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Topic: Branchial pouch

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	I. Embryology. 12. The Branchial Region. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		The Branchial or Visceral Arches and Pharyngeal Pouches.
		From the first branchial groove the concha auriculæ and external acoustic meatus are developed, while around the groove there appear, on the mandibular and hyoid arches, a number of swellings from which the auricula or pinna is formed.
		The first pharyngeal pouch is prolonged dorsally to form the auditory tube and the tympanic cavity; the closing membrane between the mandibular and hyoid arches is invaded by mesoderm, and forms the tympanic membrane.
	www.bartleby.com /107/13.html (2206 words)

	Branchial arch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the development of vertebrate animals, the branchial arches (or pharyngeal arches) develop during the fourth and fifth week in utero as a series of mesodermal outpouchings on the left and right sides of the developing pharynx.
		Pharyngeal or branchial pouches form on the endodermal side between the arches, and pharyngeal grooves (or clefts) form from the lateral ectodermal surface of the neck region to separate the arches.
		This is the only pouch in which the endoderm and ectoderm remain close together, as the tympanic membrane.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Branchial_arch (465 words)

	Congenital Neck Masses (June 1997)
		The branchial arches are numbered in a cranial to caudal fashion; however, the fifth branchial arch does not appear on the surface of the apparatus and is called the sixth arch.
		Several structures are derived from the branchial clefts (ectoderm), the branchial arches (mesoderm), and the branchial pouches (endoderm).
		The type I first branchial cleft anomaly is ectodermal in origin and is considered to be a duplication of the external auditory canal, while the type II anomalies are considered to be duplication errors of the membranous external auditory canal and the pinna that contain ectodermal elements (skin) and mesodermal elements (cartilage).
	www.utmb.edu /otoref/Grnds/congen.htm (5257 words)

	Branchial Cleft Cysts
		Branchial clefts 2, 3, and 4 fuse into one structure referred to as the cervical sinus (of His) created by downward growth of the overlapping second arch's ventral pole.
		This leftsideness is probably due to the asymmetry of transformation of the fourth branchial arch to form the aorta and innominate arteries.
		In the Mayo Clinic series of 283 branchial remnant resections, the recurrence rate was 21% when there was a history of surgery and 14% when there was a history of infection, compared with a recurrence of 3% for cases with no history of surgery or infection.
	www.bcm.edu /oto/grand/71097.html (3831 words)

	[No title]
		The branchial arches are visible in the human embryo between the stomodeum and cardiac prominence anterior to the rhombencephalic vesicle.
		The superior pair of parathyroids form from the 4th pouch and are embedded in the thyroid at a superior position.The principal cells of the parathyroid synthesize parathorhome (as early as the embryonic period) which regulates fetal calcium metabolism.
		The intrinsic musculature is derived from the occipital myotomes not from the branchial arches.
	kumc.edu /research/medicine/pharmacology/CAI/webCAI/anatomy/em11.wbc (1653 words)

	Medcyclopaedia - Branchial apparatus
		The first branchial cleft persists as the epithelium of the external auditory canal; the other branchial clefts are obliterated as the sinus of His disappears.
		Anomalies of the branchial complex are vestigial remnants, resulting from incomplete obliteration of the branchial apparatus or buried epithelial cell rests.
		A second branchial cyst must lie somewhere along this path; the most common location is anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, displacing the carotid vessels medially and the submandibular gland anteriorly (Fig.2).
	www.medcyclopaedia.com /library/topics/volume_vi_2/b/BRANCHIAL_APPARATUS.aspx (553 words)

	Pharyngeal pouch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A pharyngeal pouch is a pulsion diverticulum of the pharyngeal mucosa through Killian's dehiscence.
		Killian's dehiscence (also known as Killian's triangle) is a triangular area in the wall of the pharynx between the inferior constrictor muscle and the cricopharyngeus muscle.
		At first, the pouch develops posteriorly but then it protrudes to one side, usually the left.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pharyngeal_pouch (195 words)

	[No title]
		Branchial (pharyngeal) pouches are formed as paired evaginations of the pharyngeal endoderm, which penetrate the head mesoderm and separate the branchial arches.
		Branchial membranes represent the fusion of pharyngeal pouch endoderm and cleft ectoderm.
		During the 4th and 5th weeks, the major developments in the pharyngeal region are the formation of the tongue and the foramen cecum, and the morphogenesis of the palate separating the nasal and oral cavities.
	www.cellbio.emory.edu /courses/medi510/Lecture14.doc (2111 words)

	[No title]
		Clinically, first branchial arch anomalies are usually located on a triangular area between external auditory canal, the tip of the chin and the hyoid bone (Fig.
		Fourth branchial pouch anomalies theoretically correspond to the persistence of the pharyngo-branchialis duct.
		Third pouch fistulas end in the upper part of the pyriform sinus and go down, crossing over the superior laryngeal nerve while fourth branchial pouch anomalies fistula end at the apex of the pyriform sinus and go to the thyroid area crossing under the superior laryngeal nerve [5].
	www.bapo.org.uk /8th_ESPO/data/html/2725.htm (1630 words)

