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Topic: Brainstem

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Cerebrum

Diencephalon

Telencephalon

Medulla oblongata

Brain

Human brain

Nucleus solitarius

Raphe nucleus

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List of regions in the human brain

Cephalic disorder

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In the News (Mon 23 Nov 09)

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	Angioma Alliance
		Brainstem cavernous angiomas have recently received a great deal of attention due to enhanced imaging techniques and the realization that even small hemorrhagic events can cause significant neurological deficits.
		The most common symptom for brainstem lesions is focal neurological deficit as opposed to seizure or headache for lesions located in surpratentorial regions.
		Venous anomalies are frequently associated with cavernous angiomas of the brainstem.
	www.angiomaalliance.org /brainstem.html (923 words)

	The Royal Marsden Hospital - Paediatric Information Booklets - Brain Stem Tumours (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Brainstem gliomas account for 10 to 15% of all brain tumours in children, with an incidence of 30 to 40 new cases in UK each year.
		The brainstem also contains the nuclei of most of the cranial nerves controlling the movement and the sensitivity of the eyes and the face, the hearing, the steadiness, and the taste for example.
		Tumours of the brainstem are often "infiltrative", with abnormal cell growing in between normal fibres and normal cells.
	www.royalmarsden.nhs.uk /clinicalservices/clinicalunits/paediatric/booklets/brain.asp (302 words)

	NIH News Release--Researchers Successfully Deliver Drugs to the Primate Brainstem--10/03/2002
		Current drug treatments of brainstem tumors are largely unsuccessful, because the drugs often fail to bypass the blood vessel lining protecting the brainstem.
		Tests up to 35 days after infusion showed no neurological abnormalities, and the brainstem tissues appeared normal, except for a small amount of scar tissue near the site where the needle was inserted during the infusion, as was seen in the rodent model.
		Brainstem tumors are less common in adults but account for more than two percent of adult brain tumors.
	www.nih.gov /news/pr/oct2002/ninds-03.htm (809 words)

	Brain stem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mostly enveloped by the cerebrum and cerebellum, the visible part of brainstem is shown in fl
		The lower part of the brain stem is the medulla oblongata, grossly comprising the medullary pyramids and the olivary bodies or olives.
		The adult human brainstem emerges from parts of all three vesicles in the neural tube.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brainstem (165 words)

	eMedicine - Brainstem Gliomas : Article by Joseph Landolfi, DO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Background: Brainstem gliomas are tumors that occur in the region of the brain referred to as the brain stem, which is the area between the aqueduct of Sylvius and the fourth ventricle.
		A tendency for brainstem gliomas to follow a more indolent course in adults than in children has been noted; in adults, these tumors are more likely to be low grade and remain localized.
		The typical MRI appearance of a brainstem glioma is an expansile, infiltrative process with low-to-normal signal intensity on T1-weighted images and heterogeneous high-signal intensity on T2-weighted images, with or without contrast enhancement (see Images 1-2).
	www.emedicine.com /NEURO/topic40.htm (2885 words)

	Brainstem Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Hausman, L. Atlases of the spinal cord and brainstem and the forebrain.
		Syringobulbia : a contribution to the pathophysiology of the brainstem.
		Verhaart, W. A stereotactic atlas of the brain stem of the cat, comprising the cord, the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the mesencephalon.
	www.medlina.com /brainstem_books.htm (1078 words)

	brainstem - multiple sclerosis encyclopaedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Brainstem is the lower part of the brain which is continuous with the spinal cord.
		All the cranial nerves except the Olfactory Nerve and the Optic Nerve arise in the Brainstem.
		The symptoms of MS lesions of the brainstem include diplopia (double vision), vertigo (dizziness, loss of balance, nausea and vomiting), urinary problems (hesitancy or incontinence), hemiplegia, facial pain and paralysis and (more rarely) hearing problems.
	www.mult-sclerosis.org /brainstem.html (134 words)

	Persian Gulf Illness : Is It All Just "In Their Heads?" New Report Shows Evidence of Brainstem ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Many Persian Gulf veterans are apparently suffering from a chronic form of brainstem encephalitis -- a brainstem encephalopathy, not PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) according to a promising new study by William E. Baumzweiger, M.D. WB1321@aol.com).
		Brainstem encephalitis is an inflammatory disturbance of the brain's central control mechanisms -- more commonly referred to as an organic brain disorder.
		Brainstem encephalitis is a well known and not uncommon illness while brainstem encephalopathy is distinctly less common, but appears to Dr. Baumzweiger to be a new syndrome.
	www.chronicillnet.org /online/brainstem.html (1521 words)

	Relative numbers of cortical and brainstem inputs to the lateral geniculate nucleus -- Van Horn and Sherman 94 ...
		the relative contribution of cortex and brainstem to the population
		relative to brainstem terminals by a factor of 4.9/3.8, or 1.3.
		However, one important proviso to this conclusion must be stressed regarding the assumption that essentially all parent RD terminals are either cholinergic from brainstem or corticogeniculate.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/4/1517 (3119 words)

