or object.
		Nor do they mean that a given brain cell will react to only one person or object, he said, because the study participants were tested with only a relatively limited number of pictures.
		The part of the brain the researchers studied draws heavily on memory as well as signals from what the eye sees, so the result may illustrate how memory is represented in the brain and how it relates to visual signals, he said.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/science/discoveries/2005-06-22-brain-cells-remember_x.htm (704 words)

	ScienceDaily: Scientists Reveal Details Of Brain Cell Communication: Implications For Learning & Memory
		Underlying the brain's far superior design are the billion-million or so connections between brain cells--called synapses--that form vast neural networks in which brain cells, or neurons, are each connected to thousands of other neurons.
		Fragile X Brain Synapses Mostly Undeveloped, Researchers Say (September 9, 1999) -- Views of normal brains and of those afflicted with Fragile X Mental Retardation Syndrome are coming into focus, and the contrast in synapse development is vividly clear, say researchers at the...
		During this stage, the activity of the brain's neurons is quite similar to that during waking...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2000/11/001130074200.htm (2010 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| Pig brain cell transplant plan
		Cells start to die in an area of the brain which helps control the movement of the body's muscles.
		These cells have a nurturing role, mopping up toxins and secreting a range of chemicals that are reduced in Huntington's and are essential for brain cell function.
		A month later, brain cell damage was five times less in the animals treated with live pig cell transplants than in the other primates - approximately 50% cell death versus 10%.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/health/4137466.stm (506 words)

	FDA Consumer: CELL PHONES & Brain Cancer No Clear Connection
		For other wireless phone owners, it could be the fear of brain cancer, not an unwieldy wireless bill, that keeps them from using their cell phones for leisure chats.
		Because RF energy from a cell phone falls off quickly as distance increases between a person and the radiation source, the safety of mobile phones with an antenna mounted away from the user--like on the outside of a car--has not been called into question.
		Scientific studies have focused on the question of whether the statistical risk of getting brain cancer is increased in those who use mobile phones compared to non-users, leaving to the courts the judgment of whether Chris Newman or other individuals would have gotten the disease had they not used a cell phone.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1370/is_6_34/ai_67531677 (1432 words)

	MRI Brain Scan Predicts Memory Decline
		But now an MRI brain scan has for the first time identified subtle brain changes that can help predict who is likely to develop Alzheimer's disease.
		Of those people who had brain impairment, the MRI was 89% effective at predicting further memory decline as evidenced by brain cell death on their MRI brain scan.
		That brain cell death was the most significant predictor of imminent brain decline, writes Rusinek.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/77/95450.htm (510 words)

	Nerve Cell Clones Repair Brain Damage
		Clones of human brain cells are being used in laboratory experiments aimed at repairing, even re-creating, brain areas damaged by injury, disease, and birth defects.
		The cells, related to fetal stem cells that develop into every tissue and organ in the body, give rise to different types of brain and other nerve cells.
		The transplanted cells inserted themselves into the proper areas, formed the appropriate types of specialized cells, and integrated their activities with other brain cells.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/1999/01.28/brain.html (1333 words)

	Gene May Play Key Role in Brain Cell Death and Alzheimer's Disease
		These chemicals, which are peptides that build up in the brain as a person ages, are toxic to brain cells, damaging them and their DNA.
		The heightened presence of cells with damaged DNA excites the abnormal presenilin genes into accelerating the process of programmed cell death, thereby killing more and more brain cells.
		Once the cells became used to the nerve growth factor, he withdrew the hormone and noted that the cells underwent programmed cell death.
	www.docguide.com /dg.nsf/PrintPrint/7E27EF5676095AAF852563FB0069FC3B (691 words)

	ScienceDaily: Brain Cell "Chorus" Appears As Attention Increases
		Institute scientists Ken Johnson, and Steve Hsiao had been monitoring brain cell activity in monkeys who were performing simple tasks that required them to focus their attention on visual or tactile stimuli.
		Niebur and other theoretical neuroscientists were speculating that the brain might encode information both in the firing of individual brain cells and in the timing of those firings.
		Smoking Interferes With Brain's Recovery From Alcoholism (March 16, 2006) -- Smoking appears to interfere with the brain's ability to recover from the effects of chronic alcohol abuse, according to a study conducted by researchers at the San Francisco VA Medical...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2000/03/000308112357.htm (2123 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| Clue to stroke brain cell deaths
		As the brain is starved of oxygen by reduced blood flow, events occur that cause dangerously high levels of calcium ions within the brain cells.
		When the blood flow to the brain was abruptly stopped, as occurs with a stroke, the nerve cells deprived of oxygen released chemicals that they use to communicate with each other.
		A spokeswoman from the Stroke Association said: "This could help to fully determine the exact mechanism behind the death of nerve cells in the brain that happens when blood supply to this area is blocked, such as in the case of a stroke.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/4207041.stm (456 words)

