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Colonial Brazil

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	ITTIS - Country Profiles for Rainforests and Tropical Timber Industries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Brazil is the world´s fifth-largest industrial wood producer and the largest producer of tropical wood.
		Brazil produces significant quantities of both hardwoods and softwoods with almost half Brazil´s wood production being used to produce sawn timber, and a large quantity of the remainder being used to produce pulp and paper.
		Brazil consumes a relatively high proportion of its wood production but is still one of the world´s ten largest forest products exporters and is one of the three largest producers and consumers of wood for fuel.
	www.ittis.org /profiles/profile_la_br.htm (459 words)

	History of Brazil - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		From the 16th to the 18th centuries, Brazil was a colony of Portugal, exploited mainly for brazilwood at first, and later for sugarcane agriculture.
		In the first century after its European discovery, the country's major export was "brazil wood", a large tree whose trunk contained a prized red dye, and which was nearly wiped out as a result of overexploitation.
		Brazil's most severe problem is arguably its highly unequal distribution of wealth and income, one of the most extreme in the world.
	open-encyclopedia.com /History_of_Brazil (2481 words)

	BrazilAdventures
		The red dye from brazil wood provoked the interest of a few Portuguese merchants and the king granted them the rights to brazil wood trade, which remained the only exportable commodity for the first half of the 16th century.
		Brazil was ruled from Lisbon as a colony until 1808, when the royal family, having fled from Napoleon's army, established the seat of Portuguese Government in Rio de Janeiro.
		His son declared Brazil's independence on September 7, 1822, and became emperor with the title of Dom Pedro I. His son, Dom Pedro II, ruled from 1831 to 1889, when a federal republic was established in a coup by Deodoro da Fonseca, marshal of the army.
	www.brazil-adventures.com /?x=about&y=history (1144 words)

	Colonial Brazil -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In the 16th century, the territory of Brazil was officially limited on the west side by the Tordesilhas meridian.
		The official story, which used to be given in school textbooks, is that the land was named after the " (additional info and facts about brazil wood) brazil wood" (pau-brasil), a tree which was the source of a prized red dye.
		Brazil was elevated to the condition of a Reino Unido de Portugal e Algarve (1815).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/colonial_brazil.htm (930 words)

	European Voyages of Exploration: Brazil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Brazil was discovered by accident when a Portuguese expedition to India, led by Pedro Alvares Cabral, swung too far westward in 1500.
		The discovery of Brazil wood, the source of red dye, much in demand by the European textile industry, was incentive for founding the colony and provided its name.
		It was clear by 1570's that the Indian population was not a dependable source of labour for the expanding sugar complex, thus African slaves became the primary source of labour in Brazil.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/brazil.html (440 words)

	Brazil Companies Database - Directory of Leads, Importers and Distributors
		Brazil was the last country in the western hemisphere to abolish slavery, which only happened in 1888.
		The industrialization period, which began in the late 10's, booms during World War II with the construction of steel mills, automobile and chemical plants, etc. Brazil was neutral in the war until 1943 then it fought on the allies' side, in spite of the government being sympathetic to the fascist regimes.
		Culminating with the modernization process the new capital of the country -Brasilia- was inaugurated in 1960: within only 3 years a new town, worldwide famous for its unique and impressive architecture,had been raised in the geographical center of the nation, a place where up to that point wilderness had prevailed.
	www.brazilbrand.com /library-brazil-history.htm (1299 words)

	Prints Old & Rare - Brazil page
		Beautiful wood engraved print shows two images: the entrance to the city's harbor and a view of the city from across the harbor.
		Wood engraving shows work beginning on the first railroad in Brazil.
		Impressive hand-colored, copper-engraved map of Brazil by Rigobert Bonne, a well known map maker from the late 18th century.
	www.printsoldandrare.com /brazil (535 words)

