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Topic: Branching (linguistics)

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	Linguistics Department Long-Range Plan
		Linguistics at UCSC is a relatively small department with a focus in theoretical linguistics.
		Linguistics currently has 25 graduate students, and our goal is to increase this number by 50% by the end of the decade to a total of approximately 37 students, as shown in the planning chart.
		Linguistics majors satisfy the requirement by achieving a level of language competence equivalent to six quarters of language study at UCSC (three quarters for Latin or Greek) or by demonstrating an equivalent level of competency through a recognized language test or evidence of credit from another institution.
	humwww.ucsc.edu /deansoffice/ten_year_plans/dep-files/Ling-10year.html (3992 words)

	langbrain: Phases of Investigation
		Analytical linguistics, which analyzes spoken and written discourse, is a necessary precursor to the development of neurocognitive linguistics.
		The entire linguistic structure (a cognitive structure in the typical person) is thus seen as a relational network.
		But this linguistic system, if the various semological subsystems are included, has no boundaries to set if off from the rest of the cognitive system, since the semological systems (of which there are several) cover information of all the kinds we can be aware of and talk about.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~lngbrain/phases.htm (1266 words)

	Call for Papers
		Branching Out aims to create academic community among undergraduates by allowing them to present their original independent work to each other.
		We also hope to create a dialogue in the field of Diasporic Studies which, for our purposes, is defined as the studying of issues relating to movements of ethnic, cultural, gender, national and/or religious ideas or groups across geographic or temporal boundaries.
		Please note that these are simply suggestions and are barely a representation of the varied work we hope this conference will present.
	web.princeton.edu /sites/BranchingOut/CallForPapers.htm (308 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.1876: New: Re 'Celtic Found to Have Ancient Roots'
		Wave theory is an alternative to binary branching, in which innovations spread out from any number of different centers, producing a dialect continuum, rather than a tree-like arrangement with sharply distinct varieties.
		Linguistics cannot be done in terms of subjective notions of similarity.
		The dating The authors claim to be able to assign moderately reliable absolute dates to branching events in their tree, and they do this, producing the astoundingly early dates given earlier.
	linguistlist.org /issues/14/14-1876.html (3278 words)

	Dr. Broadwell's Research
		Branching consistency as a constraint on Zapotec syntax.
		It gives a nice overview of prominent phonological, morphological, and syntactic properties of the language, and is intended for a general linguist with no special knowledge of Muskogean or Native American languages.
		This is an unpublished manuscript which surveys tone in Macuiltianguis Zapotec verbs, focussing on the interaction between a floating H tone associated with the 1st person singular and other H tones in the language.
	www.albany.edu /anthro/fac/broadwell/research.htm (811 words)

	LINGUIST List 9.431: State of Comparative Linguistics
		Yet Doerfer's explicit position is a major threat to >classificatory linguistics and perhaps to comparative linguistics as >a whole: namely, he claims that related languages must have cognate >numerals between 2 and 5 and a set of cognate basic body part terms.
		Such difficulty does not constitute a demonstration that there is anything wrong with the genetic classification of the family, only with the tree concept of diversification (as opposed, say, to areal diffusion from different centers of innovation leading to crossed isoglosses of great historical importance, which lead to ambiguities for the bifurcating tree concept).
		Finally, AMR reported a bizarre episode in which one linguist, Doerfer I think, laid down as a criterion that languages were not to be considered genetically related if they did not maintain cognate numbers for 1-5.
	www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/9/9-431.html (2066 words)

	Scientific American: Draining the Language out of Color (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In sifting through the color terms of the world's far-flung languages, Berlin and Kay were reacting to ambitious statements, amplifying Whorf's, in many standard linguistics textbooks, that chose color as "the hard case, the locus classicus, of relativity," Kay says.
		Although linguistic relativity does not apply to the naming of colors, Kay explains, there is no reason to rule it out in the naming of other domains--size, sharpness, degree of consanguinity or whatever.
		Kay concludes that linguistic relativists may be correct that the languages people speak mold their thoughts.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=00055EE3-4530-1052-853083414B7F0000 (1314 words)

