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Topic: Brassinosteroids

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	Mikonik Technologies
		EPIN is the first representative of a new generation of agricultural chemicals with one of brassinosteroids, 24-epibrassinolide; is recommended for enhancement of crop yield and quality; increasing the rate of seed germination; shortening the period for maturity; enhancement of the resistance of plants to stress conditions (saline, thermal drought, pesticide injury) and diseases
		Brassinosteroids are recently discovered class of plant hormones which are widespread in the plant kingdom, occur in plants in very small quantities, and regulate plant growth and development.
		The first brassinosteroid, brassinolide, was isolated from pollen of the rape plant (Brassica napus L.) in 1979 by American scientists.
	www.mikonik.com /default.asp (388 words)

	Binding of Brassinosteroids: Key Terms and Diagrams
		Brassinosteroids are a group of about 30 naturally occurring, growth-promoting compounds found in plants.
		Like other brassinosteroids, brassinolide can be viewed as though it were a key that fits perfectly into only one lock.
		It has been shown that the structural features required for their unique biological activity are: (i) a cis-vicinal glycol moiety at C2/C3, (ii) a trans junction between rings A and B, (iii) an oxygen function at C6 in the form of a ketone, or a lactone, (iv) a vicinal glycol moiety at C22/C23.
	student.biology.arizona.edu /honors2005/group08/glossary.html (601 words)

	Binding of Brassinosteroids: The Experiment At A Glance
		The results of this phase of the research suggest that brassinosteroid binding is specific and that small differences from BRL2 in BRL1, BRI1, and BRL3 are the deciding factor in brassinosteroid binding ability.
		To determine the minimum region required for brassinosteroid binding, the researchers deleted amino acids from the N terminus and the C terminus of ID-LRR22.
		The results of the overall research indicate that the minimal binding domain for brassinosteroids is a 70-amino-acid island domain located between the 21st and 22nd leucine-rich repeats of BRI1, coupled with the carboxy-terminal flanking the 22nd leucine-rich repeat, that this binding domain is very specific, and that the entire domain is necessary for brassinosteroid binding.
	student.biology.arizona.edu /honors2005/group08/summary.html (686 words)

	What Tells a Plant to Grow?
		Clouse, a professor of horticultural science in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, is an expert on brassinosteroids; he went to Australia to present his research into the cellular signaling pathways that are turned on when these steroids bind to proteins in a cell's membrane.
		Since brassinosteroids were first reported in 1970, researchers have sprayed the plant steroids on wheat and rice crops and orange and pear trees; the steroids can improve the freezing tolerances of plants and prevent premature fruit drop.
		When a brassinosteroid or other small molecule connects with the portion of the receptor on the cell exterior, it starts a chain reaction of molecular activity that eventually leads to specific genes being turned on or off.
	www.cals.ncsu.edu /agcomm/magazine/winter05/plant.htm (756 words)

	How Steroids Control Grape Ripening
		The group studied the effect of brassinosteroids, a group of steroidal plant hormones known to be essential for normal plant development (see box).
		Four genes known to be involved in brassinosteroid biosynthesis and response during berry development showed expression levels that were consistent with this increase in brassinosteroid levels.
		Application of brassinosteroids may promote ripening in other nonclimacteric fruit, such as citrus and strawberry, and even in climacteric fruit such as tomatoes, through increases in ethylene levels.
	www.winesandvines.com /feature_nov_06_steroids.html (1232 words)

	No-Mow Grass May Be Coming to Your Yard Soon
		Instead, brassinosteroid perception leads to a cascade of biochemical events that alter the ability of key proteins to dimerize and activate gene expression within a cell's nucleus.
		The work of other groups, she noted, has shown that brassinosteroids can negatively regulate their own expression as part of a feedback loop that, ultimately, determines the size of a plant.
		Levers that could be used to alter a hormone pathway to influence plant development and stature, according to Chory, include modifying the levels of the hormone, manipulating the chemical structures of hormones, and recoding the signals sent along the pathway.
	www.brightsurf.com /news/headlines/view.article.php?ArticleID=24294 (1172 words)

