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Topic: Braking distance

	Keep Your (Braking) Distance: More Than Just Slowing Down
		Brakes are the primary safety feature but are often overlooked.
		As a basis of comparison, this is roughly the same distance — actually, a little further — as the same vehicle coming to a complete stop from 90 mph on dry pavement, an effective doubling of the braking distance.
		Antilock braking systems are designed to prevent tire lockup by automatically and rapidly "pumping" the brakes, potentially decreasing braking distances in extreme situations.
	www.edmunds.com /ownership/driving/articles/43810/article.html (1280 words)

	Technical Paper
		Braking distance is directly dependent on the friction between the tires and the road.
		In braking, the friction force is helping to stop the car, and when the force the car is exerting is equal to the friction force, the car will be at rest.
		The braking distance on ice, however, is much greater than the others, and from this it can be concluded that it is much harder to stop on ice than on either of the other surfaces.
	www.homewood.k12.al.us /~team99b/tech.html (2671 words)

	Speed control apparatus and method for railroad car retarders - Patent 4235403
		For this reason, the remaining acceleration/deceleration distance used in the algorithm is determined by subtracting from the initial total distance over which the forces act, i.e., the product of the retarder length and the total number of axles, a factor representing the sum of the instantaneous distances traveled into the retarder by all the axles.
		The initially available total axle braking distance, a count of the axles in the retarder, and the doppler based axle distances traveled are combined by logic means to give the remaining axle distance-to-go at each instant, which factor is multiplied by two (2) within the logic elements.
		Also, the distance traveled into the retarder by all axles at any instant of time is considered the summation of incremental distances nd, where n is the instantaneous number of axles in the retarder and d is a distance equal to one doppler pulse.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4235403.html (4514 words)

	On-Road Brake Testing
		The braking distance measured by conducting road trials depends on several factors other than the brake system, such as the coefficient of friction between the tire and the road, the weight of the motorbike with the rider and the weight distribution, and the skill of the rider.
		Braking distance is obtained by counting the number of encoder pulses received from the start of braking to when the bike stops (Counter 1).
		The braking distance measured solely by using the accelerometer data is not as accurate as the distance calculated by counting the encoder pulses.
	www.evaluationengineering.com /archive/articles/1101vehicle.htm (1451 words)

	Braking Distance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The approximate braking distance of a vehicle on a level roadway may be determined by the use of the standard formula:
		In this formula for the braking distance the f factor is used as an overall or a single value that is representative for the whole of the speed change.
		It varies considerably because of many physical elements such as air pressure of tires, composition of tires, tire tread pattern and depth of tread, type and condition of the pavement surface, and the presence of moisture, mud, snow, or ice.
	www.webs1.uidaho.edu /niatt_labmanual/Chapters/geometricdesign/professionalpractice/BrakingDistance.htm (245 words)

	Motorcycle training, braking distance in a motorcycle varies with the speed.
		Numerous studies and accident investigations have concluded that most motorcycle operators (riders) are unaware of the distance that is required to bring the bike to a full stop.
		Braking distance increases with speed, unfortunately the increase is not linear.
		The increase in braking distance is the square of the speed increase.
	www.motorvike.com /BrakingDistance.htm (232 words)

	FMCSA - Regulation: 393.52
		These decelerations as measured in brake tests cannot be used to compute the values in column 4 because the deceleration is not sustained at the same rate over the entire period of the stop.
		The added distance that results because maximum deceleration is not sustained is included in the figures in column 4 but is not indicated by the usual brake-testing devices for checking deceleration.
		"Brake-system application and braking distance in feet" (column 4) is a definite measure of the overall effectiveness of the braking system, being the distance traveled between the point at which the driver starts to move the braking controls and the point at which the vehicle comes to rest.
	www.fmcsa.dot.gov /rules-regulations/administration/fmcsr/393.52.htm (749 words)

	[No title]
		Maximum braking force on a tire is limited to the force of gravity pulling down on the wheel.
		Braking effort is measured in units called "G's" which relates to the change in speed with respect to time.
		Braking is not only a critical skill, but a major factor in surviving a crash.
	www.hogchapters.com /Muncie/rr0201.html (1404 words)

	Discussion – Enhanced Night Visibility Volume XIII IR Clear – December 2005
		Stopping distance is the sum of two components: (1) the distance needed for the braking reaction time (BRT) and (2) braking distance (table 22).
		This distance for detecting a pedestrian dressed in denim was shorter than the mean distance for detecting a tire tread on the road (50.6 m) (166 ft).
		The mean detection distance for pedestrians in fl on the right appears to have approximately a 6 percent difference between the two phases of research for the FIR vehicles and approximately a 3 percent difference for the HLB vehicle.
	www.tfhrc.gov /safety/hsis/pubs/04144/discussion.htm (7130 words)

