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	South Africa Holiday: Bram Fischer (information for British Tourists in South Africa)
		Fischer's wife, Molly, was also involved in politics, being detained without trial in the state of emergency declared after the Sharpeville massacre of 1960.
		Fischer was a key member of the defence team for Nelson Mandela and others in the Treason Trial of 1956-1961.
		Bram Fischer led the defence team and it is no exaggeration to claim that the seven men finally convicted, were not sentenced to death because of the inspired defence led by Fischer.
	www.southafricaholiday.org.uk /history/le_bram_fischer.htm (925 words)

	Bram Fischer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Abram Louis Fischer, commonly known as Bram Fischer, (23 April 1908-8 May 1975) was a South African lawyer of Afrikaner descent, notable for anti-apartheid activism and for the legal defense of anti-apartheid figures, including Nelson Mandela at the Rivonia Trial.
		He came from a prominent Afrikaner family; his father was Percy Fischer, a Judge President of the Orange Free State, and his grandfather was Abraham Fischer, a prime minister of the Orange River Colony and later a member of the cabinet of the unified South Africa.
		Fischer was arrested in September 1964 and charged with the crime of membership of the SACP.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bram_Fischer (854 words)

	ZAR.co.za - Biography of Bram Fischer
		To the apartheid regime in South Africa, Bram Fischer was a traitor.
		Fischer was unable to defend himself as he was on the run from the law, so his trial was completed in his absence.
		Fischer died a few short months later, on the 8th of May. In a bizarre sequel the prisons department demanded that his ashes be returned to them after the funeral.
	zar.co.za /fischer.htm (1349 words)

	Articles On & By Gandhi
		Bram Fischer, he said, was in danger of becoming a forgotten man. And in that, I think, he was wrong.
		And so, with much agonising soul-searching, Fischer remained a member of the banned Party, with only one firm intention, that of helping to create a truly democratic society in the country, in which white and fl would be able to decide together on their communal future.
		Fischer often expressed his belief in the inevitability of the historical process: in these terms history is not an accumulation of chaotic facts and figures, but a logical development from one form of society to another.
	www.mkgandhi.org /articles/andrebrink.htm (4454 words)

	THE FIRST BRAM FISCHER MEMORIAL LECTURE
		Shortly after his arrest that led to him being sentenced to life imprisonment, Bram Fischer was asked whether his sacrifice of family and legal practice, being hunted as an outlaw and the inevitable harsh punishment that was to follow, was worth the gains of leading the underground struggle for less than a year.
		Bram wanted a better South Africa for all; a South Africa where there is not only political freedom but housing and health services, education and cultural development and a more just distribution of the wealth of the country among all of its people.
		Bram Fischer was a son of the soil.
	www.anc.org.za /ancdocs/history/mandela/1995/sp0609.html (4671 words)

	Home - Wolpe
		Fischer stated categorically that he was “a son of our soil” and that he had “no intention of avoiding political prosecution.” He swore that he would return to face the court; he believed this to be both a duty and an obligation.
		Molly Fischer was spoken of only on the occasion of their marriage; their daughters were not mentioned; and their son only mentioned on the occasion of his youthful death — and then, strangely, only in the context of the impact of his death on Walter Sisulu, an old friend of the Fischer family.
		Bram Fischer may have been a great man, but he deserves better than to be called a Great Man. Clingman’s biography presents a subtle and nuanced account of his rich, full, and human life.
	www.nu.ac.za /ccs/default.asp?11,22,5,318 (1862 words)

	[No title]
		Bram Fischer also seems to have become one of the most quoted examples of a model of commitment to the cause of liberation of all the people of South Africa by the leadership of the African National Congress (ANC), one of the greatest heroes of South African history.
		However, Bram Fischer was not merely an 'Afrikaner Revolutionary' (of the subtitle) but an Afrikaner Communist Revolutionary, a member of the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA) and, after it was banned in 1950, of the clandestinely restructured South African Communist Party (SACP), occupying leading positions in both the structures.
		Bram Fischer was indeed an Afrikaner and a South African whose life, in the words of his first biographer, Naomi Mitchinson, was "a life for Africa".
	www.hindu.com /thehindu/fline/fl1516/15160710.htm (2560 words)