	[No title]
		A branchial anomaly, also known as a lateral cervical anomaly, is a congenital developmental defect that arises from the primitive branchial apparatus.
		Most widely accepted is the branchial hypothesis which attributes the formation of the branchial anomalies to the incomplete closure of branchial clefts and pouches or failure of obliteration of the cervical sinus of His.
		Fistulas result from remnants of both the pouch and cleft with rupture of their interposed branchial plate, and cysts are formed from entrapped remnants of either branchial clefts or pouches without complete sinus tracts.
	www.bcm.edu /oto/grand/21193.html (2337 words)

	[No title]
		The ectoderm over the ventral parts of the branchial arches, the maxillary processes and the area of the future fourth arch is thickened and contributes to a thinkened ring of ectoderm that is developing around the embryo.
		The fourth branchial pouch is continuous ventrally with a contentious ‘fifth pouch’-considered the primordium of the ultimobranchial body or lateral thyroid.
		According to Yokoh Y., (1968) the 3rd and 4th branchial pouches have detached from the pharynx forming the ultimobranchial bodies, parathyroids and thymus glands.
	www.ana.ed.ac.uk /anatomy/database/humat/notes/embryo/branchi.htm (2431 words)

	TheFetus.net - Cervical chondrocutaneous branchial remnants -Zimmer EZ MD
		Four pairs of branchial arches develop in the fourth gestational week as ridges on the lateral cervico-facial area.
		Cervical chondrocutaneous branchial remnants are usually embedded in the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and appear as skin tags.
		Seventeen were true chondrocutaneous branchial remnants and 3 were skin tags associated with a thyroglossal duct.
	www.thefetus.net /page.php?id=1131 (314 words)

	eMedicine - Branchial Cleft Cysts : Article Excerpt by: Barton F Branstetter IV, MD
		Pathophysiology: The pathophysiology of branchial cleft cysts is controversial.
		Branchial anomalies such as sinuses and fistulas are usually diagnosed during infancy.
		The thinner regions between the arches are termed clefts (on the outside of the fetus) and pouches (on the inside of the fetus) (see Image 1).
	www.emedicine.com /radio/byname/branchial-cleft-cysts.htm (606 words)

	Craniofacial region
		(note: the groove and pouch of a certain number lie together at the same level, the groove is an invagination of the epithelia from the outside of the embryo and the pouch is an evagination of the endoderm from the pharynx on the inside of the embryo).
		After the third branchial arch in humans all of the rest of the branchial grooves are compressed into a single large groove called the CERVICAL SINUS.
		In other words the pouches and grooves are apposed to each other and the point of their contact is the Closing Plate.
	umed.med.utah.edu /MS1/embryo/study/embryo11.4.html (1664 words)

	ANNALS Nov2001: COMPLETE BRANCHIAL FISTULA. CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Lesions of the second branchial pouch commonly present as a neck lump or discharging sinus that may be complicated by infection.
		Branchial fistulas often present as a discharging sinus in the neck with the fistula tract extending upward within the deep neck tissue for a variable distance.
		A complete branchial fistula is one that has a defined internal opening in the tonsillar area and an external opening at the skin overlying the sternocleidomastoid muscle at the junction of the upper two thirds and the lower one third of the muscle.
	www.annals.com /abs/annals890.htm (199 words)

	XI. Splanchnology. 4c. The Thymus. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		Additional portions of thymus tissue are sometimes developed from the fourth branchial pouches.
		They are the remains of the epithelial tubes which grow out from the third branchial pouches of the embryo to form the thymus.
		Each follicle is surrounded by a vascular plexus, from which vessels pass into the interior, and radiate from the periphery toward the center, forming a second zone just within the margin of the medullary portion.
	bartleby.com /107/274.html (991 words)

	eMedicine - Branchial Cleft Cysts : Article by Barton F Branstetter IV, MD
		A third branchial fistula extends from the same skin location as a second branchial fistula (recall that the clefts merge during development); however, a third branchial fistula courses posterior to the carotid arteries and pierces the thyrohyoid membrane to enter the larynx.
		A fourth branchial fistula arises from the lateral neck and parallels the course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (around the aorta on the left and around the subclavian artery on the right), terminating in the pyriform sinus; therefore, fourth branchial cleft cysts arise in various locations, including the mediastinum.
		Fourth branchial cleft cysts, which are exceedingly rare, may be located in the larynx, in the mediastinum, or along the course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
	www.emedicine.com /RADIO/topic107.htm (2417 words)

