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	Brandenburg - LoveToKnow Watches
		Jobst paid very little attention to Brandenburg, and the period was used by many of the noble families to enrich themselves at the expense of the poorer and weaker towns, to plunder traders, and to carry on feuds with neighbouring princes.
		Brandenburg was ravaged impartially by both parties, and in 1627 George William attacked his brother-in-law, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, who was using Prussia as a base of operations for his war against Poland.
		The Brandenburg troops then assisted the Swedes until after the death of Gustavus in 16 3 2, and the Swedish defeat at NOrdlingen in 1634, when the elector assented to the treaty of Prague, which was made in May 1635 between the emperor Ferdinand II.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Brandenburg (8150 words)

	Bishop of Brandenburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bishopric of Brandenburg was a diocese established by Otto the Great in 948, including the territory between the Elbe on the west, the Oder on the east, and the Black Elster on the south, and taking in the Uckermark to the north.
		The disturbances of 983 practically annihilated it; bishops continued to be named, but they were merely titular, until the downfall of the Wends in the twelfth century and the German settlement of that region revived the bishopric.
		Bishop Wigers (1138–60) was the first of a series of bishops of the Premonstratensian order; which chose the occupants of the see until 1447; in that year a bull of Nicholas V gave the right of nomination to the elector of Brandenburg, with whom the bishops stood in a close feudal relation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brandenburg_bishops_and_margraves (357 words)

	[No title]
		Margrave Billung, who looked after the Abotrites on the lower Elbe, was less fortunate, mainly because Henry, often attacked the hated Germans, but some progress was made in bringing this district under German influence.
		Thus there were archbishops, bishops, abbots, dukes, margraves, landgraves, counts—forming together a large body—each of whom claimed to have no superior save the emperor, whose authority they and their predecessors had slowly destroyed.
		After's Rupert's death two cousins, Jobst, margrave of Moravia, and Sigismund, king of Hungary, were in the autumn of 1410 both chosen to fill the vacant throne by oppossigismund ing parties; and the position was further complicated i gosen by the fact that the deposed king, Wenceslaus, was still alive.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=44226 (22285 words)

	Talk:Mieszko I of Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		JHK, I've been doing a bit of research on the term Margrave of the March, which simply means "Lord of the Border Area." It appears that in many English-language sources the term Margrave is used to describe nobles from the tenth century and earlier.
		Margrave, in the sense of military leader, would be a more accurate term to use.
		That piece does distinguish between Count and Margrave, clearly stating that during that time, the Northern March was ruled by a margrave.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Mieszko_I_of_Poland (3941 words)

	Wittelsbach - LoveToKnow Watches
		Otto was descended from Luitpold, duke of Bavaria and margrave of Carinthia, who was killed in 907 fighting the Hungarians.
		He died at Regensburg in 937, and his elder son, Eberhard, fought in vain to retain the duchy.
		Members of the family were also margraves of Brandenburg from 1323 to 1373, and kings of Sweden from 1654 to 1718.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Wittelsbach (1297 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Diocese of Wuerzburg
		Bishop Henry I of Rothenburg (995-1018) built, on the site of the first cathedral, the Neumunster Cathedral of St. Kilian, and founded the Benedictine Abbey of St. Stephen and the abbey of Augustinian Canons called Haug, in which he himself was buried.
		The vigorous Bishop Hartmann von Lodenburg (1225-54), a loyal adherent of Frederick II, was able to keep the citizens within bounds, but during the episcopate of his successor, Iring von Reinstein (1254-66), Würzburg joined the confederation of the cities of the Rhine as an independent city.
		This bishop encouraged the settlement of the Dominicans in the diocese.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15718a.htm (1965 words)

	Pomeranian History (Buetow, Lauenburg)
		Margrave Albrecht von Brandenburg, the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, gives up his title, closes the order in his territory and in 1525 accepts what remains of Prussia as a hereditary duchy as a fief of Poland.
		Brandenburg receives the remainder of Pomerania to the east of the Oder, except for Lauenburg and Bütow, which had been returned to Poland in 1637.
		In it the Elector of Brandenburg is named specifically as the sovereign duke of Prussia and Ermland and is recognized by Sweden.
	members.tripod.com /~radde/Milestones.html (3121 words)

