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	Brazil nut effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The brazil nut effect is the phenomenon where big particles end up on the surface when a mixture of granular material of different sizes is shaken.
		The term was based on the observation that, when a container of mixed nuts is opened after it has been shaken, the brazil nuts tend to be on top.
		Several factors determine the severity of the Brazil nut effect, including the sizes and densities of the particles, the pressure of any gas between the particles, and the shape of a container.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brazil_nut_effect (338 words)

	Brazil Nut - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Brazil Nut is a South American tree Bertholletia excelsa in the family Lecythidaceae.
		It is native to Guiana, Venezuela, Brazil, eastern Colombia, eastern Peru and eastern Bolivia.
		Brazil nuts only produce fruit in virgin forests, as forests that are not virgin usually lack an orchid that is indirectly responsible for the pollination of the flowers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brazil_nut (801 words)

	The Brazil Nut
		Brazil nuts are cultivated in tropical botanical gardens far outside its native range, and minor plantations have been established in Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia (Müller, 1981) and Ghana in Africa (D.K. Abbiw, pers.
		The flowers of the Brazil nut are zygomorphic, with an androecium that is prolonged on one side into a hood that arches over and is tightly appressed to the summit of the ovary.
		Brazil nuts are harvested almost entirely from wild trees during a five to six month period in the rainy season.
	www.nybg.org /bsci/braznut (3303 words)

	Encyclopedia: Brazil nut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Brazil nut fruit - NASA photo [1] File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version.
		At one time, in the United States, the Brazil nut was refered to as "nigger toes", however use of this term has declined in recent years.
		Brazil nut and casing, Bertholletia excelsa leaf - Project Gutenberg eBook 11662 This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Brazil-nut (2025 words)

	brazil nut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The brazil nut is the large edible seed of South American tree Bertholletia excelsa.
		In the United States, Brazil nuts were at one time also referred to as "nigger toes".
		The absolute saturated fat content of Brazil nuts is among the highest of all nuts, surpassing even macadamia nuts.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /brazil_nut.html (224 words)

	Brazil nut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The brazil nut is the large edible seed of South America n tree Bertholletia excelsa.
		It is one of a handful of commercially important nuts.
		Brazil nuts were at one time also referred to as " nigger toes".
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Brazil_nut.html (128 words)

	Brazil nut on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A Brazil nut tree, a protected species, was felled on the Macauba Ranch to make way for cattle ranching.
		Nuts may have be high in fat, but there are many benefits as well.
		Brazil nuts are a good source of antioxidants such as vitamin E and selenium.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/B/Brazilnu.asp (695 words)

	Reverse Brazil Nut Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Rev.Letter 81 (1998) 4365-8; also "The Brazil nut effect - in reverse," Nature 429 (2004) 352-3.
		The prototypical example of granular segregation, termed the "Brazil nut effect", can be easily recreated -- and challenged.
		The cause of the buoyancy of large intruders such as the hex nut in vertically vibrated granular systems has been described by a number of competing models; the causes of the sinking of the pushpin and of the reversal of the intruders' fates in a horizontal bed remain subjects of ongoing research.
	sol.rutgers.edu /~shinbrot/InvBuoy.html (291 words)

	Brazil Nut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Brazil Nut foliage and flowers The leaves are dry-season deciduous, alternate, simple, entire or crenate, oblong, 20-35 cm long and 10-15 cm broad.
		The flowers are small, greenish-white, in panicles 5-10 cm long; each flower has a two-parted, deciduous calyx, six unequal cream-colored petals, and numerous stamens united into a broad, hood-shaped mass.
		Depiction of the Brazil Nut in [[Scientific American Supplement, No. 598, June 18, 1887]] Brazil nut Nutritionally, brazil nuts are an excellent source of selenium and a good source of magnesium and thiamine.
	brazil-nut.ask.dyndns.dk (472 words)

	Brazil nut at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Brazil nuts were at one time also referred to as "nigger toes".
		The Brazil Nut Effect refers to the phenomenon where big particles end up on the surface when a mixture of granular material is shaken.
		A cylinder such as a can of nuts works well, while a cone-shaped container results in what is known as the Reverse Brazil Nut Effect.
	wiki.tatet.ru /en/Brazil_nut.html (266 words)

	Halfbakery: Stout Cheerios
		The "Brazil Nut Effect" is a hot topic in the study of the physics involved in mixing different sized particles.
		It's at times like this, when you are reading through the 0.5b and come across a link to 'The Brazil Nut Effect' on an idea about a stout emulating breakfast cereal that you come to a full appreciation and realisation of the quality and purpose of baking.
		The Rice Krispies effect is similar - emanating from the way that shaking a bowl of rice krispies results in rice krispies and milk flying everywhere and landing all over the floor.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Stout_20Cheerios (423 words)

