
	Where results make sense

Topic: Brake fern

	brake - definition by dict.die.net
		Brake beam or Brake bar, the beam that connects the brake blocks of opposite wheels.
		Brake shoe or Brake rubber, the part of a brake against which the wheel rubs.
		Brake wheel, a wheel on the platform or top of a car by which brakes are operated.
	dict.die.net /brake (1268 words)

	Brake Fern
		The fern is an easy-to-grow perennial that prefers a sunny environment and alkaline soil.
		The Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata) is a fern that is native to Asia, Africa, and Australia.
		The American brake fern, Pteris vittata, is claimed to be the first found to function as an arsenic hyperaccumulator.
	www.malibuwater.com /BrakeFern.html (7058 words)

	News in Science - A fern that loves toxic waste - 01/02/2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A common fern which grows all over the world has been found to be a super-accumulator of arsenic contaminated toxic waste, and may be of use in the bioremediation of contaminated areas.
		Brake fern at the site contained up to 5000 parts per million (ppm) of arsenic, compared with only 65 ppm from ferns growing in an uncontaminated site.
		Brake fern is one of very few plants which are able to accumulate arsenic and is the highest bio-accumulator so far known.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s240125.htm (389 words)

	Species: Pteridium aquilinum
		In a western Washington study, dense western bracken fern protected planted Douglas-fir seedlings from snowshoe hare and fl-tailed deer browsing until the trees overtopped the western bracken fern; tree growth, however, was slower than normal [54,55].
		Western bracken fern is found in the coastal redwood region of California and on flood plains and gentle slopes under the giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in California's Sierra Nevada [108,235].
		In New Mexico and Arizona western bracken fern is found in the mountains under blue spruce (Picea pungens) and Douglas-fir, in pinyon-juniper or Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) woodlands, and in grassy meadows [19,134,142,170,194].
	www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/fern/pteaqu/all.html (11939 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The remarkable plant, called brake fern, is native to Africa, Asia and Australia, and is now widely naturalised in warm parts of the Americas.
		Brake ferns growing in uncontaminated soil at the site were found to have arsenic levels ranging from 11.8 to 64.0 parts per million.
		Ma, a native of north-eastern China, said that brake fern held out promise for helping Bangladesh, where between 35 and 77 million people out of a population of 125 million are at risk of being exposed to arsenic in their drinking water.
	www.eng-consult.com /arsenic/as190.txt (419 words)

	HEG Varieties and Care (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The sword brake fern is noted for its dwarf variety P. ensiformis 'Victoriae', the Victoria fern, whose silvery white fronds are edged in dark green.
		The crested spider brake fern, P. multifida 'Cristata', the most unusual of the spider brake ferns, has dense dark green fronds with long slender leaflets that end in frilly crestlike clusters.
		The trembling brake fern, with finely divided light green fronds 3 feet long and 2 feet wide, makes a fine plant to set on the floor, but when only a foot tall is superb as a centerpiece.
	www.exoticangel.com /Varieties/Ferns/Pteris.htm (244 words)

	Pteridium aquilinum, Bracken Fern, Brake, Brake Fern, Eagle Fern, Female Fern, Fiddlehead, Hog Brake, Pasture Brake, ...
		In northern climates bracken fern is frequently found on uplands and side slopes, since it is susceptible to spring frost damage.
		Bracken fern is grown commercially for use as a food and herbal remedy in Canada, the United States, Siberia, China, Japan, and Brazil and is often listed as an edible wild plant.
		Bracken fern is a potential source of insecticides and it has potential as a biofuel.
	www.rook.org /earl/bwca/nature/ferns/pteridiumaqui.html (2571 words)