	Linguistics 106, Coference and non-coreference
		However, at the moment, we are interested in the expression of referential dependency between individuals, and it is entire noun phrases, not isolated words, that refer to individuals.
		This sentence is grammatical with the given interpretation because in this case as well, (the NP that contains) Susanna doesn't c-command (the NP that contains) her.
		The reason is that the first branching node that dominates (the NP that contains) Susanna is V', which doesn't contain (the NP that contains) herself.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /courses/Fall_1997/ling106/notes-coreference.html (1972 words)

	UPenn Linguistics: Computational Linguistics
		Computational linguistics is a field at the intersection of linguistics and computer science concerned with applying methods from the fields of artificial intelligence and machine learning to problems involving language.
		Computational linguistics is exceptionally well represented at Penn, both at the Department of Linguistics and at the Department of Computer and Information Science.
		Weekly meetings, such as "Clunch" (computational linguistics and lunch) and XTAG, for ongoing work in tree adjoining grammar, as well as the Institute for Research in Cognitive Science, provide students and faculty the opportunity to work together and exchange ideas on current research topics.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /research/computational.html (448 words)

	INTRA - Interactive Tutorial on Rhythm Analysis - 3.2 - Some Prosodic Rules
		Adopted from GENERATIVE LINGUISTICS, especially the work of Liberman (1975) and Kiparsky (1977), trees can be used to represent not only the stress of individual words but their relationship with one another in phrases and among larger units of the poem.
		Likewise, all intermediate levels of branching must be connected in pairwise fashion until the single "root" (the topmost R) is reached, which signals that the linguistic material under analysis has been exhausted.
		To show you an example of how the rules for assigning s's and w's and their tree branches matter, it helps to consider a unit larger than a single word, for example, the phrase, "the poem." Here are the steps in its analysis.
	academic.reed.edu /english/intra/3.2.html (990 words)

	LINGUIST List 9.412: State of Comparative Linguistics
		of Near Eastern Studies or the like, not of > linguistics) are very largely hostile to both reconstruction and > classification of languages, and that students of the subject are > discouraged from pursuing such topics or acepting the validity of > such obvious constructs as Proto-Semitic or the Afro-Asiatic > language family.
		Yet Doerfer's explicit position > is a major threat to classificatory linguistics and perhaps to > comparative linguistics as a whole: namely, he claims that related > languages must have cognate numerals between 2 and 5 and a set of > cognate basic body part terms.
		The question of branching he alludes to has to do with the interal structure of this family, much as Indo-Europeanists keep debating teh branching of IE without ANYONE taking this to mean that Indo-European itself is invalid.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/9/9-412.html (908 words)

	Victor Yngve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This work led to the gradual realization that linguistic theory was not advanced enough as a science.
		An early computer program to produce English sentences to order led to the "depth hypothesis," that syntactic tree structures are restricted in their left branching but unrestricted in their right branching and that this might be caused by language becoming adapted through historical processes to the limited temporary memory of the human brain.
		The result of several decades of research has led to the laying of new foundations for general linguistics that I think overcome most or all of its problems stemming from ancient Aristotelian and Stoic semiotic theory and the philosophical and grammatical traditions that have been unquestioningly accepted in modern linguistics.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /depts/linguistics/faculty/yngve.html (445 words)

	Contrastive Analysis and Creative Construction
		These structural linguistic patterns were considered to be the set of habits that characterized a given language.
		The application of structuralist linguistics to the study of language learning occurred in the form of contrastive analysis.
		Left branching is an excellent predictor of avoidance of relativization in a right branching language.
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~sngynan/TESL410/teslec5.html (3821 words)

	Evolutionary Trees in Systematics and Comparative Philology
		Linguistics and Evolutionary Theory: Three Essays by August Schleicher, Ernst Haeckel, and William Bleek, with an Introduction by J. Peter Maher.
		Studies in the History of Linguistics: Traditions and Paradigms.
		Toward a historiography of linguistics: 19th and 20th century paradigms.
	rjohara.net /darwin/files/tree-thinking.html (2009 words)

