
	Where results make sense

Topic: Branching factor

Related Topics

Minimax algorithm

Evaluation function

Computer chess

List of chess topics

	Branching Factor - GameDev.Net Discussion Forums
		The branching factor of a node in a tree is the number of children it has.
		The average branching factor for a level in a tree is the ratio of the number of children of that level to the number of nodes in that level and finally the average branching factor for a tree is the ratio of the number of nodes to the number of levels.
		Of course, then there's the effective branching factor of a tree, which is the branching factor that a uniform tree of appropriate depth would require for it to contain the same number of nodes as the tree in question.
	www.gamedev.net /community/forums/topic.asp?topic_id=122799 (0 words)

	Math Trek: Ask-a-Friend Marketplaces, Science News Online, Oct. 29, 2005
		The crucial parameter describing the underlying network is its "effective branching factor." In effect, it's the average number of friends to whom a member of the network passes on a query.
		However, if the branching factor is less than 2, the amount you have to pay in incentives to get an answer is prohibitive—even though short paths to the answer exist.
		"For a large branching factor, the propagation of queries is very efficient in its use of reward," Kleinberg and Raghavan conclude in a paper presented at the 46th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, held recently in Pittsburgh.
	www.sciencenews.org /articles/20051029/mathtrek.asp (912 words)

	Definition of Branching factor
		In computing, tree data structures, and game theory, the branching factor is the number of children of each node.
		For example, in chess, if we consider a "node" to be a legal position, the average branching factor has been said to be about 35.
		For example, if the branching factor is 10, then there will be 10 nodes one level from the current position, 100 nodes two levels down, 1000 three levels down, and so on.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Branching_factor (243 words)

	Computer Aids for VLSI Design
		The overall branching factor is the average number of branches made at any level of the hierarchy.
		Reasonably low branching factors are important in good hierarchical organization because, if they grow too large, the designer will no longer be able to consider a single hierarchical level at one time.
		Branching factors that are smaller than five will be excessively simple and probably will have too much depth of hierarchy.
	www.rulabinsky.com /cavd/text/chap01-2.html (2867 words)

	CSE 150 Lecture Notes, January 15, 2004
		Definition: The effective branching factor b(P,A) is the solution for b of the equation k = 1 + b +...
		Effective branching factor is the best way to compare a (P,A) combination.
		Any algorithm that takes time polynomial in d, say O(d^m) where m is fixed, will have effective branching factor tending to 1 as d tends to infinity.
	www-cse.ucsd.edu /~elkan/150/jan15.html (826 words)

	Arimaa Branching Factor
		This started as a project to find out what the average branching factor is in a game of Arimaa.
		Possibly the most obvious way to look at full game branching factor is to simply use all the moves in the database giving equal weight to each one.
		The mean branching factor is 17,281 with a standard deviation of 12,402.
	arimaa.janzert.com /bf_study (0 words)

	A. L. I. C. E. The Arificial Linguistic Internet Computer Eity
		The branching factor for the root is about 2000, but the average branching factor of the second pattern word is only about two.
		The spiral itself is the root, with a branching factor of about 2000 [The number of choices for the first word in an input sentence].
		Arranging the graph in this way, the branches near the center of the spiral are generally fewer than the branches near the outside.
	www.alicebot.org /documentation/gallery (565 words)

	Rob Gougher's RGLight User Manual
		Many branches are never fully generated because the generator terminates when the total number of branches reaches the value entered for Number of Segments.
		Branching Probability must be between 0 and 1: Use a value between 0 and 1 where 0 is never and 1 is always.
		Branching Length Factor must be greater than zero: The Branching Length Factor is the factor by which a randomly selected length is multiplied to arrive at the length of a branch segment.
	www.robgougher.com /default/rglight.html (1343 words)

	[No title]
		The tree topology is characterized by two parameters: the branching factor (how many nodes follow each non-leaf node in the tree) and the path length (how many nodes there are in a path from the root node to a leaf node).
		For this experiment, we examined trees with a path length of four and a branching factor of two or three, and lattices with a path length of four and a branching factor of two or three.
		Notice that increasing the number of values in a domain seems to have more impact on the tree than increasing the branching factor, probably because as the branching factor increases, so does the number of independent nodes.
	www.cs.washington.edu /research/jair/volume5/helzerman96a-html/node14.html (719 words)

	Fritz 8
		Branching: The branching factors for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd moves define how many alternative moves are given.
		Branching: White, Black, both determines whether alternatives should be given for one or both sides.
		At the end of deep position analysis, all the variations that have been generated are sorted and the strongest moves becomes the main line.
	www.playchess.com /experts/deeppositionanalysis.htm (540 words)