	Brazil nut effect and excluded volume attraction in vibrofluidized granular mixturesePrints@IISc - Open Access Archive ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Brazil nut phenomenon, which involves the rise of larger particles in a granular mixture upon vibration, has been observed in dense systems due to the percolation of small particles though the interstitial spaces between the large particles, or due to convection rolls.
		In the present case, where neither effect is present, it is observed that the fluidization of the smaller particles by vibration results in an exponentially decaying density profile, at heights large compared to the particle diameter, and there by a pressure field that decreases with height.
		An attractive force between the large particles, similar to the entropic attraction effect in mixtures of colloids and polymers, is also observed in this non equilibrium system, because when the distance between the large particles is less than the small particle diameter,the pressure between the large particles is smaller than that on the outside.
	eprints.iisc.ernet.in /archive/00003754 (339 words)

	The Brazil Nut Effect
		When we opened the can there were five Brazil nuts visible on the surface.
		The Brazil nuts are considerably larger than any of the other nuts in the mix.
		There was most likely a whole lot of shaking going on while the nuts were being transported by truck or train from the factory where they were canned to the store where they were sold.
	www.seed.slb.com /en/scictr/lab/brazilnut/res.htm (331 words)

	Nut, allergy: nut: Encyclopedia Brazil - brazil nut \| nut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Project is conducting research on Brazil nuts, a popular commercial nut and a valuable non-timber forest product, with objective of increasing as an...
		The nut family is classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida,...
		In the cities, there are Brazil factories where the pepas are shelled and the dried...
	www.9-regional.us /nut_brazil.htm (538 words)

	Non-Prophet: Nutty Racism
		Brazil nut pods are gathered only after they fall to the ground.
		This particular nut, in Brazil, is known as a castanea or castanha.
		Wow Monkey Nuts I would kindly write a check to all the slaves but they seem to all be dead and I dont beleive in men profiting from the work of people who have been dead for more than 3 generations.
	nonprophet.typepad.com /nonprophet/2004/04/nutty_racism.html (4258 words)

	HORIZONTAL BRAZIL NUT EFFECT. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A new twist on the Brazil-nut effect appears to be a good way to harvest large particles from a granular mixture, according to recent experiments and simulations performed at the University of Texas at Austin.
		The Brazil-nut effect is an odd but well-known phenomenon in agitated granular mixtures.
		Depending on the conditions, shaking containers filled with grains of various sizes will cause the larger grains to rise to the top of the mixture (Update 132), or sink to the bottom.
	newton.ex.ac.uk /aip/glimpse.txt/physnews.653.3.html (244 words)

	Travel to brazil nut. Great deals on travel packages to brazil nut. Book your vacation to brazil nut now! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Brazil nut tree is enormous, frequently attaining the height of 40 to 50 m or more, and...
		The Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa) By Tim Hennessey.
		The Brazil Nut is the fruit of a tree that grows mostly wild in rainforests.
	www.the-travel-masters.com /directory/brazil/brazil_nut (601 words)

	ScienceWeek
		This is the "brazil nut effect" -- named for the fact that in a container of mixed nuts the brazil nuts always seem to rise to the top.
		Now termed the "reverse brazil nut effect", this observation is explained by neither the convection nor the percolation description.
		Since this impromptu confirmation, particle-dynamics simulations (subsequently validated experimentally) have verified that the reverse brazil nut (RBN) effect appears under ideal in silico conditions, and that multiple intruders also separate in the curious RBN manner.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sa040702-5.htm (1260 words)

	Brazil nut, brazil nut recipes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Professor Mori studies the Brazil nut family with a plot of land he has in that country.
		The Brazil Nut is a giant Amazon rainforest tree reaching 150ft in height.
		Brazil nut, common name for the Lecythidaceae, a family of tropical trees.
	www.finebabies.com /brazil-nut.html (267 words)