	Latin at the End of the Imperial Age
		The transformation occurred very slowly, and, in order to understand this development, it is necessary to begin with the linguistic situation before the fall of the empire.
		The emperor, who was called dominus, was all-powerful, his ministers comprised the consistorium sacrum, the functionaries of the court received the title comites, "companions of the lord, counts." The emperors imposed on society a caste system according to which all were linked to a certain profession and a certain social class.
		There are still several linguistic changes which deserve mention, but as we will have occasion to discuss them later, we will stop here.
	www.orbilat.com /Languages/Latin_Medieval/Dag_Norberg/01.html (5009 words)

	[No title]
		Past-circ-dirt-by the child the clothes-their the mud ‘The mud was being used by the children to dirty their clothes.’ where presumably what is being referred to here is ‘some mud’ with a quantifier kind of reading on the grammatical subject.
		Conclusions The main purpose of this paper was to use the Principle of Binary Branching from Kayne (1981) in conjunction with the concept of Small Clause —initially in addition to basic principles proposed in Chomsky (1981, 1982 and 1986b)-- to account for the distribution of null subjects in Malagasy.
		Appendix A Such linguists working on Malagasy propose a ‘raising’ analysis whereby the subject of the embedded clause is raised into the matrix clause.
	folk.uio.no /janengh/gassisk/BinaryBranchingandNull1.doc (8292 words)

	Donna Mydlarski - Issues....
		While linguistic computing continues to explore this fascinating field (Sinyor, 1996), especially in the syntactical analysis of texts, it finds itself constantly stymied by ill-formed or creative input, and is efficient only at the minimal clause level.
		Until computational linguistics is able to codify interlanguage (for every first and second language) and set up a fairly stable and predictable “ill-formed grammar” for the parser to compare with standard grammar, parsing will have little to offer the language teacher.
		A task-oriented and exploratory approch to branching can be seen in programs like the interactive narrative, A la rencontre de Philippe (Furstenberg, 1988) where students influence the outcome of the story at several branch points.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~mydlarsk/dmissues.htm (2572 words)

	eHistLing - Pre English
		In the 1870s the methodology of comparative linguistics finally was tightened by a group of scholars from the university of Leipzig, who called themselves Neogrammarians (Junggrammatiker).
		Each branching of the language family tree is characterized by a distinct sound law.
		Whereas comparative linguistics offers evidence of the different human communities and of their relatedness, archeology provides relicts about their living, culture and skills.
	www.ehistling-pub.meotod.de /01_lec01.php (844 words)

	Genetic Distance and Language Affinities
		What is coincidental and what is evidence of affinity becomes a mathematical question, and many of the theorists may be unsophisticated enough in statistics to be unable to distinguish between the random similarities that can be expected and the systematic similarities that are evidence of common origins.
		The linguistics charts can also be taken as reasonably accurate for everything except the groupings, especially the higher order ones, that are marked with question marks.
		The alternative characterization of the branches of the Semitic languages as "north peripheral," "north central," "south central," and "south peripheral" derives from Winfred P. Lehmann, Historical Linguistics [Routledge, 1992, 1997, p.84].
	www.friesian.com /trees.htm (3758 words)

	Syntax for Artificial Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		(Linguists would say that modifiers follow their _heads_ in VSO languages.) For SOV languages, the principle applies just as rigorously, but in the opposite direction; i.e., modifiers and arguments almost always PRECEDE the words they modify, and the equivalent of prepositions (called _postpositions_) are preceded by the noun phrases they govern.
		Originally, it had been my intent to provide a brief description of a few of the most widely used linguistic formalisms, and to show how they could be applied to the description of an artificial language.
		In fact, some linguists are have proposed theories that describe morphology as if it were essentially an extension of syntax.
	www.eskimo.com /~ram/syntax.html (9557 words)

	Semantics: Contents
		Janet Fodor and Ivan Sag, 'Referential and Quantificational Indefinites', Linguistics and Philosophy, 5, 1982, pp.
		Dorit Abusch, 'Sequence of Tense, Intensionality and Scope', in Proceedings of the West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL), 7, 1988, pp.
		Toshiyuki Ogihara, 'Adverbs of Quantification and Sequence of Tense Phenomena', in Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT), 4, (Ithaca, NY: CLC Publications, Cornell University, 1994), pp.
	people.cohums.ohio-state.edu /gutierrezrexach1/papers/SemCC_TC.htm (2297 words)