	Frederick Schiller: The History of the Thirty Years' War
		Four of these, the Elector of Brandenburg, the Count Palatine of Neuburg, the Count Palatine of Deux Ponts, and the Margrave of Burgau, an Austrian prince, claimed it as a female fief in name of four princesses, sisters of the late duke.
		The Bishop of Wurtzburg formed the plan of the Catholic union, which was distinguished from the evangelical by the title of the League.
		This duchy was still ruled conjointly by the Electoral House of Brandenburg and the Palatine of Neuburg; and a marriage between the Prince of Neuburg and a Princess of Brandenburg was to have inseparably united the interests of the two houses.
	history.eserver.org /history_of_the_30_years_war.htm (21307 words)

	Faust's Metropolis
		The German capital lies in the centre of this strangely inhospitable land, exposed as it is to the cold winds from the east.
		Their headquarters were at Brannabor (Brandenburg) but their second town was at Spandau, which was built in the 750s and which already contained around 250 people by the end of the century.
		Brandenburg was turned into a centre of evangelizing activity.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/r/richie-metropolis.html (6923 words)

	The Duchess Margaret (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The thrifty bishop, who foresaw the advent of troublous times in the Netherlands, however, took care in the letters by which he sent his thanks, to instruct the king to secure the money upon crown property in Arragon, Naples, and Sicily, as matters in the provinces were beginning to look very precarious.
		The bishop felt that it was no longer practicable to detain the troops, and that all the pretext devised by Philip and his government had become ineffectual.
		The duchess hastened, with joyous alacrity, to communicate the intelligence to the bishop, but was extremely hurt to find that he steadily refused to assume his new dignity, until he had written to the king to announce the appointment, and to ask his permission to accept the honor.
	www.americanpresbyterianchurch.org /new_page_4.htm (18700 words)

	© Case-study 4: The Reformation in Schwabach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		During the period of the Reformation, the margrave's officials and the town council members seem to have functioned in a relative state of harmony in the pursuit of similar goals.
		Moreover, it was not just the conduct of the margrave which dictated the progress of religious reform in the town: the entire 'political milieu' of the Empire weighed heavily on such local events.
		Soon after the margrave's refusal to concede to the demands of the reforming party (4 February 1525), Hans Herbst published an anonymous pamphlet in an effort to convert the margrave to the cause.
	www.st-andrews.ac.uk /~jfec/cal/reformat/schwbac/schwbac.htm (3255 words)

	HRE campaign - info - www.ezboard.com
		Ecclesiastically, the land belonged partly to the Dioceses of Havelberg and Brandenburg, partly to the Diocese of Oldenburg, that was erected in 968.
		In 1154 Henry re-established the Diocese of Ratzeburg, appointing as bishop Evermod, cathedral provost of Magdeburg.
		Philip of Swabia (1177-1208), German king and duke of Swabia, the rival of the emperor Otto IV, was the fifth and youngest son of the emperor Frederick I and Beatrix, daughter of Renaud III, count of Upper Burgundy, and consequently brother of the emperor Henry VI.
	p214.ezboard.com /fshadesofshogunfrm11.showMessage?topicID=58.topic (16789 words)

	Page 172
		Bishops of Havelberg continued to be named, but they remained far from their diocese, where the old heathenism prevailed.
		He obtained the appointment of his pupil, Anselm, who established a cathedral chapter in 1144, and, when a large part of the pagan inhabitants were exterminated by the crusade against the Wends in 1147, colonized the depopulated districts from the Netherlands.
		Most of the bishops of the later time were Premonstratensians, frequently elected, from the thirteenth century on, under the influence of the margraves of Brandenburg.
	www.ccel.org /s/schaff/encyc/encyc05/htm/old/0188=172.htm (895 words)

	Thomas's Glassware Tour --- Bamberg (D)
		Bishop Suidger of Bamberg became Pope Clemens II in 1046.
		The castle was first mentioned in 1109 and originally served as a refuge stronghold for the bishops who had come in possession of the castle in 1251.
		When Margrave Albrecht Alcibiades of Brandenburg-Kulmbach besieged the Altenburg during the second Margraves' War in 1553, he threatened to burn down the entire city.
	www.thomasgraz.net /glass/gl-1509.htm (542 words)