	Science News: The Brazil nut effect gets more jumbled - scientists seek to understand why large particles move to top - ...
		They've issued "a wake-up call," comments Robert P. Behringer of Duke University in Durham, N.C. The Brazil nut effect was already "a pretty perplexing problem, and they've upped the ante of what we'll have to unravel if we ever hope to understand it," he says.
		Around a decade ago, the prevailing account of the Brazil nut effect held that smaller particles in a shaking container fill in transient gaps that open beneath the larger particles.
		To look deeper into the contribution of particle density to the Brazil nut effect, the Chicago researchers shook a gumball-size acrylic shell that they had placed in a mug-size cylinder filled with smaller particles, such as glass beads or poppy seeds.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_20_160/ai_80747803 (660 words)

	brazil nut \| ALLisONLINE.org br pt
		Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa) produce popular commercial nuts which are a valuable non-timber forest product.
		It is native to Guiana, Venezuela, Brazil, eastern Colombia...
		For example, agoutis are the only animals capable of opening mature Brazil nut pods and are thus essential for its regeneration and survival.
	brpt.allisonline.org /search.php?q=brazil+nut (319 words)

	Antigravity in a Sandbox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		One of the many strange phenomena physicists have studied is the "Brazil nut" effect: Shake a can of mixed-size nuts, and the largest ones tend to float to the top.
		One possible explanation is that the shaking sets up a nut convection, with a narrow band of material continually sinking along the sides of the container, while material away from the edges flows upward.
		According to this theory, the largest nuts are too wide to fit in the narrow sinking layer along the edges and are trapped on top.
	focus.aps.org /v2/st26.html (694 words)

	Vibration-Induced Granular Segregation: The Brazil Nut Problem
		This peculiar behavior is known as the Brazil Nut Effect (BNE).
		The term 'Brazil Nut Effect' stems from the fact that in a container consisting of a mixture of different sized nuts, the largest nuts, often the brazil nuts, always seem to rise to the top.
		Despite the large amount of research work dedicated to understanding the Brazil Nut Effect, there is still no generally acceptable explanation in the scientific community as to how it occurs.
	www.science.uva.nl /research/cr/GranularSegregation (270 words)

	Brazil Nut Experiment
		Anyone who has opened a can of mixed nuts knows that the larger nuts tend to be at the top.
		This segregation of larger particles to the top is known as the Brazil-nut effect.
		We are proposing a project to study the effects surrounding air pressure and friction have on the segregation of the larger "Brazil-nut" particle.
	mxp.physics.umn.edu /s02/Projects/Brazil (239 words)

	Find brazil nut Information online at Amerifindit, America's Search Engine & Directory
		Brazil nuts share an interdependency with many other denizens of the forest.
		For example, agoutis are the only animals capable of opening mature Brazil nut pods and are thus essential for its...
		The Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa) By Tim Hennessey The Brazil Nut is the fruit of a tree that grows mostly wild in rainforests.
	brazil.amerifindit.com /directory/brazil/brazil_nut (317 words)

	Brazil nut - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Brazil nut
		The seeds (nuts) are enclosed in a hard outer casing, each fruit containing 10–20 seeds arranged like the segments of an orange.
		" On the oranges was the equally clear and exact description, "Finest Brazil nuts, 4d.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Brazil%20nut (164 words)

	Arrow Scientific
		And it is almost as big a puzzle for those fond of snacking on muesli or a bag of mixed nuts.
		There are various explanations for the 'brazil-nut effect' — the rising of the largest grains to the top in a shaken granular mixture.
		A reverse brazil-nut effect could never be produced if the initial lower layer of small grains was too deep.
	www.arrowscientific.com.au /new/mainarticle2.phtml?articleid=98efdd81ff (734 words)

	Why the nuts rise to the top
		Muesli, in case you were raised on Captain Crunch and Count Chocula, is a whole grain breakfast cereal commonly eaten in Europe which has all the health benefits of granola without any of the taste.
		While the Brazil Nut Effect isn’t exactly on the same level as other ponderables, such as whether there really is an end to the universe, how Woody Allen can keep making movies when no one goes to see them, and why everyone loves Raymond, it’s still important.
		Not only will it help keep the peace in families which for years have been torn apart by unequal morning Brazil nut distribution, but researchers say this discovery could lead to a cure for cancer, cars that go 200 miles on a gallon of gas, and a growth spurt for Gary Coleman.
	www.maddogproductions.com /ds_brazil_nuts.htm (874 words)

	CMIT - Science Papers - Abstract
		Abstract: We have studied the Brazil Nut effect — the rise of a large intruder particle within a vertically vibrated bed of smaller particles.
		The rise of the intruder was found to be influenced by the humidity of the air within the interstices of the particle bed and on the electrostatic charge developed on the bed particles during preparation and vibration.
		Because increasing relative humidity of the interstitial air caused the electrostatic charge to diminish, the rise rate of the intruder achieved a maximum at a relative humidity of around 55%.
	www.cmit.csiro.au /research/papers/abstract.cfm/471 (338 words)

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