	Involvement of Brassinosteroids in the Gravitropic Response of Primary Root of Maize -- Kim et al. 123 (3): 997 -- ...
		Involvement of Brassinosteroids in the Gravitropic Response of Primary Root of Maize -- Kim et al.
		Involvement of Brassinosteroids in the Gravitropic Response of Primary Root of Maize
		Cohen JD, Meudt WT (1983) Investigations on the mechanism of the brassinosteroid response: I. Indole-3-acetic acid metabolism and transport.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/123/3/997 (4327 words)

	The Brassinosteroids Page - Introduction
		Brassinosteroids are potent plant growth regulators of steroidal nature, whose first compound isolated from a natural source is brassinolide, in 1979.
		Since then dozens of compounds of similar structure were isolated from numerous plant sources or synthesised from abundant sterols.
		If your work is not (or is inadequatedly) cited here, please mail for additions and corrections.
	members.tripod.com /~mzullo/mainpage.htm (120 words)

	PLANT TISSUE CULTURE-RELATED BOOKS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Brassinosteroids are plant hormones with significant growth-promoting capacity.
		Brassinosteroids are, therefore, considered as plant hormones with pleotropic effects.
		Brassinosteroids and brassinosteroid analogues inclusion complexes in cyclodextrins; M.A. Teixeira Zullo, M. de Burgos Martins de Azevedo.
	www.agritechpublications.com /brass.htm (333 words)

	New Research on Plant Steroids Improves Plant Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		For a signal to be transmitted to a plant cell, brassinosteroids attach to a receptor on the plasma membrane of the cell, like a lock and key mechanism.
		Once BRI1 is activated by brassinosteroid binding, it interacts with BAK, a co-receptor that continues the reception chain.
		In the absence of brassinosteroids, BRI1 kinase binds with the newly identified protein, BKI1 instead of BAK, shutting down the receptor and stopping the signal.
	www.csrees.usda.gov /newsroom/research/plant_development.html (452 words)

	Brassinosteroids regulated heavy metals uptake in Brassica campestris L.
		Brassinosteroids have strong influence on plant growth and possess an exclusive combination of properties, which are very promising their economic value (Maugh, 1981) in agriculture and horticulture.
		Brassinosteroids application to crops and plants promises a lowered uptake and accumulation of such elements.
		On studying the uptake of heavy metals by seedlings it was observed that brassinosteroids treatments to plants lowered the uptake of these metals as compared to control.
	abstracts.aspb.org /pb2003/public/P46/0952.html (247 words)

	Brassinosteroids and Plant Steroid Hormone Signaling -- Bishop and Koncz 14 (Supplement 1): 97 -- THE PLANT CELL
		Braun, P., and Wild, A. The influence of brassinosteroid on growth and parameters of photosynthesis of wheat and mustard plants.
		Iwasaki, T., and Shibaoka, H. Brassinosteroids act as regulators of tracheary-element differentiation in isolated Zinnia mesophyll cells.
		Oh, M.H., Ray, W.K., Huber, S.C., Asara, J.M., Gage, D.A., and Clouse, S.D. Recombinant brassinosteroid insensitive 1 receptor-like kinase autophosphorylates on serine and threonine residues and phosphorylates a conserved peptide motif in vitro.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/14/suppl_1/S97 (6855 words)

	Plant Physiology Online: Brassinosteroids: A New Class of Plant Steroid Hormones
		When det2 was first analyzed, many steroids were identified in plants, but only the Brassinosteroids (BRs) caused marked biological effects on plant growth at very low concentrations, and are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom.
		Both genetic and biochemical approaches are available to identify additional signaling components and to delineate the mechanisms of BR signal transduction.
		Clouse, S. (1996) Molecular genetic studies confirm the role of brassinosteroids in plant growth and development, Plant J 10: 1–8.
	3e.plantphys.net /article.php?ch=e&id=201 (1995 words)

	Brassinosteroids Do Not Undergo Long-Distance Transport in Pea. Implications for the Regulation of Endogenous ...
		Effect of reciprocal grafting between wild-type and lkb mutant plants on the phenotype of the shoot in 45-d-old plants (A) and endogenous BR levels in shoot and root tissues of 30-d-old plants (B).
		Bishop GJ, Yokota T (2001) Plant steroid hormones, brassinosteroids: current highlights of molecular aspects on their synthesis/metabolism, transport, perception and response.
		Nodulation Phenotypes of Gibberellin and Brassinosteroid Mutants of Pea
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/135/4/2196 (6441 words)

