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	Human brain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Brain stem structures are almost completely enveloped by the cerebellum and telencephalon, with only the medulla oblongata visible as it merges with the spinal cord.
		Nerves from the brain stem complex where autonomic functions are modulated join nerves routing messages to and from the cerebrum in a bundle that passes through the spinal column to related parts of a body.
		Further, the molecular and cell biological examination of brain pathology is hindered by the scarcity of appropriate samples for study, the (usual) inability to biopsy the brain from a living person suffering from a malady, and an incomplete description of the brain's microanatomy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_brain (2896 words)

	Brain stem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The lower part of the brain stem is the medulla oblongata, grossly comprising the medullary pyramids and the olivary bodies or olives.
		Differentiation of the brain stem from the cerebrum is complex, both anatomically and taxonomically.
		The brain stem is the stalk of the brain below the cerebral hemispheres.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brain_stem (224 words)

	The Reptilian Brain - Crystalinks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The brain stem is the oldest and smallest region in the evolving human brain.
		Various clumps of cells in the brain stem determine the brain's general level of alertness and regulate the vegetative processes of the body such as breathing and heartbeat.
		What they really mean is that they conceded to their primative emotions (the reptilian brain based) as opposed to the calculations of the rational part of the brain.
	www.crystalinks.com /reptilianbrain.html (272 words)

	Brain Stem Glioma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla located deep in the posterior part of the brain.
		Pontine brain stem tumors affect the cranial nerves, causing symptoms related to the nerves that supply the muscles of the eye and face, and muscles involved in swallowing.
		Long-term survival ranges from 65 to 90 percent for brain stem tumors that arise from the midbrain or medulla.
	www.stjude.org /disease-summaries/0,2557,449_2160_5033,00.html (539 words)

	The Brain Is the Boss
		The brain stem is in charge of all the functions your body needs to stay alive, like breathing air, digesting food, and circulating blood.
		There are involuntary muscles in the heart and stomach, and it's the brain stem that tells your heart to pump more blood when you're biking or your stomach to start digesting your lunch.
		The brain stem also sorts through the millions of messages that the brain and the rest of the body send back and forth.
	kidshealth.org /kid/body/brain_SW.html (1296 words)

	Health Information - Yale Medical Group
		A brain tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue in the brain.
		Brain stem gliomas occur almost exclusively in children; the group most often affected is the school-age child.
		Craniopharyngioma are benign tumors that occur at the base of the brain near the nerves from the eyes to the brain, and the hormone centers.
	ymghealthinfo.org /content.asp?pageid=P07146 (3023 words)

	Untitled
		Brain stem tumors are perhaps the most dreaded cancers in pediatric oncology, owing to their historically poor prognosis, yet they remain an area of intense research.
		Diffusely infiltrative brain stem gliomas insinuate diffusely throughout the normal structures of the pons (the middle portion of the brain stem), sometimes spreading to the midbrain (the upper portion of the brain stem) or the medulla (the bottom portion of the brain stem).
		In particular, for diffusely infiltrative brain stem gliomas, because of their rarity and poor prognosis, children and their families should be encouraged to participate in clinical trials attempting to improve survival with innovative therapy.
	www.childhoodbraintumor.org /brain.htm (1573 words)

	The Brain Stem: Pruitt Chiropractic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Brain Stem - An extension of the brain that extends down through the tunnel formed by the ring-like vertebrae of C1 and C2.
		As a result, nerve tracts from the brain stem are impinged in varying degrees interfering with the normal function of the body and preventing health.
		When pressure is on the brain stem the nerve tracts are compressed, the message from the brain can not get to the tissue cell and the result is malfunction, disease and eventual death to the organ(s) or area(s) lacking supply.
	www.pruittchiroctr.com /brainstem.html (426 words)

	AMA (Atlas) Brain -- Side View
		Your brain has three main components: the cerebrum (which consists of the left and right cerebral hemispheres), the cerebellum and the brain stem.
		The cerebellum is the structure located behind the brain stem, and the brain stem is the lowest section of the brain and is connected to the spinal cord.
		The central structures of the brain are the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland.
	www.ama-assn.org /ama/pub/category/7149.html (166 words)

	brain stem
		Increased expression of cathepsins E and D in reactive microglial cells associated with spongiform degeneration in the brain stem of senescence-accelerated mouse.
		Age-related alteration of brain gangliosides in senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM)-P/8.
		Forebrain and brain stem neural circuits contribute to altered sympathetic responses to heating in senescent rats.
	www.arclab.org /node_pages/82.html (1535 words)