	Ferns: Of Fern Forest and South Florida
		I've put together a short key to Fern Forest ferns in which the focus is on features easy to use in the field.
		Ferns of the southeastern States: descriptions of the fern-plants growing naturally in the States south of the Virginia-Kentucky state line and east of the Mississippi River.
		Small also published a Ferns of Florida (1932), which i haven't tracked down, along with a couple smaller works on ferns of Royal Palm Hammock, and ferns of Tropical Florida, both of which were recently reprinted in one volume by Micanopy Press.
	fig.cox.miami.edu /~scofield/sofl_plants/fern_index.html (455 words)

	Environment: A Fern With A Taste For Toxic Waste - Brief Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The UF research team measured arsenic in brake ferns at concentrations 200 times the levels of the contaminated soils in which they were growing.
		The brake fern's appetite for arsenic, remarkable in light of the fact that arsenic is often used as an herbicide, may prove to be useful in cleaning up arsenic-contaminated industrial, mining, or agricultural sites.
		The brake fern is one among some 400 plants known to accumulate toxins.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1076/is_4_43/ai_75214108 (412 words)

	Leather Woodfern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		They differ little in their general appearance, although the male shield fern, which grows to a height of about 3 feet, is somewhat larger than the other.
		In the male shield fern these are located along the midrib, while in the marginal-fruited shield fern they are placed on the margins of the divisions of the fronds.
		These ferns have stout, erect rootstocks from 6 to l2 inches in length and 1 to 2 inches thick, covered with brown, closely overlapping leaf bases and soft, brown, chaffy scales.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/herbhunters/woodfern.html (231 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Eating arsenic
		Lena Ma of the University of Florida noticed that the brake fern grew profusely on the land, despite heavy contamination with chromated copper arsenate from past exposure to wood preservative.
		The brake fern (Pteris vittata) is the first plant known to detoxify soils poisoned by arsenic.
		The brake fern is itself toxic to humans and animals.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn375 (374 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Fern eats up arsenic
		Brake fern is native to Africa, Asia and Australia, and is now widely naturalized in warm parts of the Americas.
		But those growing in contaminated soil at a site in central Florida had arsenic levels of between 1,442 and 7,526 parts per million, most of which was found in the plants' long-fingered green leaves, or fronds.
		Dr Ma said that brake fern held out promise for helping Bangladesh, where between 35 and 77 million people out of a population of 125 million are at risk of being exposed to arsenic in their drinking water.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1146000/1146555.stm (459 words)

	Cliff Brake Fern: A Native Texas Fern with Landscaping Potential
		Cliff Brake Fern [Pellaea ovata (Desv.) Weath.] is a native Texas fern that is found in nature on dry ledges and slopes of limestone outcroppings, calcareous rocks, or granite.
		Cliff Brake Fern has an attractive color, ranging from dark green to grayish-green (Jones 1987) and it has an interesting fine, open texture due to its peculiar rachis and costa structure (Lellinger 1985).
		Cliff break fern can be effectively used in the landscape as a specimen plant, both potted or in the soil, and as part of a border, either by itself or in a mixed border.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-612.html (850 words)

	Imprint Online: Science - Microfiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The brake fern absorbs arsenic at extremely low concentrations and then retains it at high concentrations; tests have shown that the fern can store concentrations of arsenic that are up to 200 times more concentrated than that of its surrounding soil.
		Furthermore, unlike most ferns, the brake fern likes sunlight; this increases the territory where this fern could be planted to clean up toxins.
		Scientists hope that the brake fern’s genes responsible for allowing the plant to safely absorb arsenic can be successfully spliced into other plants.
	imprint.uwaterloo.ca /issues/020901/3Science/science02.shtml (663 words)

	Ferns Nursery at Ty Ty GA: Ferns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ferns are generally used to fill shady beds as a groundcover, or they can be planted near a shady house wall.
		Some ferns are cold sensitive and should be grown inside greenhouses as a pot plant or hanging baskets.
		Plant TyTy's ferns in your yard or try growing one of the tropical types inside a sunroom and enjoy the lavish foliage display that can be experienced all year.
	tytyga.com /perennials/ferns (417 words)

