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	Bramble shark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The bramble shark (Echinorhinus brucus Bonnaterre, 1788) is covered with large, thorn-like denticles, and hence the name "bramble" shark.
		Bramble sharks have a long cylindrical body covered with large protruding denticles, no anal fin, two small dorsal fins placed far on the back just before the tail, and five pairs of gill slits.
		The bramble shark is found in the Western Atlantic from Georgia to Maine, Argentina, the Eastern Atlantic from South Africa north to Norway, most of the Mediterranean, Mozambique, the Arabian Sea near Oman, the Indian Ocean of south India and Sri Lanka, the Pacific Ocean near Honshu, Japan, south Australia, and New Zealand.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bramble_shark (241 words)

	Echinorhiniformes: Bramble Sharks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Bramble sharks feed on a variety of fishes living on or near the bottom, including other sharks, elephant fish (a type of chimaera belonging to the genus Callorhinchus), hake, flatfishes, and herrings as well as crabs, octopuses, and squids.
		Note that those of the bramble shark have rounded bases and often fuse together, while those of the prickly shark are stellate with heavily-ridged spines and never fuse.
		The order-level distinction between bramble sharks and the squaloid dogfishes is made on the basis of dental, skeletal, and muscular differences and is supported by molecular evidence (Bernardi and Powers 1992).
	www.elasmo-research.org /education/shark_profiles/echinorhiniformes.htm (506 words)

	Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department: Bramble Shark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The bramble shark is primarily a deepwater, bottom-dwelling shark that are found on deeper portions of the continental shelf and upper slope.
		The body of the bramble shark is stout, soft and flabby with a cylindrical trunk.
		The bramble shark is sometimes caught by anglers as a gamefish.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/Gallery/Descript/BrambleShark/BrambleShark.html (795 words)

	Shark Glossary - The World of Sharks
		The meat of this shark is slightly toxic unless it is dried or aged and semi-putrid.
		The Portuguese shark, also known as the Portuguese dogfish shark, Centroscymnus coelolepsis, is a chocolate brown shark that is up to 3.8 feet (1.1 m) long (males and females are the same size); the average size is 3 feet (92 cm) long.
		A pup is a newly-born or newly-hatched shark.
	www.worldofsharks.net /glossary_p.htm (1093 words)

	Chondrichthyes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Examples from this group include the cow sharks, frilled shark and even a shark that looks on first inspection to be a marine snake.
		These are flattened sharks that can be distinguished from the similar appearing skates and rays by the fact that they have the gill slits along the side of the head like all other sharks.
		They are commonly referred to as the carpet sharks, including zebra sharks, nurse sharks, wobbegongs and the largest of all fishes, the whale sharks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cartilaginous_fish (1095 words)

	Shark Classification - Sharkworld
		Identification of the 380 or so different sharks is based upon the science of taxonomy, which basically divides all animals into groups, sub-groups and finally into individuals.
		Sharks are part of the phylum - Chordata, the class - Chondricthyes, which also includes rays and chimaeras (these differ from practically all other fish by having a cartilaginous skeleton).
		Sharks are separated into the eight orders shown below, according to their external appearance, i.e.
	pages.eidosnet.co.uk /~imageworld/classification.htm (302 words)

	NOVA Online \| Island of the Sharks \| Squaliformes
		Size: Some dogfish sharks reach six to eight inches and are among the smallest of living sharks; many reach between 12 and 36 in; the giants of the family, the Greenland and Pacific sleeper sharks, many reach 23 ft in length.
		Habitat: Most dogfish sharks are found on or near the bottom on temperate to tropical continental and insular slopes.
		Shark bite: Roughsharks rely on their expanded body cavities and large oily livers to attain neutral buoyancy, so they can hover and swim without needing forward motion for lift.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/sharks/world/squaliformes.html (458 words)

	National Museum of Natural History - Paleobiology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Sharks of the East Coast of Southern Africa: I. The genus Carcharhinus (Carcharhinidae).
		Morphology and striation of the shark tooth crowns.
		On the dentition of the sand shark, Odontaspis taurus, from the vicinity of Cananeia, Brazil.
	www.nmnh.si.edu /paleo/sharkteeth (5739 words)

	3.5 PROTECTION/REGULATIONS
		Many shark species are particularly vulnerable to over-exploitation due to their biological characteristic of low reproductive potential and therefore limited capacity to recover from overfishing.
		Limited knowledge of shark biology, of the size and status of their stocks, of the real volume of their captures and of their population dynamics presents serious difficulties for fishery management.
		In the 1950s the population of basking sharks was depleted off the coast of the west Ireland and there is still no sign of recovery.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/005/X3690E/x3690e0f.htm (1279 words)

	Bramble Sharks. Echinorhinidae.
		There are two species of bramble sharks in the world, the Prickly Shark, which grows to 400 cm, and Bramble Shark, growing to 260 cm.
		The Bramble Shark has a grey to brown body colour, sometimes with a purplish tinge, but with a paler belly.
		Normally denticles are very small and best seen with a magnifying glass but those of the Bramble Shark are prominent — as large as 1.5 cm across the base — and scattered all over the body in small clusters.
	www.marinethemes.com /brambleshark.html (301 words)