	Brazil - Descritive
		By the second half of the 19th century, Brazil was deep into a new cycle with coffee as the major export.
		Brazil is a Federal Republic divided into 26 states with the Federal District of Brasilia, it’s capital.
		Brazil has agreement with a number of countries for which citizens receive a tourist visa upon arrival, smoothly and without any hassle.
	www.bgt.com.br /brazil_descritive.htm (1520 words)

	History of Brazil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The economic expansion of the viceroyalty was further stimulated by the discovery of diamonds in 1721 and, later, by the development of the coffee- and sugar-growing industries.
		Banda Oriental was annexed to Brazil in 1821 and renamed Cisplatine Province.
		Brazil adopted a policy of neutrality in the early stages of the war, but as a consequence of German attacks on its shipping, the country severed diplomatic relations with Germany in August 1917.
	www.emayzine.com /lectures/HISTOR~6.htm (4390 words)

	Brazil - History
		Unlike the colonizing philosophy of the Spanish, the Portuguese in Brazil were much less focused at first on conquering, controlling, and developing the country.
		As a result, Brazil's population is intermingled to a degree that is unseen elsewhere.
		Brazil has the sixth largest population in the world--about 148 million people--which has doubled in the past 30 years.
	www.geographia.com /brazil/brazihistory.htm (707 words)

	Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth. Chapter 8 THE ROLE OF PLANTATIONS Protecting Forest Products and ...
		Increasingly, reconstituted wood is substituting for natural wood in the world lumber market as industry adapts to a shrinking supply of large logs from natural forests.
		Brazil was averaging 14 cubic meters per hectare in 1990 and could go to 33 cubic meters with advanced management, according to FAO.
		Brazil, now with 5 million hectares of forest plantations, gets 60 percent of its industrial wood from plantations.
	www.earth-policy.org /Books/Eco/EEch8_ss6.htm (837 words)

	South American Hardwoods: TREE AND WOOD CHARACTERISTICS
		Wood has a fairly high luster and is attractively marked by prominent vessel lines; medium to coarse textured and typically has an interlocked grain with a pronounced stripe.
		Wood is similar to fl locust and could be used as a substitute for some applications.
		The wood is rated fair in its resistance to weathering (based on laboratory exposure tests) which contradicts its favorable reputation in the tropics.
	www.news.ai /build/woods.html (16311 words)

	BRAZIL WOOD - Online Information article about BRAZIL WOOD
		WOOD, a dye wood of commercial importance, obtained from the See also:
		Lima wood, each of which has a different commercialvalue, although the tinctorialprincipletheyyield is similar.
		Commercial Brazil wood is imported for the use of dyers in billets of large See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /BOS_BRI/BRAZIL_WOOD.html (475 words)

	Arbol de Brasil - Brazil Wood
		The bright red wood, which takes a high polish, is used in cabinet work and for making violin bows.
		Caesalpinia echinata, the famous "Pau-brazil," is the source of the name of the country, Brazil, and is endemic to the Atlantic coastal forest.
		The large tree was once highly valued for its timber and as a source of dye and was logged almost to extinction.
	electrocomm.tripod.com /arbolbrasil.htm (263 words)

	woods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Brazil has very nice tropical woods for instruments like Brazilian Rose wood, Mahogany and other woods that are very exotic and beautiful.
		There are of coarse some woods that are native woods like "Brazilian Rose Wood" that is still almost impossible to get anywhere (even in Brazil) because they are considered "endangered species".
		After investigating the availability of different alternative woods for guitars, I decided to use what they call in Brazil "Cherry wood" for the body which is very similar in looks to "Ash".
	pluto.spaceports.com /~fishbake/strat/woods.htm (443 words)

	UNESCO Courier: The triumph of O Aleijadinho - Brazil's Baroque sculptor Antonio Francisco Lisboa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		But the most notable form of baroque expression in Brazil was the art of talha, decorative gilded and polychromed wood carving, which was practised on altarpieces in chapels and churches, and spread to the walls and ceilings of high altars and to transepts, and in many cases to the nave and side-chapels as well.
		The church of the monastery of Sao Bento, in Olinda, and the Carmelite basilica in Recife are notable examples of the architecture of this period in northeastern Brazil.
		But it was in the State of Minas Gerais that the baroque and rococo movement in Brazil had the most comprehensive impact on architecture, especially in the work of the great architect and sculptor Antonio Francisco Lisboa (1730-1814), known as O Aleijadinho (the Little Cripple)--in church facades, plans, volumes, carvings, and the use of space.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1310/is_n1_v21/ai_6134137 (1129 words)