	SFL ORG. News Center No-Mow Grass May Be Coming to Your Yard Soon
		The level of brassinosteroids regulates both the size and senescence of tobacco.
		With low levels, tobacco is dwarfed (some as small as 10 inches tall; see plant in front) and the leaves do not senesce, while at normal levels of brassinosteroids, tobacco stands almost 6 feet tall and the leaves turn yellow as they age (plant in back).
		Knowing the molecular chain of command—how the hormone acts to influence genetic events that govern development at the cellular level—gives scientists a way to reshape the steroid pathway to develop plants that grow in specified ways.
	www.sflorg.com /sciencenews/scn050506_01.html (971 words)

	A role for brassinosteroids in the regulation of photosynthesis in Cucumis sativus -- Yu et al. 55 (399): 1135 -- ...
		A role for brassinosteroids in the regulation of photosynthesis in Cucumis sativus -- Yu et al.
		A role for brassinosteroids in the regulation of photosynthesis in Cucumis sativus
		Effects of brassinosteroids on salinity stress induced inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.).
	jxb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/55/399/1135 (4102 words)

	tobacco \| Science Buzz
		Brassinosteroids in tobacco plants: The level of brassinosteroids regulates both the size and aging of tobacco.
		With this new knowledge regarding brassinosteroids scientists may be able to stop growth in yard grass by limiting brassinosteroids or increase the yield of a crop by increasing brassinosteroids.
		Increasing crop yields would be very useful, especially considering urban expansion and the loss of farmland worldwide and steadily increasing global populations.
	buzz.smm.org /buzz/taxonomy/term/94 (325 words)

	Effect of Chain Length and Ring Size of Alkyl and Cycloalkyl Side-Chain Substituents upon the Biological Activity of ...
		A rearrangement byproduct was observed during the preparation of the cyclopropyl-substituted brassinosteroid when ether was used as the solvent in the Grignard reaction, but could be avoided by the use of THF.
		Further enhancement of the bioactivity of all of the above brassinosteroids, except that of the inactive n-dodecyl derivative, was observed when the brassinosteroid was applied together with an auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
		The synergy between the brassinosteroids and IAA thus increased the bioactivity of the brassinosteroids, including the cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl derivatives, by ca.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/jtext?joceah/65/i10/abs/jo9917947 (346 words)

	Brassinosteroids - Bioactivity and Crop Productivity
		Separate chapters deal with the chemical structures, occurrence, synthesis, perception, signal transduction and practical applicability of the brassinosteroids and their analogs.
		The basic difference, with available reviews, here is the emphasis given to crops improvement by the application of brassinosteroids.
		Brassinosteroids: Bioactivity and Crop Productivity shall be a rich source of recent knowledge on brassinosteroids, for all students and researchers, particularly in the area of plant hormones, plant physiology and crop productivity.
	www.cplbookshop.com /contents/C1210.htm (178 words)

	Khripach, V. A.; Khirpach, V. a.; Zhabinskii, V. N.: Brassinosteroids: A New Class of Plant Hormones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Plants possess the ability to biosynthesize a large variety of steroids, but it was not until 1979 that a hormonal function was demonstrated in plants.
		Today, about 40 structurally and functionally related steroids, known as brassinosteroids, have been isolated from natural sources.
		Brassinosteroids demonstrate various kinds of regulatory activities in the growth and development of plants.
	www.forbesbookclub.com /BookPage.asp?prod_cd=I0ENS (149 words)

	Nuclear protein phosphatases with Kelch-repeat domains modulate the response to brassinosteroids in Arabidopsis -- ...
		Li, J. and Nam, K.H. Regulation of brassinosteroid signaling by a GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase.
		Nam, K.H. and Li, J. BRI1/BAK1, a receptor kinase pair mediating brassinosteroid signaling.
		Steber, C. and McCourt, P. A role of brassinosteroids in germination of Arabidopsis.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/18/4/448 (6897 words)