	The Legal Resources Centre : Articles : BRAM FISCHER: LESSONS IN PASSION FOR THE HEREAFTER
		Bram Fisher, Afrikaner Revolutionary goes a long way to lifting the veil over the vast body of previously suppressed local history and gives back to South Africa a major figure who responds to the definition of hero, regardless of one's political persuasions.
		An editorial in the newspaper, regretting that Bram had been "a lost son who did not return", suggested that a nation that wished to retain the loyalties of its questing children would require wisdom and love to preserve the bond of affection.
		Bram Fischer, honoured and reviled, hounded and eulogized, probably one of the more controversial figures in post-war South African history, is the subject of this extensive, superbly written and polished biography by Stephen Clingman.
	www.lrc.co.za /Articles/Articles_Detail.asp?art_ID=203 (1558 words)

	Boston Globe Online / From the Archives / Books
		The life of Bram Fischer, one of the most extraordinary Afrikaners of the 20th century, is undoubtedly worthy of at least one ambitious biography, and this has been achieved admirably by Stephen Clingman.
		Written with the full cooperation and assistance of Fischer's family (primarily his daughters and his brothers), the biography is the result of a decade of research and, above all, interviews, correspondence, and a large collection of family letters.
		Bram's world was also hers.'' Arrested after nine months underground and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1966, Bram Fischer died of cancer in 1975.
	www.boston.com /globe/search/stories/books/stephen_clingman.htm (925 words)

	South African Communist Party
		Fischer was born in the Orange Free State in 1908 of a family which has lived in South Africa since the 18th century, a family honoured and revered in Afrikaner society, with a tradition of legal and public service.
		But the barrister, Bram Fischer, had been acting continuously since 1955 in a Patents case in Southern Rhodesia and had given this case the same meticulous care as the political cases, during the preceding 9 tumultuous years of South African political life.
		Fischer’s words legalised torture: when sabotage was so widely defined that the painting of a slogan on a wall could be defined as such and could be punishable by death, Brain Fischer did not delude himself that he could continue to fight the Verwoerd Government in the Courts of Law.
	www.sacp.org.za /main.php?include=docs/biography/2006/fbram.html (1983 words)

	Untitled Document
		Abram Fischer was recently removed from the Roll of Advocates on the grounds of misconduct; he had entreated bail of £5,000 and disappeared while on trial with 13 other men and women on charges under the Suppression of Communism Act.
		Bram had the knack of making each one feel that his problems were Bram's personal concern; Molly had the ability of making people feel they were doing her a favour by allowing her to help them.
		The trial proceeded with Bram among the defendants, until one morning his counsel arose to read a letter announcing that he would be absent himself from the remainder of the trial.
	www.pitzer.edu /new_african_movement/newafrre/writers/fischer/fischerQ.htm (2050 words)

	South African Judges: In Dereliction of Their Duty
		Dyzenhaus utilizes the Bram Fischer case to explain the claim of justice over fidelity to the law.
		Bram Fischer’s case can explain how a legal action can become invalid if it is in violation of one’s understanding of the rule of law.
		Dyzenhaus argues that judges during apartheid in South Africa should have used Bram Fischer’s theory of the rule of law.
	www.unc.edu /~ptutone/philosophy.htm (2464 words)

	Bram Fischer
		Abram, or Bram, Fischer was born on 23 April 1908 in the Orange Free State.
		Fischer’s political views were unconventional and he joined the Communist Party of South African (CPSA), openly participating in its activities.
		In 1974 it became known that Fischer was seriously ill with cancer and liberal newspapers and political leaders mounted an intensive campaign for his release.
	www.sahistory.org.za /pages/people/bios/fischer,b.htm (369 words)