	Stopping Distances
		Your thinking distance is the distance that your vehicle will travel from the time that you first see the hazard to the time that you apply the brakes.
		The distance travelled while braking is governed by the laws of physics and how well your tyres grip the road, assuming of course that you have good brakes and a strong right leg.
		The horizontal axis still measures distance, but now the distance is expressed as the time it would take you to cover that distance at your initial speed.
	www2.netdoor.com /~wbaker/stopdist/stopdist_ukm.html (1103 words)

	STOPPINGDISTANCE
		Once the brake pedal is applied there is the vehicles reaction time which depends on the brake pedal free-play, hydraulic properties of the brake fluid and working order of the braking system.
		This is why the tailgating car usually cannot stop, when the brake light came on in the car in front, this driver had already completed the perception, human and vehicle reaction periods.
		Worth noting is that from 50 to 100 kph the braking distance of a car will increase from 10 metres to 40 metres.
	www.sdt.com.au /STOPPINGDISTANCE.htm (390 words)

	YELLOW LIGHTANSWER
		Braking is usually given as 60mph-0 or 40mph-0 in distance to stop in feet.
		If you figure in reaction time, then the distance traveled in the time of the yellow light is the distance you go in that reaction time (at a constant speed) plus the distance you go while accelerating in the time left.
		)it will be three parts, the distance you go in your reaction time at a constant speed, plus the distance while accelerating up to the speed limit, plus the distance you go while at the speed limit in the time you have left.
	homepage.mac.com /richtherrn/physics/answeryellowlight.htm (673 words)

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		Braking distances appear in the Highway Code and UK drivers are expected to learn them.
		Instead of releasing the brake before you turn in, you continue to brake during the turn in phase, and perhaps all the way to the apex.
		Braking is just one of a range of topics within the subject of driving where there's always something new to learn.
	www.safespeed.org.uk /braking.html (4632 words)

	Braking Distance - Algebraic
		In both situations, we don't know what the braking force exerted on the truck is, but it would be a reasonable assumption that the force is the same in both situations.
		In the same way, we don't know what the mass of the truck is, but it shouldn't vary when the truck's velocity changes.
		and m are constant, then the car's stopping distance is directly proportional to the square of the starting velocity.
	www.batesville.k12.in.us /physics/PhyNet/Mechanics/Energy/braking_algebra.htm (257 words)

	Modern Racer - Driving Tips - Braking Distance
		The best braking deceleration is generally taken as 1g - the retardation due to gravity if you throw a stone into the air.
		In practice, Highway Code distances are calculated at 0.7g (43 feet from 30 mph) to allow for a gradual build-up to maximum braking.
		Braking distances increase as speed x speed - so 43 feet from 30 mph means 172 feet from 60 mph.
	www.modernracer.com /tips/brakingdistance.html (321 words)

	VCMC Forums sponsored by PDM Racing - Braking Questions
		When brakes are applied, it takes a finite amount of time for the chassis to complete the weight transfer (from the rear to the front).
		Assuming you can brake perfectly which means you can increase the pedal pressure to match the rate of weight transfer so that one set (either front or rear) of axle are just at the limit of locking up, then you are achieving the minimal braking distance (Cliff calls it threshold braking) for the given condition.
		The true advantage of an ABS system is not shorter braking distance (because it is not), the advantage is in maintaining directional stability for a less skilled driver.
	www.vcmc.ca /forum/archive/index.php/t-1510.html (2925 words)

	RS vs WRX braking distance - NASIOC
		After all, braking force is directly related to the contact area of the brake pad and rotor, among other things.
		Opie's improved braking is obviously due to the brake pads, although he believes that the rotors also help with fade resistance.
		One-pot brakes put most of the braking force in the center of one pad, whereas four-pot brakes equalize the pressure across most of the pad area.
	forums.nasioc.com /forums/showthread.php?t=86181 (2075 words)

	Motorcycle Riding Skills Series Hard Braking Tips - Sport Rider
		The line between optimum braking and lock-up is a thin one, so make it a habit to go to an empty parking lot and practice hard braking.
		Using the rear brake is useful when tightening turns, checking surface traction or settling the rear at corner entrances, but to use the rear brake exclusively in everyday situations is asking for a Volvo sandwich.
		Braking distance from 60 mph using only the rear brake was a long 289 feet.
	www.sportrider.com /ride/146_9510_motorcycle_braking_tips/index.html (513 words)

	Motorbike On-Road Brake Test - Customer Solutions - National Instruments
		The most straightforward way to determine stopping distance is to bring the motorbike to the required speed before reaching a certain predetermined marked point, and then to apply the brake from that point until the motorbike stops.
		The encoder and the accelerometer are both used to acquire the data used in calculating the braking distance.
		The braking distance is obtained by using the initial speed of the motorbike and integrating the acceleration value twice.
	sine.ni.com /csol/cds/item/vw/p/id/60/nid/124100 (1016 words)

	Momentum and Force - Makeup Lab
		The braking force is assumed to be the same for the two vehicles, independent of vehicle weight.
		Set the braking force to 500 N. Run the simulation and measure the braking distance of each vehicle with the RULER tool.
		From your expression, predict the braking distance for a speed of 100 m/s.
	www.glenbrook.k12.il.us /gbssci/Phys/makeups/momentum/u4l3.html (964 words)