	Deciding to use the archetype (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The most common failure of Minimax occurs when the branching factor is too high.
		The average branching factor in go is about 200.
		(branching factor = number of moves which can be played from a board.) A high branching factor means that the minimax tree cannot achieve great depth and so cannot give a good answer for the next move.
	www.cs.caltech.edu /~petrovic/games/archex/othellodir/decothello.html (220 words)

	Identification of pleiotrophin as a mesenchymal factor involved in ureteric bud branching morphogenesis -- Sakurai et ...
		Identification of pleiotrophin as a mesenchymal factor involved in ureteric bud branching morphogenesis -- Sakurai et al.
		in the presence of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor.
		the UB undergoes dichotomous branching and elongation as it
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/128/17/3283 (7326 words)

	Untitled Document
		Presented in a polar fashion to the basal surface of the cell clusters, epimorphin stimulated branching morphogenesis; presented in an apolar fashion around all surfaces of the cells in the clusters, epimorphin instead stimulated the formation of cystic structures with large central lumen (Figure).
		For both types of morphogenesis, the morphogenic signal was provided by epimorphin, while the extent of growth (branch length elongation or increase in luminal diameter) was proportional to the proliferative activity induced by the particular growth factor.
		The interplay of matrix metalloproteinases, morphogens and growth factors is necessary for branching of mammary epithelial cells.
	www.lbl.gov /lifesciences/BissellLab/research/epimorphin.html (535 words)

	Blackwell Publishing - Plant Science Books and Journals
		Hyphal branching is restricted and the fungi fail to complete their life cycles.
		Further analysis revealed that the hyphal branching factor was chemically related to the strigolactones — a group of chemicals known as the sesquiterpenes.
		Of additional interest in a broader evolutionary regard is the effect these branching factors have on parasitic plants.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /plantsci/news/news.asp?id=148 (943 words)

	CPSC 533: Problem-Solving
		Branching factor: As illustrated in Figure 4, branching factor is a constant number indicating the amount of nodes that are expanded at any given node in a hypothetical search tree.
		Assuming a branching factor of b, the number of nodes that are expanded at a depth d is given by the formula
		The branching factor is used for defining the time and space complexity of different strategies.
	sern.ucalgary.ca /courses/CPSC/533/W02/search_uninformed (1871 words)

	The interplay of matrix metalloproteinases, morphogens and growth factors is necessary for branching of mammary ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The interplay of matrix metalloproteinases, morphogens and growth factors is necessary for branching of mammary epithelial cells -- Simian et al.
		mammary epithelium of transgenic mice increases branching morphogenesis,
		Shown are the percentage of branching organoids in the presence of growth factors alone (white bars) and growth factors+Pg (hatched bars).
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/128/16/3117 (7834 words)

	Robot Bushes
		Though each branch would be a rigid "mechanical" object, the overall structure would have an "organic" flexibility because of the huge numbers of degrees of freedom.
		The overall geometry of this class of bush robots is defined by just a few parameters, primarily the branching factor B, stating how many smaller twigs branch from each larger twig, and the scaling factor S, giving the linear size ratio of each smaller twig relative to its parent.
		D values of exactly 2 allow a bush with unlimited branching to arrange its fingers to exactly cover a surface, which may be a useful feature, for instance in a robot that constructs solid objects layer by layer.
	www.islandone.org /MMSG/HansMoravecRobotBush.html (2123 words)

	CSU: CS440 Fall 2001 Assignment 3
		Return an effective branching factor that results in a number of nodes that is within 0.01 of the true number of nodes generated.
		Your function must solve the search problem, print the effective branching factor and the maximum queue length, then return the path from the start state to the goal state.
		Your function must solve the search problem, print the effective branching factor and the maximum queue length, the return the solution path as lists of x, y pairs and the action as a direction.
	www.cs.colostate.edu /~anderson/cs440/01fall/assignments/assign3.html (1125 words)

	[No title]
		The average number of descendents of a node in a search tree is called the average branching factor for that tree.
		This allows many variables to be bound to constants, greatly reducing the branching factor in the backward direction.
		It is the inferred branching factor that would produce the actual number of nodes searched at a solution depth.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/hamid/work/ai-vocab.html (1188 words)

	Search Methods (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Branch and bound techniques rely on the idea that we can partition our choices into sets using some domain knowledge, and ignore a set when we can determine that the optimal element cannot be in it.
		Such cut off branches consist of options at game positions that the player will always avoid, because better choices are known to be available.
		Since each strategy branches on every other move (since the opposing side will always pick the best move for it), the number of nodes in such a tree is roughly the square root of the number of nodes in the entire game tree.
	www.cs.dartmouth.edu /~brd/Teaching/AI/Lectures/Summaries/search.html (5909 words)