	The Fern Lover's Companion
		Ferns vary in height from the diminutive filmy fern of less than an inch to the vast tree ferns of the tropics, reaching a height of sixty feet or more.
		The family or genus of a fern is often determined by the shape of its indusium; e.g., the indusium of the woodsias is star-shaped; of the Dicksonias, cup-shaped; of the aspleniums, linear; of the wood ferns, kidney-shaped, etc.
		Ferns with much divided leaves and short, marginal sori borne at the ends of free-forking veins, on the under side of the reflexed and altered portion of the pinnules, which serves as an indusium.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/1/1/3/6/11365/11365-h/11365-h.htm (12178 words)

	Fiddleheads
		Although consumption of these, and of the royal fern (Osmunda regalis), is an old practice in the Far East, experts are now advising against it as there is considerable evidence that they cause cancer of the stomach and esophagus, and eating only the young osterich fern is advised.
		Although several ferns are suspected of causing cancer, there may also be some that are downright poisonous as farm animals are known to avoid them.
		However, fern leaves, and hay contaminated with the fern, are known to be poisonous to livestock when eaten in large quantities.
	www.innvista.com /health/foods/vegetables/fiddle.htm (778 words)

	23. BRACKENFERN, BRAKE FERN
		PLANT DESCRIPTION: The broad, triangular leaves (fronds) of this perennial fern rise 2-3 feet tall (sometimes to 4 feet) from a thick, brown or fl, horizontal rootstock.
		These ferns are common in open, acid woodlands, burned-over areas, and open pastures in dry, sandy, or gravelly soil.
		The plant is also reported to contain carcinogenic substances, but instances of cancer in animals resulting from bracken fern ingestion is not well reported.
	www.vet.purdue.edu /depts/addl/toxic/plant23.htm (943 words)

	Harding's Ginseng and other medicinal plants, 1936: Male Fern. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		HABITAT AND RANGE—These ferns are found in rocky woods, the male shield-fern inhabiting the region from Canada westward to the Rocky Mountains and Arizona.
		As taken from the ground the rootstock is from 6 to 12 inches in length and 1 to 2 inches thick, covered with closely overlapping, brown, slightly curved stipe bases or leaf bases and soft, brown, chaffy scales.
		The unreliability sometimes attributed to this drug can in most instances be traced to the presence of the rootstocks of other ferns with which it is often adulterated, or it will be found to be due to improper storing or to the length of time that it has been kept.
	www.ibiblio.org /herbmed/eclectic/harding/aspidium.html (553 words)

	Brake (fern) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Brakes are (Any of numerous flowerless and seedless vascular plants having true roots from a rhizome and fronds that uncurl upward; reproduce by spores) ferns of the ((biology) taxonomic group containing one or more species) genus Pteris.
		Like other members of the (Click link for more info and facts about Pteridales) Pteridales, the frond margin is reflexed over the marginal sori.
		"Brake" has often been confused with " (Large coarse fern often several feet high; essentially weed ferns; cosmopolitan) bracken".
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/br/brake_(fern).htm (255 words)

	[No title]
		This was a plausible hypothesis because the brake fern is known for being able to absorb arsenic (Donn, 2001).
		Since brake ferns have the ability to bioremediate its surrounding soil and take up arsenic, then perhaps there are other ferns who are able to bioremediate as well.
		The research regarding brake ferns and their astonishing ability to take up high levels of arsenic can still be used as one possible means of reducing the arsenic levels in Sweet Home.
	us.share.geocities.com /sweeth0me/physicsbiorememdiationfinalpaper.doc (4824 words)

	GS CONNECTION 12(1): Arsenic/Cancer; Brake Fern Phytoremediation; New Series of One-Day Seminars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		But the researchers found that brake ferns growing wild on a contaminated waste site in central Florida increased their toxic appetites even further, with fronds hyper-accumulating arsenic at average levels over 100-fold higher than in normal soil - at no harm to the plant!
		For this reason, the brake fern "has great potential to remediate arsenic-contaminated soils cheaply," the researchers concluded.
		Once the ferns scour the soil, their arsenic-rich fronds could be transported to a special waste facility for disposal.
	www.gsdl.com /home/news/connections/vol12/conn20010314.html (1536 words)