	Neuroanatomical correlates of brainstem coma -- Parvizi and Damasio 126 (7): 1524 -- Brain
		(A) The brainstem encompasses medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain.
		Brainstem reticular nuclei that project to the thalamus in rats: a retrograde tracer study.
		Brainstem innervation of prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in the rhesus monkey revealed by retrograde transport of HRP.
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/126/7/1524 (5609 words)

	Neurological Research: Surgical management of cavernous malformations of the brainstem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The authors report a series of cavernomas located in the brainstem and present a review on their epidemiology, pathogenesis, natural history, and methods of diagnosis and treatment.
		Although the surgical treatment of brainstem cavernomas can be associated with a significant risk, surgical resection is recommended of the lesions that have hemorrhaged or grown producing progressive deficits.
		The authors' experience on the surgical treatment of cavernous hemangiomas of the brainstem, indicating important aspects of intra-operative surgical techniques, is presented, including a clinical and anatomical correlation of different surgical approaches to brainstem cavernomas.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3909/is_200201/ai_n9076834 (1052 words)

	Early Brainstem Damage Is Predictive of Poor Survival in HIV-infected Patients with Progressive Multifocal ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Brainstem damage may occur early in the course of PML and could be a worsening factor.
		Brainstem damage was confirmed by cerebal MRI as brainstem demyelination.
		Early Brainstem Damage Is Predictive of Poor Survival in HIV-infected Patients with Progressive Multifocal Leucoencephalopathy.
	www.hivandhepatitis.com /2004icr/11croi/docs/0308/030804_l.html (412 words)

	Cancer Spectrum: Medline Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Brainstem tumors in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1: a distinct clinical entity.
		Brainstem tumors in NF1 have been confused clinically with non-NF1 brainstem tumors and radiographically with the increased T2 signal abnormalities, also known as "unidentified bright objects" (UBOs), which are common in NF1 and often located in the brainstem.
		Tumors were located primarily in the medulla in 14 of 17 NF1 patients (82%), in contrast to the pontine tumor location in the non-NF1 population.
	jncicancerspectrum.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/medline/pmid;7477989 (394 words)

	Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors of the Brainstem: Investigation of Seven Cases -- Zagzag et al. 106 (5): 1045 -- ...
		Results of SSCP for the exons 5 through 9 of p53 are summarized in Table 4 and are illustrated in Fig 3.
		segment of the brainstem (ie, pons) or crossed the midline, all
		Packer RJ, Zimmerman RA, Luerssen TG, Brainstem gliomas of childhood: magnetic resonance imaging.
	pediatrics.aappublications.org /cgi/content/full/106/5/1045 (4687 words)

	Cochlear, Middle Ear and Auditory Brainstem Implants and Bone-Anchored Hearing Aids: Hear-it
		An auditory brainstem implant (ABI) is a small device that is surgically implanted in the brain of a deaf person who is lacking the auditory nerves that lead the sound signals from the ear to the brain.
		It is only a reduced hearing sensation and not a full hearing sense, but it relieves the involved persons from total sound isolation and also makes it easier to lip-read.
		The auditory brainstem implant consists of a small electrode that is applied to the brainstem where it stimulates vital acoustic nerves by means of electrical signals.
	www.hear-it.org /page.dsp?page=2022 (200 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - First brainstem implants aim to tackle deafness
		Feeding auditory signals directly into the brainstem should work better, but because the brainstem carries signals from the entire body to the brain, any damage caused by an implant could be disastrous.
		But at the brainstem level every neuron you damage could damage function," says Bob Shannon of the House Ear Institute in Los Angeles, the surgeon who pioneered the procedure.
		But Shannon hopes that his implant, in which eight electrodes of different lengths are inserted into the brainstem, will be able to stimulate several bundles of nerves individually and produce different frequencies.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn4540 (656 words)

	Nucleus® 24 ABI: Auditory Brainstem Implant* (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Nucleus® 24 Auditory Brainstem Implant (ABI) is designed to provide sound information to individuals with Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) who will become deaf after the removal of bilateral tumors from the auditory (hearing) nerves.
		This electrode array is placed on the surface of the cochlear nucleus in the brainstem, bypassing the inner ear and auditory nerve.
		The electrical auditory information is then sent from the brainstem to the brain for interpretation.
	www.cochlear.com /373.asp (420 words)

	Important New Brainstem Finding in SIDS
		The arcuate nucleus (ARC) located on the ventral surface of the brainstem may be an important site which senses abnormal levels of CO2 and H+ in the blood.
		To test their hypothesis they analyzed brainstem tissues for the presence of Ach binding sites from 77 infants, including 45 SIDS cases, 14 infants who died acutely of known causes, and 18 infants who died of longer illnesses characterized by chronic or recurrent low blood oxygen levels (hypoxemia) (Science 1995;269:1446- 1450).
		AB The brainstem and cervical spinal cord were sampled from 45 cases of
	sids-network.org /experts/brainstem.htm (2656 words)

