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	HISTORY OF BRAIN SURGERY
		Brain surgery is perhaps the oldest of the practiced medical arts.
		Pre-Incan civilization used brain surgery as an extensive practice as early as 2,000 B.C. In Paracas, Peru, a desert strip south of Lima, archeologic evidence indicates that brain surgery was used extensively.
		Brain surgery was also used for both spiritual and magical reasons; often, the practice was limited to kings, priests and the nobility.
	www.brain-surgery.com /history.html (556 words)

	Brain Surgery in Cats - PetPlace.com
		Surgery on the brain is not commonly performed in veterinary medicine, and when it is performed, it is usually done in specialty practices by surgeons or neurosurgeons.
		Brain surgery carries a high risk and often requires intensive monitoring during anesthesia and surgery and after surgery.
		Brain surgery is usually done to remove and/or biopsy brain tumors, relieve excessive pressure on the brain caused by fluid accumulation as in hydrocephalus and cerebral edema, and repair skull fractures that are pressing on the brain.
	www.petplace.com /cats/brain-surgery-in-cats/page1.aspx (697 words)

	Treatment of Brain Tumors - Institute for Neurology & Neurosurgery
		It is almost always located within the brain substance and will have areas of contrast-enhancement (where the intravenously administered contrast makes the area appear bright on CT or MRI scan.) In addition, GBMs can have areas of non-enhancement within them (areas of necrosis or cell death) and some may have an adjacent cyst.
		Surgery on glioblastomas can be compared to chopping a down a tree - the tree is gone but some of the "roots" are left behind.
		Another important goal of surgery is to reduce the "mass effect" of the tumor - to decrease the pressure on surrounding normal brain tissue.
	nyneurosurgery.org /brain_tum_treat.htm (1564 words)

	Epilepsy Action: Epilepsy Surgery
		Surgery for epilepsy is advancing all the time, with new techniques, new equipment and an increasing number of surgeons interested in this area of epilepsy treatment.
		There are a number of different types of surgery for epilepsy but the most common is the removal of a small part of the brain which is the underlying cause of the epilepsy; the focus.
		This machine creates a picture of the brain which put together with the results from the EEG often enables the surgeon to pinpoint the exact part of the brain which is causing the epilepsy.
	www.epilepsy.org.uk /info/surgery.html (1372 words)

	Brain Tumors
		Solid tumor tissue either displaces or replaces brain substance - removing the tumor tissue is not removing functioning brain as it is in the second growth pattern, described in the next section.
		Here the brain is stimulated with an electrical current to see the effect to be sure that the brain tissue infiltrated by tumor is silent before attempting to remove it.
		Functional mapping is unnecessary in cases where it is obvious that the tumor resides in silent brain tissue or when the goal of surgery is to resect the solid tumor tissue component of the tumor only.
	www.med.nyu.edu /neurosurgery/subspecialty/braintumors_5.html (1706 words)

	The Brain Explorer : Surgery Home
		Brain surgery was started millions of years ago.
		Although they seem to grow nearby, yet tumor cells go around the brain and they can even be found on the opposite side of the brain and are always found beyond the tumor margins.
		If we want to completely remove the brain tumors by local therapy, such as surgery, heat, cold or radiation are not possible at all.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0110299/brain/surgery.php?page=surgery0 (352 words)

	UMHS Press Release:Brain surgery without the surgery?
		Emergency treatments delivered directly to the brain during a stroke, new devices and substances for blocked or weakened blood vessels, and better brain imaging are all emerging as potential tools for preventing strokes or reducing the devastating disability and high risk of death that they pose.
		A stroke is the loss of brain function due to an interruption in the flow of blood to all or part of the brain.
		Open-skull surgery is still the standard for treating most of these conditions, but not all patients can withstand surgery because of their age, their other health conditions, or other reasons.
	www.med.umich.edu /opm/newspage/2006/hmbrain.htm (1801 words)