	Jenkins Publishing Message Board
		That aside, the next best thing you could do would be: (1) grow the brake fern (2) harvest the brake fern (3) sell it to companies that want to extract arsenic for commercial use.
		I learned about arsonic and the Brake Fern awhile back and had the idea of composting the arsonic rich ferns, yes, to destroy it.
		The Brake Fern apparently concentrates arsenic in its leaves 200 times over that of the soil it is grown in.
	www.jenkinspublishing.com /messages/messages/3/23.html?1044221299 (616 words)

	Fern Prints and Fern Note Cards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Our beautiful and accurately rendered mid-19th century fern prints combine the decorative and aesthetic qualities of fine art with the meticulous observation of science.
		Fern prints are equally at home in Victorian parlors and Asian-inspired living rooms.
		The following ferns, restored from a four-volume set "Native Flowers and Ferns of North America" published around 1880, are new to our collection.
	www.chartingnature.com /Ferns.cfm (238 words)

	Spatial Distribution of Arsenic Species in Brake Fern (Pteris vittata L.) Using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
		The central emphasis of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of As and its speciation in tissues of various organs of brake fern using Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) at the Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL.
		Cross-sections from fresh lamina of frond, stipe, and root were taken from fern plants treated with 100 ppm soil As and examined with a standard X-ray microprobe.
		For EXAFS study, cryosections of fronds from fern plants treated with 100 ppm As were used to determine speciation of As in the epidermal cells, mesophyll tissues, and xylem strands.
	abstracts.aspb.org /pb2002/public/P64/0338.html (318 words)

	Onoclea sensibilis, Sensitive Fern, Bead Fern, Meadow Brake, Onoclee Sensible
		Common Name, from the observation of early settlers that it was very sensitive to frost, the fronds dying quickly when first touched by frost.
		A deciduous, coarse textured, perennial fern, with broader leaves and pinnae (leaflets) than most other North Country ferns; 18"-24" tall.
		Sensitive fern is easily killed with the first frost, leaving behind the stiff, beaded fertile stalks.
	www.rook.org /earl/bwca/nature/ferns/onoclea.html (693 words)

	Arsenic Accumulation in the Hyperaccumulator Chinese Brake and Its Utilization Potential for Phytoremediation -- Tu et ...
		The detail on fern propagation is given in Tu and Ma (2002).
		Jones, D.L. Encyclopaedia of ferns: An introduction to ferns, their structure, biology, economic importance, cultivation and propagation.
		Effects of arsenic concentrations and forms on arsenic uptake by the hyperaccumulator ladder brake.
	jeq.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/31/5/1671 (2905 words)

	Publications
		Absorption of frond-applied arsenic by the arsenic hyperaccumulating fern Pteris vittata L. Sci.
		Tolerance of heavy metals in vascular plants: arsenic hyperaccumulation by Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.).
		Thiol synthesis and arsenic hyperaccumulation in Pteris vittata (Chinese brake fern)
	lqma.ifas.ufl.edu /PUBLICATION-subject.html (1614 words)

	National Wildlife: Arsenic And Old Brake - brake fern found to absorb and store arsenic from contaminated soils - Brief ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The latest entry in the junk-foods department: Scientists recently learned that brake ferns can absorb arsenic from contaminated soil and accumulate the deadly substance in their fronds without any harm to the plant.
		This is the first recorded instance of a plant storing large quantities of arsenic, a potent toxin and carcinogen.
		Because brake ferns are fast-growing, hardy and easy to propagate, they show great promise in cleaning up polluted sites cheaply, experts say.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1169/is_2001_June-July/ai_76028897 (193 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)