	Brain stem infarcts are less common than hemispheric infarcts but it is often difficult to localize them (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Brain stem infarcts are less common than hemispheric infarcts but it is often difficult to localize them exactly to a particular vascular territory.
		Decline or loss of consciousness can be present in both brain stem and hemispheric strokes, but usually when it is a brain stem problem it comes on pretty early more or less at the onset of the stroke, whereas when it is in the hemisphere it might come a little slowly.
		This is a very important anatomical principle, on which the diagnosis of brain stem strokes is based, ie, the localization on the basis of a ventrodorsal and rostra-caudal level of the lesion through the cranial nerve deficit and pyramidal tract or other long tract involvement.
	www.indegene.com /Neu/FeatArt/indNeuFeatArt7.html (5228 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Immune 'invisibility' of brain stem cells proven
		Stem cells from the brain do not provoke an immune response when transplanted to different parts of another individual's body, suggests a study in mice.
		As a stern test of the immune properties of stem cells from the brain, the team transplanted the cells to a part of the body - the kidney capsule - known to always reject foreign tissue unless the tissue is closely matched or immunosuppressant drugs are given.
		Stem cells were taken from the brains of so-called "green mice" which have a jellyfish gene for a green protein inserted in their DNA.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn3953 (607 words)

	Brain Tumor - Childhood Brain Stem Glioma - Overview
		Brain stem gliomas are tumors located in the area of the brain called the brain stem, which connects the spinal cord with the brain and is located in the lowest portion of the brain, just above the back of the neck.
		Often, surgery is needed to determine whether there is a brain tumor and what type of tumor it is. The doctor may surgically remove a small sample of the tumor tissue and examine it under a microscope.
		A child's treatment and chance of recovery (prognosis) depend on the type and size of tumor, where it is located within the brain, and his or her age and general health.
	www.umm.edu /cancer/overview/cbsg.html (307 words)

	USATODAY.com - FDA approves first brain stem cell transplant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The stem cells to be transplanted in the brain aren't human embryonic stem cells, which are derived from days-old embryos.
		Stem Cells Inc., the Palo Alto, Calif. biotechnology company developing the Batten disease treatment, said it receives it fetal tissue from a non-profit California foundation that also collects tissue from miscarriages and other surgical processes.
		Stem Cells Inc. first applied for the human test last December, but the FDA demanded more information in February and put the application on hold.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/news/biotech/2005-10-20-brain-stem-cells_x.htm?POE=TECISVA (850 words)

	Ethical dilemma: Discontinuation of ventilation after brain stem death • To whom is our duty of care? • Policy should ...
		It is important to raise the public's awareness of brain stem death and its implications.
		Criteria for the diagnosis of brain stem death: review by a working group convened by the Royal College of Physicians and endorsed by the Conference of Medical Royal Colleges and their Faculties in the United Kingdom.
		The ethical and legal concept of brain stem death is still in transition in the United States, the United Kingdom, and elsewhere.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/318/7200/1753 (2241 words)

	Childhood brain stem glioma
		Metastatic brain tumors, which are secondary tumors formed by cancer cells that begin in other parts of the body and spread to the brain, are not included.
		If the brain stem glioma is in a place where it cannot be removed, surgery may be limited to a biopsy of the cancer.
		Treatment for recurrent childhood brain stem glioma depends on the type of tumor, whether the tumor comes back in the place in which it originated or in another part of the brain, and the type of treatment previously given.
	cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk /cancernet/200362.html (2016 words)

	Brain Stem Stroke/Joe&Jackie
		I was told that the cause was a spontaneous dissection of a major artery in the brain stem.
		Joe's stroke was in the brain stem at the base of the brain, which is where nerve impulses from the upper part of the brain-where voluntary movement is controlled-occur.
		It is the connection between the brain and the spinal cord.
	www.joeandjackie.homestead.com (2761 words)

	News: Neural stem cell, brain tumor link? - myDNA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Scientists are studying the earliest stages of embryonic and adult stem cell growth in the culture dish and in animal models with the ultimate goal of identifying the genetic missteps that cause such diseases as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and that account for some cases of birth defects and infertility.
		Last year, the same team reported the discovery of a ribbon of neural stem cells in the human brain (Nature, Feb. 19, 2004), offering hope that the cells could someday be used to develop strategies for regenerating damaged brain tissue.
		In the 1950s, long before it was proven that stem cells existed in the adult brain, studies in animals suggested that gliomas developed in the lining of the brain's fluid-filled cavity, known as the subventricular zone (SVZ).
	www.mydna.com /health/brain_tumor/resources/news/200509/news_20050907_neubrt.html (925 words)

	brain stem. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The upper segment of the human brain stem, the pons, contains nerve fibers that connect the two halves of the cerebellum.
		Below the pons and continuous with the spinal cord is the medulla, which transmits ascending and descending nerve fibers between the spinal cord and the brain.
		The nuclei of some of the nerves that originate in the brain are also located in the brain stem.
	www.bartleby.com /65/br/brainste.html (188 words)