	Holy Roman Empire - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Bishops, like other clerics, were increasingly integrated into a separate church hierarchy, with its own law and courts and its own autocratic ruler—the pope.
		Bishops and other ecclesiastical rulers received similar concessions for their support.
		In the Golden Bull of 1356, Charles specified the seven electors as the archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne; the count palatine of the Rhine; the duke of Saxony; the margrave of Brandenburg; and the king of Bohemia.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761558731__1/Holy_Roman_Empire.html (6127 words)

	Germany, Federal Republic of - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The Carolingians had granted tribal military leaders (dukes) and appointed officials (counts and margraves) lands as temporary fiefs for their services to the state, and many of the high clergy had also received fiefs.
		In the Golden Bull (1356) he specified the seven electors as the archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Duke of Saxony (an old title for a new state in the east), the Margrave of Brandenburg, and the King of Bohemia.
		Brandenburg supported the successive emperors Leopold I and Joseph I in return for imperial recognition of Prussia as a kingdom.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761576917___37/Germany_Federal_Republic_of.html (16303 words)

	The History of the Thirty Years' War - Part IV
		Differences of religion (betwixt the Lutherans and the Calvinists) were to have no effect on this alliance, which was to subsist for ten years, every member of the union engaged at the same time to procure new members to it.
		Eight competitors laid claim to this territory, the indivisibility of which had been guaranteed by solemn treaties; and the Emperor, who seemed disposed to enter upon it as a vacant fief, might be considered as the ninth.
		The best right was perhaps on the side of Brandenburg and Neuburg, and between the claims of these two it was not easy to decide.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/european/thehistoryofthethirtyyearswar/chap4.html (4245 words)

	Europe's 13th-Century Progress by Sanderson Beck
		Norwich bishop John de Gray was justiciar of Ireland from 1208 to 1213, and John invaded with William Marshal in 1210 to punish de Lacy.
		The hierarchy of bishops was set with Rome pre-eminent, and the first papal tithes were imposed on the clergy, which also had to consult the Pope before paying taxes to civil authorities.
		Bishop Gudmund Arason (1203-1237) engaged in many conflicts with chieftains on behalf of the Church, and he also strove to help the poor.
	www.san.beck.org /AB21-Europe13thCentury.html (23696 words)

	Morganatic and Unequal Marriages in German Law
		Brandenburg agreed with the substance of the monitum, but expressed misgivings about the fact that mismarriage was not defined in imperial laws.
		Brandenburg proposed to add words binding the Emperor to maintain the decisions made in 1744, but Trier argued that this was unnecessary and a majority concurred.
		Margrave Ernst zu Baden, founder of the Durlach line, was widowed in 1518 of a princess of Brandenburg-Ansbach, of whom he had two sons.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/g_morganat.htm (15433 words)

	PageGerCastles1.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The construction began in 1715 as the residence for Grand Duke Karl Wilhelm, Margrave of Baden-Durlach and this palace would remain in the ownership of of the Grand Dukes of Baden until 1918.
		In the 1460 it was the chief seat of the Margraves of Brandenburg-Ansbach.
		In the 11c the Bishop of Worms built a castle which became residence of the step-brother of Emperor Frederick I "Barbarossa", Conrad von Hohenstaufen in 1155.
	www.remmick.org /Remmick.German.Facts/PageGerCastles1.html (2239 words)

	Germany A-E (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Anhalt Principalities (raised to Duchies in 1807) were established as a County in 1212 by a grandson Albert the Bear, margrave of Brandenburg and conqueror of the Wends.
		The Lords of Baden benefited from the break-up of Swabia, and, raised to the dignity of Margrave in 1112, were able to take their place as one of the four most important dynasts in southern Germany (along with Habsburg, Wittelsbach, and Wurttemburg).
		Margraves of North Mark 936, Margraves of Brandenburg 1136, Electors from 1355, inherited the Duchy of Prussia 1618, Kings of Prussia 1701, Kings of the German Confederation from 1867 aand Emperors of Germany from 1871.
	www.hostkingdom.net /gerA-E.html (1107 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		By the 10th century East Francia was being buffeted by new waves of pagan Danes, Magyars, and Moravians from the north and east and was virtually torn apart by rival tribes.
		He ended the payment by new bishops of tribute to the Crown (simony), although he still invested churchmen, who remained his vassals.
		The Hohenzollerns, who had been granted Brandenburg in the 15th century, had acquired a number of additional, geographically unconnected territories in the west.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..ge035400.a (17141 words)