	CNN - Stroke researchers focus on brain cell treatments - February 5, 1999
		Some researchers believe that adult brains are unable to regenerate nerve cells, so those cells damaged by a stroke can only be replaced through transplants.
		"In a condition that kills neurons and kills cells all over the brain, we see a burst of a birth of new cells in a certain area of the brain, called the hypocampus," said Dr. Frank Sharp, a neurologist.
		Stem cells are "blank" cells, which can potentially turn into virtually any tissue in the human body, depending on how they are stimulated.
	www.cnn.com /HEALTH/9902/05/stroke.brain (335 words)

	Low-Calorie Diet May Slow Brain Cell Aging, Death
		Researchers say the body naturally goes through a process known as apoptosis, or cell death, to destroy old cells so new ones can be made, and many factors can alter this process.
		Another protein thought to protect from cell death dropped by 60% in the well-fed rats, but it actually increased over time in the calorie-restricted rats.
		Finally, DNA fragmentation, a third indicator of cell death, more than doubled in the unrestricted rats with age, but this increase was 36% less in the calorie-restricted rats.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/58/66575.htm (465 words)

	OHSU News: Brain Cell Growth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ball directs the Oregon Brain Bank, which accepts organ donations from state residents for study of the characteristics of the brain.
		His study looked at the number of neural cells in three areas of the hippocampus, the "memory center" of the brain.
		In fact, brains showing the highest counts of dentate cells were from patients who had died between 85 and 100 years old.
	www.ohsu.edu /news/archive/1999/braincells.html (393 words)

	Hold the Phone? Radiation from cell phones hurts rats' brains: Science News Online, Feb. 22, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A single 2-hour exposure to the microwaves emitted by some cell phones kills brain cells in rats, a group of Swedish researchers claims.
		About 10 years ago, they showed that cell-phone radiation causes the protective barrier in rats' brains to leak, permitting blood proteins that are normally kept away from brain tissue to contact neurons.
		Cell phones typically operate at a peak output power of 0.6 W. Examination of the animals' brain tissue 50 days later revealed that up to 2 percent of the brain cells of rats that had received cell-phone radiation exposures of 0.1 watt or greater were dead or dying.
	www.sciencenews.org /20030222/fob1.asp (637 words)

	Markers of brain cell development may help success of stem cell transplants
		During brain formation, for example, cells are constantly changing their sugar face and their function to meet the immediate biological needs.
		They serve as guidance for the neuronal cells to migrate," Dr. Yu says of the network that is maintained in the adult brain despite the fact that mature neurons don't really change.
		Two of the biggest problems facing stem cell transplantation are functional recovery - getting the cells to do the right job once they arrive at a target organ - and controlling their proliferation so they don't start forming tumors, says Dr. Yu.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=30256&nfid=rssfeeds (589 words)

	Marijuana Compound Spurs Brain Cell Growth - Medications: prescription drugs and over the counter drugs on ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Humans and other animals also naturally produce the compound, and are known to have cannabinoid receptors lying on the surface of cells in the nervous system and the immune system.
		Neurogenesis was not triggered in response to brain cells being killed through cannabinoid exposure, the researchers add.
		The hippocampus area of the brain where the neuronal growth occurred is key to the regulation of stress and other mood disorders, Zhang's team point out.
	www.medicinenet.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=54893 (971 words)

	CNN - Doctors perform the first human brain cell transplant - July 1, 1998
		The procedure was done on June 23rd on a 62-year-old stroke patient who is unable to move her right side and can barely speak.
		Neurons derived from the line of cells that come from this tumor appear to function as normal neurons or brain cells, and in the animal models those cells have never become cancerous again.
		The neurons like those implanted in the stroke patient are embryonic in nature, but are already specialized into the exact type of cell used by the brain.
	www.cnn.com /HEALTH/9807/01/braincell.transplant (582 words)

	Mind Uploading: Brain Facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A typical brain cell receives inputs from thousands of other cells, and the influence of each connection is 1-5% of threshold -- that is, only 1-5% of what the cell needs to respond.
		Also, there are all sorts of hormones and other chemical interactions in the brain which definitely do have an effect on the mind; these chemical interactions would need to be simulated for the upload to be accurate.
		More Brain Facts and Figures are available from the University of Washington.
	www.ibiblio.org /jstrout/uploading/brainfacts.html (498 words)

	Scientists make first pure brain stem cell : HindustanTimes.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Austin Smith of Edinburgh University's institute for stem cell research bathed stem cells taken from mouse embryos with two proteins called epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor, both of which are known to be involved in the normal development of the embryonic brain.
		After his team had shown the process turned embryonic mouse stem cells into brain stem cells, they repeated the experiment on human embryonic stem cells.
		Brain stem cells have been grown before but the results have been impure.
	www.hindustantimes.com /news/181_1464067,00040004.htm (365 words)

	CBC News:Canadian brain cell research explains strokes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Their research shows that when a stroke deprives brain cells of oxygen and vital nutrients, a special channel on the surface of the cells gets activated.
		This vicious cycle causes a massive overproduction of free radicals, which in turn kills the brain cells.
		For years scientists believed that the release of glutamate and the eventual influx of calcium ions into the brain cell, caused brain cells to dies from stroke.
	www.cbc.ca /stories/2003/12/24/stroke_brain031224 (342 words)

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