	4. The status of elasmobranch species
		The whale shark is one of the species used by the conservation movement as a symbol for threatened sharks, in spite of the lack of data on populations or the effects of the present level of fishing on the entire population.
		The spinner shark is a common, coastal-pelagic, warm-temperate and tropical shark of the continental and insular shelves (Compagno 1984).
		This is a small, tropical and subtropical shark that inhabits shallow coastal waters and estuaries in the western Atlantic, from the Gulf of Mexico to southern Brazil, and the eastern Pacific from the Gulf of California to Peru (Castro 1983).
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/003/X2352E/x2352e07.htm (17852 words)

	Mediterranean Shark News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		As this website describes in greater detail elsewhere, the white shark is recorded annually from the confines of the Mediterranean Sea, making their apparent scarcity on the opposite side of the Straits of Gibraltar a paradox and at the same time reaffirming the likelihood that the Mediterranean population is largely resident and somewhat isolated.
		The first dorsal fin in white sharks tends to be smaller in its base length to the basking shark; the shark in the photo has a conspicuously large and horizontally elongate first dorsal fin quite dissimilar to any I've seen in white sharks.
		Because tiger sharks are one of the species of sharks that is known to attack people, it is essential that we understand their normal behaviour and movement patterns.
	www.zoo.co.uk /~z9015043/med_news.html (11134 words)

	Sea Creatures - PuppetShopper.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Slow and sluggish, horn sharks spend their days hidden in crevices or among rocks—unseen for the most part since their coloration matches the muddy browns and greens of their surroundings.
		The fltip reef shark (or carcharhinus melanopterus) is a common reef shark with distinctive fl markings on the ends of its fins and a blunt snout.
		The fltip reef shark is widely displayed in aquariums, as it is one of the few sharks that does well in captivity.
	www.puppetshopper.com /puppetshop/seacreat.html (2901 words)

	ELASMO.COM Fossil Genera:Echinorhinus - Bramble Sharks
		The bramble is a large (to 4 meters), wide-ranging deepwater shark of cold-temperate to tropical seas.
		Fossil brambles are known only from isolated, but distinctive, teeth and denticles.
		Compagno noted that in extant bramble sharks, cusplets that are present on adult teeth are absent in juveniles.
	www.elasmo.com /genera/cenozoic/sharks/echinorhinus.html (341 words)

	Chondrichthyes:Fossil Groups: SciComms 04-05: Earth Sciences
		Lamniform sharks are generally known for their distinct tooth pattern (large triangular anterior teeth, slightly smaller intermediate teeth, large lateral teeth and very small posterior teeth).
		The Hexanchiformes (six- and sevengill sharks, 5 species) are deep-water ovoviviparous sharks (young are born alive from a thin-walled egg stored within the mother).
		The Echinorhiniformes (bramble sharks, 2 species) are another small group of deep-water viviparous sharks that inhabit temperate to tropical zones.
	palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk /Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Chondrichthyes/Modernforms/modernforms.html (1543 words)

	The Shark Gallery - Bramble shark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A fairly large, distinctive shark with no anal fin; two spineless dorsal fins, both small and equi-sized, closely-spaced towards the tail and positioned above the pelvic fins.
		Numerous large thorn-like denticles are scattered on the body, readily identifying this species and inspiring its common-name.
		Similar predatory tactics may be employed at times by the bramble shark, whose extraordinary skin texture may function as additional camouflage whilst lurking amongst the encrusted rocks and dominant algae of shallower coastal habitats.
	gerber.iwarp.com /bramble.htm (389 words)

	Abiding Dave's Science World - Sharks and Rays of North Carolina
		There have been twenty-three authenticated shark attacks in North Carolina between 1872 and 2002.
		Though most of the attacks were caused by bull sharks, three of the five attacks that occurred in 2000 were caused by fltip sharks.
		Analyzing the shark attack data also reveals that attacks occur more frequently during ebbing tides, and during full and new moon periods.
	www.science501.com /PTSharksRaysNC.html (177 words)

	Bramble Shark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A stout shark with a relatively short snout.
		A rare, large, sluggish, deepwater shark found on continental and insular shelves and upper slopes.
		Feeds on smaller sharks, bony fishes, and crabs.
	www.bluemarlin3.com /photoalbums-bluemarlin-biggame-marlinfishing-grancanaria/species/Brambleshark--.html (143 words)

	Bramble shark
		21), are the most conspicuous field marks separating this shark from the Greenland shark.
		Brucus also differs from the latter in that the teeth are alike in the two jaws, instead of unlike, and that the skin of its back and sides is sparsely strewn with large scales with either one or two sharp points.
		Eastern Atlantic (including the Mediterranean) from tropical West Africa to Ireland and the North Sea, and accidental in the western Atlantic; represented in South Africa; off California; in the Hawaiian, Japanese, and Australo-New Zealand regions, and in Arabian waters by forms that probably cannot be distinguished from brucus of the Atlantic.
	www.gma.org /fogm/Echinorhinus_brucus.htm (235 words)