	The Herald : News
		Johannesburg — The— daughters of Bram Fischer — political activist and former chairman of the Bar Council — will apply for their father to be reinstated to the Roll of Advocates in the Johannesburg High Court today.
		General Council of the Bar chairman Willem van der Linde said Mr Fischer’s posthumous reinstatement could be granted in terms of the Reinstatement of Enrolment of Deceased Legal Practitioners Act -- or the “Bram Fischer Bill”.
		Mr Fischer, a former Communist Party leader, was struck from the bar in 1965 for conduct “unbefitting a member of the Bar and the Society” after he skipped bail during his trial on charges of contravening the Suppression of Communism Act of 1950.
	www.theherald.co.za /herald/2003/10/16/news/n05_16102003.htm (116 words)

	Bram Fischer’s Journey
		Bram’s lawyer read a letter in which Bram announced his decision, explaining that his prime motivation for going underground was his fear that white complacency would lead to widespread bloodshed.
		Bram said he agreed, but he remained so traumatized by his wife Molly’s recent death and by the strains of living underground that he was incapable of taking steps for self-protection.
		Bram also wrote a long letter to Beyers Naude, director of the Christian Institute and a fellow Afrikaner, after reading that Naude had been prevented from giving a speech condemning apartheid.
	www.aliciapatterson.org /APF1902/Frankel/Frankel.html (1802 words)

	People's Weekly World - International notes
		Fischer, a leading SACP member, was disbarred and imprisoned by the apartheid regime.
		The SACP called Fischer’s reinstatement “a recognition of the role he played as a Communist in the struggle against apartheid.
		Fischer himself said during his trial, “Whatever labels may be attached to the 15 charges brought against me, they all arise from my having been a member of the Communist Party and from my activities as a member.
	www.pww.org /index.php/article/articleprint/4274 (748 words)

	Bram Fischer - Wikipédia
		Abram Louis Fischer, connu sous le nom de Bram Fischer, (1908-1975) était un avocat afrikaner communiste d'Afrique du Sud, un activiste anti-apartheid et défenseur de Nelson Mandela au procès de Rivonia.
		Bram Fischer est né le 23 avril 1908 dans l'État libre d'Orange.
		Son père était Percy Fischer, juge et président de tribunal dans l'État libre d'Orange et son grand-père était Abraham Fischer, premier ministre de la Colonie de la rivière Orange entre 1907 et 1910 et membre du gouvernement de Louis Botha en 1910.
	fr.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bram_Fischer (315 words)

	Vanguard Online Edition : LAW & HUMAN RIGHTS'LEGAL VIEWPOINT:- Hail to the Chief: What legacy FRA Williams?
		Bram Fischer S.C. was the second generation lawyer-son of a most privileged Boer family who chose to deploy himself in the transformation of South Africa.
		Persecuted and jailed by the Apartheid regime in South Africa, Bram Fischer died in 1975 of cancer contracted in prison.
		Mandela, Fischer, Gueye, Wade, Mokama, and Nyalali are broadly of the same generation as Chief Williams.
	www.vanguardngr.com /articles/2002/features/fe402042004.html (2453 words)

	The Herald : News
		The controversial award to Fischer, an Afrikaner communist, was a culmination of events which had divided the university into verligtes and verkramptes.
		After accepting the award, to a mixed response from the crowd, Fischer’s youngest daughter, Ilse Fischer-Wilson, said debate around the award was healthy.
		SACP deputy secretary-general Jeremy Cronin, representing the party to which Fischer was committed, said that what was really important was not just the handing over of the degree, but the debate which had preceded it.
	www.theherald.co.za /herald/2004/12/10/news/n13_10122004.htm (124 words)

	[No title]
		Bram Fischer also seems to have become one of the most quoted examples of a model of commitment to the cause of liberation of all the people of South Africa by the leadership of the African National Congress (ANC), one of the greatest heroes of South African history.
		IN his own mind Bram Fischer remained loyal and true to what he viewed as the staunch and noble anti-imperialist traditions of Afrikaner nationalism and saw his commitment to Communism not as a betrayal of his Afrikaner identity but rather as its fulfilment.
		Bram Fischer was indeed an Afrikaner and a South African whose life, in the words of his first biographer, Naomi Mitchinson, was "a life for Africa".
	www.frontlineonnet.com /fl1516/15160710.htm (2560 words)