	The Brain Explorer : History of Brain Surgery
		Perhaps brain surgery is the oldest of the practiced medical skill.
		Archaeological evidence in Peru, a desert strip south of Lima, specifies that brain surgery was used widely.
		Abu l'Qluasim Khalaf, the second greatest Islamic brain surgeon, lived and practiced in Cordoba, Spain and he was also one of the great influences on western brain surgery.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0110299/brain/surgery.php?page=surgery1 (404 words)

	QA Brand for Testing - Surgeries and Procedures - From bariatric surgery to laser eye surgery, what you should know ...
		Surgery is one of the most common treatment options for patients with colorectal cancer.
		A brain tumor diagnosis in a child can be scary and confusing for the child and immeasurably painful for his parents.
		Brain tumors in children are a serious condition, and more common than you might imagine.
	www.netsurgery.com (2046 words)

	Brain Mapping Surgery at Mayo Clinic.
		Brain mapping is an advanced neurosurgical procedure, or brain surgery, used to identify which areas of the brain control functions.
		It is typically used as a treatment option for patients with certain types of brain tumors or epileptic seizures in which the diseased tissue is next to areas of the brain which control the patient's vision, language and body movements.
		In brain mapping surgery involving patients with epilepsy, the surgery may involve purposefully reproducing a seizure in the patient in a controlled setting to help map the brain and identify brain tissue that is affected by the epileptic seizures.
	www.mayoclinic.org /awake-brain-surgery/brain-mapping.html (582 words)

	Cranial Surgery
		Surgery for brain tumors ranges from minimally invasive biopsies or nearly non-invasive radiosurgery, to more aggressive surgical approaches.
		Open surgery for brain tumors is often done for resection or removal of accessible lesions.
		Surgery for vascular problems of the brain often requires a "craniotomy", or opening the skull, for treatment.
	www.brainsurgery.com /pubs/24_64_546.cfm (827 words)

	Saint Barnabas Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery - Division of Neurosurgery
		Following surgery, patients are admitted to the Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, one of only two such units in the state.
		Surgery for malignant tumors is based on minimally invasive radical microsurgical resection utilizing the computer-generated data from radiographic studies, various types of ultrasound and stereotaxic craniotomy.
		Complex brain tumors including those that invade other parts of the head and neck or require extensive skull reconstruction utilizes the expertise of a team of neurosurgeons and specially trained plastic and ENT surgeons in the Skull Base Tumor Surgery Group, one of only a few in the Tri-State area.
	www.sbhcs.com /SERVICES/neuro/neurosurgery/surgery/brain (512 words)

	Lifespan's A - Z Health Information Library - Brain surgery
		Brain surgery treats lesions of the brain and its surrounding structures through an opening (craniotomy) in the skull (cranium).
		A piece of the skull is removed (usually temporarily) and the surgery is performed, after which the bone is replaced and secured in place.
		The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition.
	www.lifespan.org /adam/healthillustratedencyclopedia/1/003018.html (274 words)

	Brain-surgery.us ~ Brain surgery, Brain surgeon, Neurosurgery, Neurosurgeon, Brain tumor, Brain tumour, Brain aneurysm, ...
		The Site is intended to reach out to brain surgery (neurosurgery) patients and their families, and also to physicians, nursing staff and allied health specialists and students interested in brain surgery (neurosurgery) and brain disorders such as brain tumor, brain trauma, and brain aneurysm.
		It is particularly intended to be an essential and practical resource for brain surgery patients and their families, and for physicians, nursing staff and allied health professionals and students interested in learning more about the field of brain surgery (neurosurgery).
		Robert F. Spetzler for brain aneurysm patients and their families, physicians, nursing staff and allied health professionals and students interested in brain aneurysms.
	www.brain-surgery.us (2035 words)