	Logical Form - The MIT Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Its main assumption is that this is a level of phrase structure representation, derived by transformational operations from S-structure, and over which formal semantic interpretations are defined.
		Among the topics discussed are the interactions of wh and quantified phrases, bound variable anaphora, branching quantifiers, extraposition and multiple interrogation.
		Robert May is Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Science, Linguistics, and Philosophy at the University of California, Irvine.
	mitpress.mit.edu /catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=4202 (199 words)

	LINGUIST List 5.234: Quantifiers
		The only motivation for branching quantifiers with which I'm familiar (and I also asked Jon Barwise, albeit he was responding off the top of his head at a conference) involves the sentences above which Heim et al.
		And by the way, Davies does respond to Kempson and Cormack (1981: Linguistics and Philosophy), who as far as I can understand Davies' portrayal of KandC and your portrayal of your own arguments, are making similar points, and Davies also cites Tennant (Linguistics and Philosophy 1981) as responding to KandC's claims.
		At this point in time, I'd also say that your argument is fairly irrelevant, given the analyses of Heim et al., which can be easily transferred from GB to your favorite syntactic theory.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/5/5-234.html (789 words)

	Philippe Schlenker's UCLA Homepage
		Abstract: In the influential tradition of quantified modal logic, it was assumed that significantly different linguistic systems underlie reference to individuals, to times and to possible situations or 'possible worlds'.
		Recent results from formal semantics suggest that this is not so, and that there is in fact a pervasive symmetry between the linguistic means with which we refer to all three domains.
		Due to empirical and methodological difficulties, the issue was left unresolved in the linguistic literature.
	www.linguistics.ucla.edu /people/schlenker/index.html (4166 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| Recursive Worlds \| July 22, 2001
		From the branching of rivers and blood vessels, to the highly convoluted surface of brains and bark, the physical world contains intricate patterns formed from simple shapes through the recursive application of dynamic procedures.
		Other linguistic recursive definitions include "a wolf pack is two wolves or a wolf pack together with a wolf," or more simple constructs such as "art is art," "a dog is a dog," or even "a dog is not a dog." Sometimes the term "self-referential" is used when referring to these constructs.
		The branching patterns are thought to be the result of the simplest of growth algorithms: The steps repeat the previous ones on smaller and smaller scales.
	www.ddj.com /184409067?pgno=14 (3012 words)

	dolls
		Recent advances in theoretical linguistics indicate that the basic pattern is universal and extremely simple.
		One of the major attractions of linguistics is that we seem to be able to reduce a multitude of seemingly different box patterns to the simple pattern given here.
		Apart from its fundamental left-right asymmetry (blue-beige), the patterns as shown are also symmetrical: linearly speaking, we see a sequence of the same patterns along the left-right axis (as illustrated at the bottom of this page).
	odur.let.rug.nl /~koster/dolls.htm (1151 words)

	Provine, Laughter
		Human beings evolved their characteristic laughter after branching from an ancestor in common with chimpanzees (estimated to be around six million years ago, according to DNA hybridization data).
		It is noteworthy that chimpanzee laughter occurs almost exclusively during physical contact, or during the threat of such contact, during chasing games, wrestling or tickling.
		These gender differences in the pattern of laughter are at least as strong as those noted for speech by the linguist Deborah Tannen of Georgetown University.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /Abstracts/Provine_96.html (3914 words)

	The Metaphysics of Meaning, by Jerrold J. Katz
		This is contrary to the assumptions of Frege's Begriffsschrift approach to logic, which identified atomic syntactic with atomic semantic elements, and upon which Russell, Wittgenstein, and most representations of symbolic logic are based.
		The idea even occurs in sophisticated linguistics that symbolic logic may be used as a sufficient "semantic representation" of natural languages.
		We postulate that the sense of the syntactic simple "woman" is complex, consisting of the sense of "human", the sense of "adult", and the sense of "female".
	www.friesian.com /katz.htm (1824 words)

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