	ABC News: Brain's Own Stem Cells Might Fight Alzheimer's (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The activation of dormant stem cells in the patient's own brain could someday allow doctors to re-grow lost cells without resorting to surgery, and in ways that target exactly those areas of the brain — and specific types of cells — damaged by disease.
		According to Mehler, the Holy Grail of endogenous stem cell activation is a non-invasive means of introducing genes or chemicals into the brain that are targeted to only re-grow those cells lost to Alzheimer's or other brain diseases.
		Netzer explained that the brains of Alzheimer's patients are characterized by inflammation and the buildup of unwanted proteins.
	abcnews.go.com /Health/Healthology/story?id=579491 (923 words)

	Brain Stem
		“The part of the brain” that caught their interest was “the claustrum, a thin sheet of grey matter that lies concealed beneath part of the cortex.” In effect, they found that all regions of the cortex are tied together to the claustrum, so that sundry messages could be tied together there in a unified whole—consciousness.
		The brain apparently requires a consolidation period to fasten connections between neurons in the brain where the exercise pattern becomes implanted.
		One is “deep brain stimulation,” with electrodes implanted in the brain being tied to a pacemaker in the chest.
	www.globalprovince.com /brainstem.htm (11267 words)

	Brain or encephelon (lateral view)
		Brain or encephalon (lateral view): Seat of mental capacities of a human.
		Central sulcus or fissure: groove on the middle of the cerebrum.
		Brain stem: part of the brain consisting of the medulla oblongata, the pons Varoli and the mesencephalon.
	www.infovisual.info /03/042_en.html (121 words)

	Explore the Brain - EnchantedLearning.com
		The brain has three main parts: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem (medulla).
		Although the brain is only 2% of the body's weight, it uses 20% of the oxygen supply and gets 20% of the blood flow.
		The brain is connected to the spinal cord, which runs from the neck to the hip area.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/anatomy/brain/index.shtml (477 words)

	BBC Science & Nature - Human Body and Mind - Organ Layer
		It can be divided into four areas: the cerebrum, the diencephalon, the brain stem and the cerebellum.
		Your brain stem is responsible for regulating many life support mechanisms, such as your heart rate, blood pressure, digestion and breathing.
		Your brain is arguably your most important organ, but it is made of soft delicate tissue that would be injured by even the slightest pressure.
	www.bbc.co.uk /science/humanbody/body/factfiles/brain/brain.shtml (608 words)

	Brain stem definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Brain stem: The stemlike part of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord.
		The brain stem also controls consciousness and determines whether one is awake or sleepy.
		The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2517 (258 words)

	National Cancer Institute - Dictionary of Cancer Terms
		The part of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord.
		A tumor located in the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord (the brain stem).
		A tumor in the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord (the brain stem).
	www.cancer.gov /dictionary/db_alpha.aspx?expand=b (5966 words)

	Brain Stem Function
		The brain stem plays a vital role in basic attention, arousal, and consciousness.
		All information to and from our body passes through the brain stem on the way to or from the brain.
		Like the frontal and temporal lobes, the brain stem is located in an area near bony protrusions making it vulnerable to damage during trauma.
	www.neuroskills.com /tbi/bbstem.shtml (99 words)

	THE BRAIN AND FIVE SENSES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The human brain is responsible for overseeing the daily operations of the human body and for interpreting the vast amount of information it receives.
		Much of the brain is dedicated to running the body, the brain is responsible for maintaining Homeostasis by controlling and integrating the various systems that make up the body.
		During a Stroke, circulation to an area in the brain is blocked and the brain tissue dies.
	www.sirinet.net /~jgjohnso/brain.html (3491 words)

	Specialized stem cells may lead to brain cancer - Stem Cell Research - MSNBC.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Studies in mice showed that certain incurable types of brain tumor may be initiated by the primitive stem cells, which are a kind of master cell for blood and tissue, they reported Monday.
		Stem cells share some properties with cancer cells, including an ability to live a very long time without self-destructing, as a normal cell does as it ages.
		The researchers found that stem cells in a part of the brain called the subventricular zone gave rise to malignant astrocytoma cells in the genetically engineered mice.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/8963665 (560 words)

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