	Brain surgery - Better Health Channel.
		The symptoms of conditions requiring brain surgery may vary, depending on the type and severity of the condition.
		Glioma is a broad term used to describe brain tumours associated with the three types of glial cell, which include the astrocyte, oligodendrocyte and the ependymal cell.
		Pressure on the brain can be harmful as it forces the brain against the skull, causing damage to the brain and hampering the brain’s ability to function properly.
	www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au /bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Brain_surgery?open (883 words)

	Brain Surgery \| Neurosciences \| Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center
		brain surgery, the hair on part of the scalp is shaved.
		brain surgery is performed, after which the bone is replaced and secured in place.
		brain surgery techniques for the treatment and biopsy of brain tumors are also available.
	www1.wfubmc.edu /neuro/brain-surgery.htm (269 words)

	News on Brain Aneurysms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Traditional treatment for brain aneurysm involves invasive surgery and a "clipping" of the aneurysm to prevent bleeding.
		Results from a recent study that compared brain surgery to a less-invasive endovascular procedure may dramatically change the way brain aneurysms are treated in the future.
		Preliminary results of a long-term study suggest that coils inserted into burst aneurysms in the brain decrease by 25 percent the risk of patient death and disability during the first year after the procedure, according to a report published in the October 26 issue of The Lancet.
	www.brainaneurysm.com /news.html (926 words)

	This Is Brain Surgery
		Most notably, he revived and refined a radical form of surgery, called a hemispherectomy, that was developed in the 1930s and then abandoned because doctors saw it as too risky.
		When you try to remove half of the brain in one piece, you can't help but pull up the other half and, in the process, disturb the brain stem.
		Her brain was herniating, and we were trying to push it back in.
	www.fastcompany.com /magazine/13/brainsurgery.html (1764 words)

	Dale's Brain Surgery
		The surgery was performed by Dr. Gary Mathern at UCLA Hospital on July 18th, 2002.
		My wife said surgery was 6 to eight hours plus some prep time and closure time (put a titanium plate to hold in a piece of bone they cut out).
		If you are having brain surgery I urge you to consider yourself out of commission for at least 3 weeks.
	www.hugger.net /brainsurgery/index.htm (1484 words)

	Mayo Clinic: Awake brain surgery - Information and medical treatment options
		Using surgical techniques developed at Mayo Clinic, the brain surgery medical team has significantly improved the precision of brain mapping to mark critical areas of the functional brain, which control the patient's vision, language and body movement.
		Brain mapping, along with pioneering three-dimensional computer images, helps Mayo surgeons remove as much brain tumor or seizure tissue as possible, and lower the risks of patients losing critical body functions as a result of the surgery.
		Without this option, patients with brain tumors or epileptic seizures in the functional brain tissue would be unable to have surgery or would face a significant risk of losing function as a result of surgery.
	www.mayoclinic.org /awake-brain-surgery (314 words)

	NeurosurgeryToday.org \| What is Neurosurgery \| Patient Education Materials \| adult onset hydrocephalus
		Although hydrocephalus is often described as "water on the brain," the "water" is actually CSF, a clear fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
		CSF has three crucial functions: 1) it acts as a "shock absorber" for the brain and spinal cord; 2) it acts as a vehicle for delivering nutrients to the brain and removing waste; and 3) it flows between the cranium and spine to regulate changes in pressure within the brain.
		The brain may shrink in older patients or those with Alzheimer's disease, and CSF volume increases to fill the extra space.
	www.neurosurgerytoday.org /what/patient_e/adult.asp (1650 words)

	Robotic Surgery - Robotic Brain Surgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This brain surgery robot does not require the cumbersome head-and-neck restraint needed for traditional brain surgery.
		More than 2,000 brain surgeries have been performed worldwide using a specially designed robotic apparatus.
		This allows the surgery to be performed without fitting patients with a painful, cumbersome immobilizing frame that is needed for traditional brain surgery.
	www.mos.org /cst-archive/article/1623/6.html (92 words)