	JAM4 enhances hepatocyte growth factor-mediated branching and scattering of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells -- Mori et ...
		epithelium invades the mesenchyme, it undergoes branching morphogenesis.
		The length of the longest axis (white line) of tubular structures and the maximal width (white dotted line) perpendicular to the long axis were measured and multiplied.
		Debiec, H., Christensen, E.I. and Ronco, P.M. (1998) The cell adhesion molecule L1 is developmentally regulated in the renal epithelium and is involved in kidney branching morphogenesis.
	www.genestocellsonline.org /cgi/content/full/9/9/811 (2909 words)

	Alpha-Beta Search
		It is important to search as deeply as possible, if the goal is to create a strong chess player by examining the first few plies of the game tree and applying a heuristic evaluation at the leaf nodes.
		If the program always manages to pick the best move to search first, the math is such that the effective branching factor is equal to approximately the square root of the expected branching factor.
		Since chess has a branching factor of 35, this means that the alpha-beta algorithm performed efficiently upon a chess tree will produce a branching factor of approximately six.
	www.seanet.com /~brucemo/topics/alphabeta.htm (1809 words)

	[No title]
		The low branching factor indicates that the algorithm is goal-oriented, i.e., it approaches the goal almost without branching.
		On the basis of these experiments, one may be driven to conclusion that the growth from the 2D case to 3D is LINEAR (with the branching factor close to one).
		Since the maximum depth reached is 6, the branching factor of this tree is 1.53.
	carbon.cudenver.edu /~bstilman/searchexp.html (1167 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		To keep the branching factor of the classification tree manageable, a continuous or multivalued discrete domain is usually divided into a small number of subdomains.
		For example, if the age of a company in the data set ranges between one and ninety years, we may want to convert it into three subranges, old, average and new, where "new" is any age less than ten years, "old" any age greater than 60 years and "average" ranges in between.
		The question now arises, how to determine the order in which to consider the branching attributes so that the derived tree is one of the smallest possible depth and branching factor.
	bradley.bradley.edu /~chris/machinelearn.html (4029 words)

	ICS 180, April 17, 1997
		Even less formally, we'll use "branching factor" to describe the average number of moves available from a "typical" position in a game.
		In a game with a small branching factor (like checkers, in which there may often be as few as three moves to search) we can search much deeper than chess (which may have 30 or so moves in a position) or go (hundreds of moves in a position).
		However, the technique I'll talk about next time, alpha-beta pruning, acts to reduce the effective branching factor considerably: if we're lucky, to the square root of its value in unpruned game trees, which lets us search to twice the depth we might without using alpha-beta.
	www.ics.uci.edu /~eppstein/180a/970417.html (1719 words)

	Wiring Bonsai
		The proof is by induction, first, over the branching factor of the tree, and second, over the branches of the tree.
		In this way, a large number of branches could be wired, but the root side of the branch would have an unlimited number of wires on it, and for practical considerations, we wish to limit the number of wires on any branch.
		It should be noted in the place at the crotch where it appears the wires cross that they are actually passing on different sides of the crotch (one in back, the other in front).
	www.gsbf-bonsai.org /daiichibonsaikai/wiring.html (899 words)

	1997 Moravec Bush Robot Final Report - Section 2 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		B is the base of the system, equivalent to the branching factor of the corresponding robot.
		Each parent node at the next larger level of the bush is then set to the mean location of all its children, and this process is repeated at lower and lower levels until the root of the bush is positioned.
		For a three-way branching robot, our preferred configuration, the bases of three small branches can be perfectly joined to the apex of a larger branch enclosing a tetrahedral-shaped void.
	www.frc.ri.cmu.edu /~hpm/project.archive/robot.papers/1999/NASA.report.99/9901.NASA.S2.html (4396 words)

	Artificial Intelligence - CMPSCI 383
		However, the effective branching factor is still 2.
		Effective branching factor (EFB) expresses a relationship between the number `n' of nodes created during the search, and the depth `d' at which the solution was found.
		If one were to take the `n' nodes, and arrange them into a complete tree of depth `d', what branching factor (actual number of branches) would be needed.
	www-edlab.cs.umass.edu /cs383/effective-branching-factor.html (0 words)

	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Induces Branching Morphogenesis/Tubulogenesis in Renal Epithelial Cells in a ...
		The polycystin-1 C-terminal fragment triggers branching morphogenesis and migration of tubular kidney epithelial cells.
		Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor expression during embryogenesis and tissue repair suggests a role in endothelial differentiation and blood vessel growth.
		Neuropilin-1 is expressed by endothelial and tumor cells as an isoform-specific receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/25/17/7441 (4221 words)

	A Distributed Model for Game Computing
		The average branching factor of the chess game tree is about 30, making computation of the full game tree (to a depth of 30 moves or more) infeasible.
		However, as a contest between two players, the number of acceptable (strong) moves at any time is limited, making the branching factor of the tree of "competent games" small enough to make storing a pre-computed database of moves feasible with regard to storage space.
		Six is the square root of the chess tree branching factor (approximately).
	chess.captain.at /paper.html (3418 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)