	Branchail Cleft Anomalies
		The second pouch gives rise to the palatine tonsil, the third pouch gives rise to the thymus and the inferior parathyroid gland which migrate inferiorly; the thymus ultimately to rest in the thorax and the inferior parathyroid to rest in the inferior pole of the thyroid gland.
		Branchial cleft cysts are usually smooth, round, nontender masses located along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle anywhere from the tragus to the clavicle.
		Branchial cleft cysts histologically are lined with stratified squamous epithelium in 90% of the cases.
	www.bcm.edu /oto/grand/02_07_02.htm (3608 words)

	Indian Pediatrics - Editorial
		Goldenhar syndrome is a defect of the structure arising from first and second branchial arches, the first branchial pouch, the first branchial cleft and the primordia of the temporal bone.
		The thyroid gland originates as an epithelial proliferation in the floor of the pharynx at the point of foramen caecum which is at the junction of the anterior two thirds and posterior one third of the tongue.
		As Goldenhar syndrome is a malformation sequence of these branchial arches and pouches, embyro-logically it makes sense that Goldenhar syndrome may be associated with thyroid agenesis and hence thyroid agenesis could be a part of the same sequence that leads to Goldenhar syndrome.
	www.indianpediatrics.net /dec2001/dec-1419-1421.htm (729 words)

	Neck Infection Associated with Pyriform Sinus Fistula: Imaging Findings -- Park et al. 21 (5): 817 -- American Journal ...
		Bar-Ziv J, Slasky BS, Sichel JY, Lieberman A, Kats R. Branchial pouch sinus tract from the piriform fossa causing acute suppurative thyroiditis, neck abscess, or both: CT appearance and the use of air as a contrast agent.
		Pouches of the pharynx and esophagus with special reference to the embryological and morphological aspects.
		Congenital anomalies of the branchial apparatus: embryology and pathologic anatomy.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/21/5/817 (2991 words)

	Hemifacial Microsomia in Pediatric Patients: Asymmetric Abnormal Development of the First and Second Branchial Arches ...
		First branchial arch (I) begins to form at approximately day 22 of gestation; second (II) and third (III) arches, at day 24 of gestation; and fourth (IV) and sixth (VI) arches, at day 29 of gestation.
		Muscle anlage of first branchial arch gives rise to muscles required for mastication—temporal (T), masseter (M), medial and lateral pterygoids (P)—and to anterior belly of digastric muscle (ABD), tensor tympani muscle (TT), mylohyoid muscle (MH), and tensor muscle of velum palatinum.
		Muscle anlage of second branchial arch gives rise to muscles of facial expression including orbicular muscle of mouth (OM) and of eye (OE), nasal muscle (N), levator muscle of upper lip, greater and lesser zygomatic muscles, buccinator muscle (B), auricular muscles (A), and occipitofrontal muscle (OF).
	www.ajronline.org /cgi/content/figsonly/178/6/1523 (1704 words)

	JNM -- Mariani et al. 44 (9): 1443 Figure 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Diagrammatic representation of routes of descent of thymus, parathyroid glands, and "last branchial body" during fetal life.
		Parathyroid glands originating more cranially in third branchial pouch migrate in close association with thymus to reach final position more caudally with respect to parathyroid glands originating in fourth branchial pouch.
		Final location of last branchial body is intimately embedded in thyroid gland, to constitute parafollicular C-cells producing calcitonin.
	jnm.snmjournals.org /cgi/content-nw/full/44/9/1443/F1 (84 words)

	AUB-Surgery
		The inferior parathyroid glands (III) arise from the third branchial pouch and migrate caudally with the thymus gland.
		The superior parathyroid glands (IV) arise from the dorsal portion of the fourth branchial pouch and migrate a lesser distance together with the thyroid" (2).
		In 99% of cases, the superior parathyroids are located either behind the upper lobes of the thyroid gland or adjacent to the cricoid cartilage.
	www.aub.edu.lb /~websurgp/sc01.html (599 words)

	aarogya.com "The Wellness Site" Conditions & Concerns - Specialities - Endocrinology
		Technically speaking, the four parathyroids arise from the third and forth branchial pouches.
		The lower 2 parathyroids come from the third brachial pouch which is also responsible for producing the thymus gland (not thyroid) which is important for the development of a normal immune system.
		The upper 2 parathyroids come from the fourth branchial pouch which also produces the thyroid gland.
	www.aarogya.com /conditions/specialties/endocrinology/parathyroid.asp (355 words)

	SETTLE - Spindle Epithelial Tumor with Thymus-Like Differentiation
		is a very rare tumor of the thyroid believed to be derived from branchial pouch or thymic remnants and showing primitive thymic differentiation.
		Branchial clefts are the openings between the branchial arches through which water passes
		The thyroid gland develops from cells, which originate mainly from the 3rd branchial pouch, a limited number of cells derive from the 4th branchial pouch.
	www.rare-cancer.org /settle/what.html (758 words)

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