	Hugh Lewin: Bandiet out of jail - SouthAfrica.info
		Jailed soon after under the Suppression of Communism Act, Fischer was treated even worse than the other political prisoners, presumably because, as an Afrikaner lawyer, he was considered by prison officials the worst of turncoats.
		"Fischer's Choice: A life of Bram Fischer" by Martin Meredith (Jonathan Ball) is the latest biography of the highly principled Afrikaner advocate who built underground structures for the African National Congress and the South African Communist Party while defending resistance leaders in court.
		Fischer was jailed for life and died of cancer after prison officials delayed his medical treatment.
	www.southafrica.info /ess_info/sa_glance/history/bandiet.htm (406 words)

	9 May 1966 - Bram Fischer is sentenced to life imprisonment
		Bram Fischer, the former political activist was arrested in 1964 for being a member of the illegal organisation Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA).
		Fischer was convicted of conspiring with the African National Congress (ANC) Umkonto we Sizwe to commit sabotage and v iolating the Suppression of Communism Act.
		After several appeals by his family members for his release due to ill health, Bram Fischer was finally released to the custody of his brother in Bloemfontein in March 1975
	home.intekom.com /southafricanhistoryonline/pages/chronology/thisday/1966-05-09.htm (160 words)

	SYNOPSIS - News from UMass Press
		In 1966 Fischer was himself sentenced to life imprisonment in South Africa for his political activities against the policies of apartheid.
		Fischer was born into one of the most prominent Afrikaner nationalist families, yet came to understand that to be a South African in the fullest sense he had to identify with all of South Africa’s people.
		How Bram Fischer resolved — in sacrifice of material success, easy honors, personal freedom, and finally his life — the contradictions of his situation as a white and Afrikaner is told with honesty, deep intelligence, and admirable skill worthy of the subject.
	www.umass.edu /synergy/fall98/syn_press.html (441 words)

	Kids and Communists in South Africa
		Bram Fischer was the defense attorney for the twelve men accused of treason during the Rivonia Trials, men who included Rusty Bernstein and Nelson Mandela.
		Denied medical treatment for a fractured neck femur, caused by a fall related to the cancer that was eating away his brain, Bram slipped further and further in and out of consciousness.
		Bram Fischer had three children; his son died while he was in prison.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/african_history/78808/2 (374 words)

	The Legal Resources Centre : Articles : THE EMPERORS NEW CLOTHES: BRAM FISCHER AND THE NEED FOR DISSENT
		Bram Fischer, lived a life of courage and had an instinctive will to do what he believed in; that is what set him apart from many in his generation.
		Bram argued with the man that segregation was the only means to prevent friction between different races.
		But Bram Fischer’s most flagrant breach of the law came at his own trial when he jumped bail and went underground to continue aiding in the struggle.
	www.lrc.co.za /Articles/Articles_Detail.asp?art_ID=301 (4872 words)

	SAPA - 28 Oct 97 - FISCHER FELT PERSONALLY BETRAYED BY BAR: DAUGHTER SAYS
		Former Communist Party leader Bram Fischer felt personally and professionally betrayed by his colleagues in the Johannesburg Bar Council when they applied for him to be struck from the roll, his daughter Ruth Reis told the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on Tuesday.
		Fischer was struck fromthe oll in 1965 for conduct "unbefitting a member of the Bar and the society" after he skipped bail during his trial on charges of contravening the Suppression of Communism Act.
		Ilse Fischer, relating her personal experiences as a legal practitioner who was prevented from working because a five-year banning order was slapped on her in terms of the Suppression of Communism Act, said it was a pity there was no outcry at the time these situations arose.
	www.doj.gov.za /trc/media/1997/9710/s971028j.htm (468 words)

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