	SHARK TAXONOMY
		Elasmodiver is an image database of sharks, skates, rays, and chimaera's from around the world.
		There are now more than a thousand shark pictures and sections on shark evolution, biology, and conservation.
		There is a large library of reviewed shark books, a constantly outdated shark taxonomy page, a monster list of shark links, and deeper in the site there are numerous articles and stories about shark encounters.
	www.elasmodiver.com /elasmobranch_taxonomy.htm (475 words)

	Sea Creatures - The Puppet Gallery
		These large sharks average over 500 pounds but can weigh as much as 1,000 pounds.
		The biggest great white shark on record was 23 feet long, weighing about 7,000 pounds.
		Shark pups can be over 5 feet long at birth.
	puppetgallery.com /gallery/seacreat.html (2898 words)

	NMA - Libraries
		What do sharks have along their bodies that allows them to feel ripples in the water from any struggling animal or person?
		I know that sharks have cartilage instead of bone.
		What is the scientific name for Shortfin Mako Sharks.
	www.national-aquarium.co.uk /databases/FAQsLibrary/index.asp?FAQCategoryID=14&FAQID=48&SearchText= (601 words)

	Other Fossil Shark Teeth
		A GEM pathologic Carcharinus obscurus tooth (Dusky shark) with a severely distorted cutting edge.
		This is a beautiful example of the rare Bramble shark.
		These spines are one of the few parts of the shark specimens other than teeth that fossilize and are rare.
	www.buriedtreasurefossils.com /other_shark_teeth.htm (417 words)

	Faunal Listing of Mediterranean Sharks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Fergusson, I.K. An Annotated Checklist of Sharks Frequenting the Mediterranean Sea.
		In: Proceedings of the 2nd European Shark and Ray Workshop, British Museum (Natural History), 1994.
		Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824).Blacktip reef shark.
	www.zoo.co.uk /~z9015043/mediterranean-list.html (89 words)

	Interaktive Phylogenetic Tree of Sharks -> Family "Bramble sharks"
		Bramble sharks represent a very small family consisting of one genus and 2 species.
		Although bramble sharks resemble ancient sharks they possess 5 pairs of gill slits, where the 5th one is expanded in width.
		Typical species of the family of "Bramble sharks":
	www.shark.ch /Database/PhylogeneticTree/sh_fam.html?fam=5000 (146 words)

	Wildlifeonline - Checklist of UK Elasmobranch Species
		That which follows is a list of sharks and rays that have been caught in UK territorial waters (e.g.
		The list makes no assumptions about residency of any of the listed species, nor does it suggest that all these sharks and rays can still be found in our waters.
		References used in the composition of this list include Philip Vas’ book Sharks of British Coastal Waters (1991), the Collins Pocket Guide to Fish of Britain and Europe by Peter Miller and Michael Loates (1997) and Leonard Compagno’s Sharks of the World (1984) with amendments made according to his 2001 and 2005 revisions.
	www.wildlifeonline.me.uk /uk_elasmobranch.html (291 words)

	List of Sharks
		A rare peculiar and poorly understood deep water shark.
		Although most hammerhead are harmless the great hammerhead is an exception and has attacked on occasion.
		These reef sharks have been attracted by the scent of their prey.
	greenfield.fortunecity.com /shell/427/ocean/inshark3.html (166 words)

	Buena Vista Museum Of Natural History - SHARKS BUILT FOR THE JOB
		There are about 900 species of sharks, rays, skates and a few intermediate groups vs. 40,000 bony fish (teleosts).
		Only a few fish eat sharks, but sharks eat almost all kinds of bony fish.
		Sharks have been finding, catching and eating, and doing it well, for a long time.
	www.sharktoothhill.com /sharks.html (637 words)

	IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Echinorhinus brucus
		Marine, living on or near the seafloor (as far as is known), on the upper and middle continental slope, mainly in 400¿900 m (based on relatively few captures) but has also been taken in shallower water.
		Considered a sluggish shark, but may be capable of short rushes to capture prey (fishes, crustaceans).
		Silas, E.G. and Selvaraj, G.S.D. Descriptions of the adult and embryo of the bramble shark Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre) obtained from the continental slope of India.
	www.iucnredlist.org /search/details.php/41801/all (607 words)

	Species Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The bramble shark Echinorhinus brucus has thorn-like denticles on body which are very large (single denticles up to about 15mm in basal diameter in adults), sparse irregularly distributed and thorn-like with smooth basal margins, some bases fused into compound plates.
		A rare (Ref. 26346), large, sluggish, deepwater shark found on continental and insular shelves and upper slopes (Ref. 247).
		Feeds on smaller sharks, bony fishes, and crabs (Ref. 247).
	www.fishbase.org /Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?ID=641&genusname=Echinorhinus&speciesname=brucus (354 words)

	Other Sharks - Catalog #2
		This catalog contains beautiful teeth from a rare Bramble shark species, Echinorhinus brucus.
		One of the few shark remains that will occasionally fossilize.
		Shark vertebrae are scarce to say the least.
	www.buriedtreasurefossils.com /Peru_Other_Sharks2.htm (439 words)

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