	PolishRoots - Geography & Maps
		During the reign of the Pomeranian princes Subkowy belonged to the Kujavian bishops.
		Previously it had belonged to Michal, who, having switched sides during Mestwin's war with the Brandenburg margraves and joined his enemies, was exiled and his estates seized.
		In that year Bishop Gerward bestowed the office of soltys of Subkowy and Swarozyn on Henry, son of the Gniew soltys, and Jan de Lywnow for 92 grzywna in Torurn currency, for the purpose of settling this village under Chelmno law.
	www.polishroots.org /slownik/subkowy.htm (1385 words)

	History of Austria
		The Margravate of Austria was eventually detached from Bavaria and became a separate duchy in 1156.
		Bishop Werner was also an advocate of the policy of expansion into Burgundy, where the interests of the Empire certainly coincided with those of the Habsburgs.
		Bishop Werner was also responsible, in large part, for shaping the image and identity of the Habsburgs as a pious, Christian family.
	www.geocities.com /historyofaustria/history.html (20221 words)

	GERMANY, 843-1002
		He intended to use the clergy in order to check the growing power of the feudal nobles; but as the members of the clergy held fiefs or benefices, like the other nobles, they were required to perform all the feudal duties.
		On the other hand they were especially honored by the king and most of the administrative offices were given to bishops or abbots.
		In order to maintain his control over the church Otto used the same policy as he had done with regard to the duchies; his brother was made archbishop of Cologne and chancellor of the kingdom; and one of his sons was made archbishop of Mainz.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Munro10.html (4196 words)

	CONTENTS.
		Sidonius waited before the gates of the palace among a crowd of ambassadors and suppliants; and their various business at the court of Bordeaux attested the power and the renown of the king of the Visigoths.
		The committee rendered a decidedly adverse report; but the bishop of Ceuta, seeing that the king was inclined to favor Columbus’s view, suggested to him that he reap the advantage of it by sending an expedition unknown to Columbus.
		The bishops were reconciled and flattered by the hopes, which he artfully suggested, of his approaching conversion; and though he eluded their accomplishment to the last moment of his life, his moderation secured the peace and suspended the ruin of the kingdom of Burgundy.” — Gibbon.
	www.godrules.net /library/jones/14jones_a1.htm (7617 words)

	Holy Roman Empire - Search View - ninemsn Encarta
		Upon the death of a bishop, the king or one of his vassals appointed the successor, giving him the symbols of his office—the episcopal staff and ring—in a ceremony known as investiture.
		In the Golden Bull of 1356, Charles specified the seven electors as the archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne; the Count Palatine of the Rhine (see Rhineland-Palatinate); the duke of Saxony; the margrave of Brandenburg; and the king of Bohemia.
		Charles’s son Sigismund, who continued to rule from Prague, attempted to reassert the emperor’s role as the secular head of Christendom by trying to resolve the Great Schism of the papacy.
	au.encarta.msn.com /text_761558731__1/Holy_Roman_Empire.html (6050 words)

	Central Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It worked in Spain, but Hungary was not so fortunate - when Horthy tried to set up a separate armistice with the Soviet Union in 1944, he was abducted by German agents (he survived, dying an exile in Portugal in 1957), and Hungary became a battleground between retreating German and advancing Russian forces.
		Margraves on the Istrian peninsula in what is now northwest Croatia and western Slovenia.
		To Bishops of Sitten as Counts of Valais until 1798
	www.hostkingdom.net /centeuro.html (1696 words)

	FRANCIA
		It also can mean "free," as in the "franking" privilege of sending free mail, or as in "franchise," which is the grant of some privilege or immunity.
		Brandenburg became the most famous northern march, remaining a margravate until becoming the Kingdom of Prussia.
		Margraves & Electors of Brandenburg & Kings of Prussia
	www.friesian.com /francia.htm (14313 words)

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