	ABTA's Dictionary for Brain Tumor Patients (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Often associated with a capsule and benign tumors of the brain, for example, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas and acoustic neuromas.
		Symptom may indicate pressure on the brain stem (medulla oblongata) or elsewhere in the posterior fossa.
		Anesthetics are drugs or agents used during surgery to prevent the sense of pain.
	neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu /abta/diction.htm (4517 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Brain surgery
		The scalp is cleansed and prepared for surgery.
		pockets of infection in the brain (brain abscesses)
		Updated by: Joseph P. Hart, MD, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/003018.htm (324 words)

	Healthopedia.com - Craniotomy (Brain Surgery)
		A craniotomy is a type of surgery done to open part of the skull, or cranium.
		This procedure is needed when a person has a condition or injury that affects the brain, its tissues, or its blood vessels.
		A flap of the bone is cut away from the skull and set aside during the surgery.
	www.healthopedia.com /craniotomy (350 words)

	GAMMA KNIFE A NONINVASIVE BRAIN SURGERY PROCEDURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Until the development of the Gamma Knife, the primary treatment for tumors and blood vessel abnormalities in the brain was usually a combination of conventional brain surgery and intensive radiation treatment.
		The Wayne State University Neurological Surgery faculty, acknowledged pioneers in the technology of radiosurgery, were among the first to introduce the linear accelerator and the infrared-based, computer-assisted tracking system.
		The surrounding normal brain is left virtually unaffected because the individual beams are too weak to damage normal tissues en route to the target.
	www.med.wayne.edu /neurosurgery/department/clin_gammaknife.htm (1508 words)

	Getting over Brain Surgery
		The second was the pressure headache from the brain surgery where you just feel general pressure.
		For four years it was diagnosed as "sensory motor seizures." These are usually caused by brain surgery (opening the skull) or whiplash (closed skull injury).
		Another type is where there is an injury to the brain and the synaptic connections in the area of emotions are short-circuited, and that causes a neurological or organic depression.
	www.vhl.org /support/chat2000/brainsurg.htm (1855 words)

	ScienceDaily: Brain Surgery Without The Surgery?
		Knife-Less Brain "Surgery" Offers New Treatment Options (May 7, 1999) -- With a severely blocked artery in his brain, Kerry Swestyn of Winston-Salem was in danger of having a fatal stroke.
		Cerebral contusion -- Cerebral contusion is a form of traumatic brain injury, a bruise of the brain tissue.
		Brain damage -- Brain damage may occur due to a wide range of conditions, illnesses, or...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/07/060703092329.htm (3119 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| Brain surgery may cure Tourette's
		Deep brain stimulation has been used on patients with Parkinson's disease, to help reduce the shaking associated with the condition.
		A tiny wire runs from inside the brain, beneath the scalp, down the neck and into the upper chest where the battery is located.
		Mr Matovic has had electrodes implanted on both sides of his brain and tiny batteries implanted on each side of his chest because he suffers uncontrollable movement on both sides of his body.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/3589395.stm (463 words)

	Adult Brain Tumor Surgery - UCSF Department of Neurosurgery
		At UCSF, brain tumor therapy involves interdisciplinary collaboration among neurological surgery, radiation oncology, medical neuro-oncology, and Gamma Knife® radiosurgery, and innovative therapies developed by researchers in UCSF's Brain Tumor Research Center (BTRC) and Michael Douglas Pediatric BTRC.
		During surgery to resect brain tumors, we use brain-mapping techniques to identify and avoid injury to sites of language, motor, and sensory function.
		In conjunction with the Clinical Neuro-Oncology Program, the Brain Tumor Surgery Program provides patients with the most advanced brain tumor therapies available, together with neuropsychological consultation and close ties with organizations sponsoring support groups and many other resources for patients with brain tumors.
	neurosurgery.medschool.ucsf.edu /patient_care/br_surgery_adult.html (261 words)

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