	Tow Bar Finder - Wholese Blue Ox Tow Bars: We Carry The Entire Blue Ox Tow Bar Product Line
		The objective of assisted braking is to compensate for the weight of the vehicle in tow, improve control and safety, and comply with highway regulations in many areas.
		Braking Systems On the Road, Stopping Distance is a Crucial Factor.
		Some models are intended to operate independently of the driver, automatically activating the brakes of a car or trailer in response to limited presets, whereas other systems are directly influenced by the actions of the driver.
	www.towbar-finder.com /towbars/braking_systems.html (413 words)

	Braking Distance Lesson
		The data given in car magazines is usually presented at distance to stop from 60 mph.
		A graph of stopping distance vs. initial velocity is developed and students are asked to determine if the relationship is linear.
		For a given acceleration, the relationship between initial velocity and braking distance is linear.
	mvhs1.mbhs.edu /activities/physics/BrakingDistanceLesson.html (461 words)

	vtc_ebs - 2006 : Volvo Group - Global
		A number of sensors and valves monitor and regulate the braking system, making it possible for the wheel brakes and auxiliary brakes to interact within the shortest possible braking distance in all situations.
		Braking force is also distributed optimally between the tractor and trailer to maintain the best possible stability during braking, which is of considerable help not least on downhill stretches.
		If any of the wheel brakes loses braking effect relative to the others – something that may be difficult for the driver to observe – a warning signal appears in the instrument panel.
	www.volvo.com /group/global/en-gb/newsmedia/pressreleases/2006/vtc_ebs.htm (620 words)

	ABS Frequently Asked Questions
		ABS is an acronym for anti-lock braking system, one of the most significant safety advances in automotive engineering in recent decades.
		Because the braking system in a four-wheel anti-lock vehicle modulates the braking pressure and thereby prevents wheel lock on all four wheels, the driver maintains control over steering.
		Although the stopping distance with ABS is shorter under most road conditions, drivers should always keep a safe distance behind the vehicle in front of them and maintain a speed consistent with the road conditions.
	www.abs-education.org /faqs/faqindex.htm (1365 words)

	Trailer Hitches - Safety Chains & Tow Hooks by ROADMASTER
		The objective of assisted braking is to compensate for the weight of the vehicle in tow, improve control and safety, as well as providing compliance with highway regulations in many areas.
		Tests* performed on a flat stretch of dry pavement have shown that an unhitched motor home traveling at a speed of 50 mph needs an average of 132 feet of braking distance to reach a complete stop.
		Some models are intended to operate independent of the driver, automatically activating the brakes of a car or trailer in response to limited presets, whereas other systems are directly influenced by the actions of the driver.
	www.reese-hitches.com /towbars/break.html (873 words)

	Braking Distance
		Assuming that the brakes are applied with maximum force each time, the net force on the car due to its brakes will be the same each time.
		Since the change in velocity will be twice as much when the truck is initially going twice as fast, the time to stop the truck must double in order that the acceleration is the same.
		Since both the average velocity of the truck and the time to stop double, the distance to stop the truck will be
	www.batesville.k12.in.us /physics/PhyNet/Mechanics/Newton2/braking_distance.htm (184 words)

	accident reconstruction, time, distance,speed,kinematics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Braking Distance: The total distance required to stop the vehicle equals the distance covered while the driver is detecting and reacting to the situation plus the distance covered while braking.
		Braking time: Take the speed in ft/sec and devide it by the deceleration rate- about 0.7 -0.8 x 32.2 = 22- 26 ft/sec/sec.
		It is possible to compute speed changes from crush damage but the calculations are complicated and generally require a computer along with damage measurements and knowledge of the structural properties of the vehicles involved.
	www.e-z.net /~ts/motion.htm (310 words)

	Wide tires & braking
		This means that we're applying the brakes JUST to the point of braking free, then very quickly releasing them, and then very quickly reapplying them.
		In a perfect physic's laboratory world, one usually asserts that the friction force (i.e., the braking force) between two objects is a function of two things: the coefficient of friction at the interface, and the normal force.
		Well, it turns out that the coefficient of friction of rubber on asphalt is dependent upon temperature (actually, it's usually measured as a function of sliding velocity, but it ultimately is a function of the heat generated at the sliding interface).
	www.datsuns.com /Tech/tech_tires-2.htm (600 words)

	Night Driving - The Police Notebook"
		Braking Distance — how far you will travel while you are braking.
		While you may be able to see highly reflective objects for quite a distance, dark objects like common road hazards, animals on the roadway, etc. will be a BIG problem with just your low beams to help you.
		And, remember, at night, your headlights cannot follow the curves, hills, and dips in the road — there are a lot of dark/blind spots in what you can see with your headlights, high or low, at night — reduce your speed as needed.
	www.ou.edu /oupd/nightdr.htm (764 words)

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