	Brassinosteroids in tobacco plants \| Science Buzz
		The level of brassinosteroids regulates both the size and aging of tobacco.
		With low levels, tobacco is dwarfed (some as small as 10 inches tall; see plant in front) and the leaves do not age, while at normal levels of brassinosteroids, tobacco stands almost 6 feet tall and the leaves turn yellow as they age (plant in back).
		The content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly.
	buzz.smm.org /buzz/image/brassinosteroids_in_tobacco_plants (100 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 2003066346 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The chemical structures and occurrence of brassinosteroids ia plants 1 Andrzej Bajguz and Andrzej Tretyn 2.
		Brassinosteroids and brassinosteroid analogues inclusion complexes in cyclodextrins 171 Marco Ant6nio Teixeira Zullo and Mariangela de Burgos Martins de Azevedo 9.
		New practical aspects of brassinosteroids and results of their ten-year agricultural use in Russia and Belarus 189 Vladimir A. Khr4ipach, Vladimir N. Zhabinskii and Nataliya B. Khripach 10.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/fy044/2003066346.html (228 words)

	Steroids Control Grape Ripening, New Research Shows
		A group of Australian scientists has come up with a mechanism that explains how ripening is controlled in grapes, and even how it can be manipulated.
		The group studied the effect of brassinosteroids, a group of steroidal plant hormones known to be essential for normal plant development.
		Once ripening began, the level of castasterone (a natural brassinosteroid derived from horse chestnuts) increased 13-fold in the berries.
	www.winesandvines.com /headline_11_06_06_steroids.html (506 words)

	Marihemp: Advanced Growing: Thread #12789
		ABSTRACT: The importance of brassinosteroids (BRs, a specific class of ecdysone- like plant steroids) as essential endogenous regulators of growth and development is demonstrated through a growing number of well characterised Arabidopsis, pea, and tomato mutants deficient in BR biosynthesis or BR response.
		ABSTRACT: In the field of brassinosteroids, which are potent plant growth regulators, we have developed a quantitative structure-activity relationship study to develop knowledge from a structural point of view and to find out new requirement definitions.
		Recent findings of brassinosteroid- deficient mutants of Arabidopsis and the garden pea by several groups, and the possible blocked steps of the mutants in the biosynthetic pathways are also introduced.
	www.cannabinoid.com /boards/thd9x12789.shtml (1912 words)

	Brassinosteroids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Brassinosteroids are a group of some 40 different steroids that are synthesized by plants and are potent hormones affecting many aspects of plant growth.
		It was first isolated from the pollen of Brassica napus, hence the name.
		These effects have led to active research and development for their use in agriculture.
	home.comcast.net /~john.kimball1/BiologyPages/B/Brassinosteroids.html (155 words)

	Brassinosteroid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The most known example of brassinosteroids is brassinolide shown in the figure on the right.
		Brassinosteroids - Jasmonates - Polyamine - Salicylic acid
		This page was last modified 01:03, 29 November 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brassinosteroid (409 words)

	The regulation of biosynthesis and secretion of brassinosteroids during xylem differentiation
		Using the zinnia system, we have found that brassinosteroids act as a key factor for the initiation of final stage of tracheary element differentiation.
		Moreover we found that some brassinosteroids in medium also increased, but the increased kinds of brassinosteroids in medium differed from those in cells.
		However secretion of castasterone, which is a precursor of an active brassinosteroid, brassinolide, was not affected by auxin and cytokinin.
	abstracts.aspb.org /pb2003/public/P46/0102.html (245 words)

	Binding of brassinosteroids to the extracellular domain of plant receptor kinase BRI1 : Nature
		Here, we present the first evidence for direct binding of active brassinosteroids to BRI1 using a biotin-tagged photoaffinity castasterone (BPCS), a biosynthetic precursor of brassinolide (the most active of the brassinosteroids).
		H-labelled brassinolide and recombinant BRI1 fragments show that the minimal binding domain for brassinosteroids consists of a 70-amino acid island domain (ID) located between LRR21 and LRR22 in the extracellular domain of BRI1, together with the carboxy-terminal flanking LRR (ID-LRR22).
		Arabidopsis RAV1 is down-regulated by brassinosteroid and may act as a negative regulator during plant development
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/nature03227 (336 words)

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