	Brainstem involvement late in course of MS
		Brainstem involvement late in course of MS Questions in The Neurology Forum are being answered by doctors from
		Although brainstem involvement can be serious because there are so many functions there, it is not necessarily true that brainstem involvement represents advanced disease or a switch to a chronic progressive form.
		Problems that can happen as a result of brainstem involvement: facial paralysis, spastic paresis (hemi- or para-), imbalance, ataxia, double vision, difficulty swallowing or with speech, hiccups, etc. You can see how your symptoms correlate.
	www.medhelp.org /perl6/neuro/archive/7741.html (785 words)

	Brainstem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The brainstem includes the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain.
		Since the brainstem is the closest brain region to the spinal cord, it will have to deal with a lot of the basic information about life functions, like breathing, which occur in our bodies.
		The gray matter is found in clumps and clusters throughout the brainstem, with white matter running up and down and between all the gray matter.
	distance.stcc.edu /AandP/AP/AP1pages/nervssys/unit13/brainste2.htm (1582 words)

	Brainstem Auditory Evoked Testing - Childrens Hospital San Diego
		Audiologists are able to measure the speed and intensity of these pulses to determine if there is hearing loss or a lesion that is upsetting the flow of the sound information through the brainstem.
		Children one year of age and older typically require a mild form of sedation prior to the test.
		Earphones provide a clicking noise to the ear and the response from the brainstem is measured time-locked to the clicks.
	www.chsd.org /1799.cfm (277 words)

	CHEST: Resolution of obstructive sleep apnea after microvascular brainstem decompression (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Lesions of the brainstem have been associated with obstructive sleep apnea in previous reports.
		The patient was considered to be a good candidate for retromastoid craniectomy with microvascular decompression of the brainstem and lower cranial nerves.
		At the pontine medullary junction, this artery made a large loop that caused marked compression of the brainstem with stretching of the left ninth and tenth cranial nerves.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0984/is_n2_v107/ai_16669179 (709 words)

	FlockBots : Brainstem
		Obviously, complicated code will not fit on the Brainstem so use TEA programs for low level chores that make sense to run on the Brainstem such as the wheel encoding that was used in this project.
		The Brainstem stores these in the upper 7 bits of a byte, which is why they only allow even addresses.
		If you turn the brainstem off, the next time you turn it back on the Brainstem will launch the launch program which will kick off the encoder and it will be running immediately.
	cs.gmu.edu /~eclab/projects/robots/flockbots/pmwiki.php?n=Main.Brainstem (2502 words)

	[Brainlife] JALLO GI et al (2003) - Current Management of Brainstem Gliomas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Brainstem gliomas have historically been one of the most difficult pediatric cancers to treat.
		Brainstem gliomas are now recognized as a heterogenous group of tumors.
		The authors review the current management of brainstem tumors and their experience with brainstem gliomas in a 5 year period.
	www.brainlife.org /abstract/jallo_200308.htm (249 words)

	Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors of the Brainstem: Investigation of Seven Cases -- Zagzag et al. 106 (5): 1045 -- ...
		Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors of the Brainstem: Investigation of Seven Cases -- Zagzag et al.
		Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors of the Brainstem: Investigation of Seven Cases
		Brainstem PNETs tend to arise at a younger age than brainstem gliomas and medulloblastomas.
	pediatrics.aappublications.org /cgi/content/abstract/106/5/1045 (406 words)

	Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response Test (BAER) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) Test is also known as Auditory Brainstem Response; evoked auditory potentials; BAEP, brainstem auditory evoked potentials; evoked response audiometry.
		This test focuses on changes and responses in brain waves that are stimulated by a clicking sound to evaluate the auditory pathways of the brainstem.
		The auditory brainstem response is found in all people and consists of five individual waves named waves I, II, III, IV, and V. Waves I, III, and V are the most robust of the wave forms.
	www.ccent.com /PHS/brain.html (398 words)

	Interoceptive and integrative contributions of forebrain and brainstem to energy balance control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		These receptors, moreover, are functionally relevant given the intake suppressive effects of fourth-intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) and brainstem intraparenchymal (in dorsal vagal complex) delivery.
		The experiments reveal that the brainstem is indeed sufficient for the integration of taste and gastrointestinal signals that co-determine the size of meals in the short term.
		The relative contribution of brainstem and forebrain substrates to long-term intake and body weight control in the neurologically intact animal, remains unclear.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/ijo/journal/v25/n5s/abs/0801917a.html (419 words)

	Ontogeny and distribution of GABAA receptors in rat brainstem and rostral brain regions. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Since GABAA receptors are major targets for GABA-mediated inhibitory modulation and play a key role in regulating cardiorespiratory function, especially during O2 deprivation, we examined differences in GABAA receptor density and distribution during postnatal development.
		Using quantitative receptor autoradiography, the present study was performed to examine the postnatal expression of GABAA receptors in the rat brainstem and rostral brain areas at five ages, i.e.
		We conclude that: (i) GABAA receptors exist in most brain areas at birth; (ii) there are several patterns of postnatal development of GABAA receptors in the CNS with dramatic differences between the brainstem and cortex; (iii) brainstem functions rely more on GABAA receptors in early postnatal life than at more mature stages.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_1331860.html (215 words)

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