	Chapter Brazilin <i>to</i> Break of B by Webster's Dictionary (1913 Edition) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A substance contained in both Brazil wood and Sapan wood, from which it is extracted as a yellow crystalline substance which is white when pure.
		This name was given to the wood from its color; and it is said that King Emanuel, of Portugal, gave the name Brazil to the country in South America on account of its producing this wood.]
		A very heavy wood of a reddish color, imported from Brazil and other tropical countries, for cabinet- work, and for dyeing.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/257/1193/22098/1.html (338 words)

	Bowmaker Andreas Grütter
		There the wood grows faster, and rarely has the quality that was still common in the 19th century.
		There are often different colored stripes in the wood, which can be misleading, because they may not go in the same direction as the grain, but are much more conspicuous, although they have no effect on the quality of the wood.
		This is a difficult concept in principle, but it works like this: hold on to a stick firmly at one end, lay the other on a firm surface, e.g., a table, and push on the middle of the stick with the free hand.
	www.andreasgrutter.nl /book/p13_txt.html (1336 words)

	Brazil: Myth vs Reality
		Brazil, with all of its natural resources, has been called a country for the future.
		The annual timber harvest in Brazil, for example, is 75 million M3, about the same as the harvest in British Columbia, but Brazil has five times the area of timber resource.
		While the natural forest of Brazil covers nearly 400 million hectares, two-thirds of which is in the Amazon, the dynamic part of the forest industry is based on five million hectares of plantation forest, located in southern Brazil bordering the Atlantic Coast.
	www.forestnet.com /archives/Sept_97/brazil.html (1569 words)

	Arcos Brasil - Pernambucco Wood: How to Identify
		The name Brazil wood or Pernambuco wood are used for these species mainly because of the red color of the wood.
		Caesalpina sappna L, or sappon wood, is native in Asia and deserves mentioned because it is the tree, which gave rise to common name Brasil wood (known in the bow and violin business as Pernambuco wood).
		In northern South America, on the Atlantic coast of Colombia and Venezuela the native species known as Brazil wood or Pernambuco wood is Haematoxylon brasiletto Karsten.
	www.arcosbrasil.com /PernambuccoWood/pernambuccowood4.html (348 words)

	BASIC STATISTICS and FACTS about BRAZIL
		The main physical features of Brazil are the Brazilian Highlands, a vast highland region in the southeast; the Amazon River Basin of impenetrable forested lowlands, swamps, and floodplains; and the Guiana Highlands in the extreme northwest.
		Brazil's climate ranges from wet and tropical at the mouth of the Amazon to much drier and cooler in the southeast.
		The population of Brazil is 167,660,687 (1997 estimate), 79 percent of which lives in urban areas.
	www.brazilbrazil.com /stats.html (684 words)

	BrazilAdventures
		Although it was the Portuguese who gave Brazil its language and religion, decades of colonization, slavery, and immigration during the boom years of rubber, gold, sugar cane, tobacco, and coffee turned Brazil into a cultural melting pot.
		Today Brazil is an amalgam of European, African, and Asian influences, and at no time is the richness of Brazilian culture more evident than during its festivals.
		From the Amazon to the Atlantic, Brazil stretches her arms across South America to embrace the variety of the continent.
	www.brazil-adventures.com /?x=about&y=history (183 words)

	Forbes.com: Brazilian Beauties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		As they glided along the rivers of northeast Brazil, it was believed these lion mastheads had the power to look ahead and steer their boats away from danger.
		Brazil has a particularly rich heritage in the decorative arts, as the exhibition titled "Brazil: Body and Soul," now on view at the Guggenheim Museum in New York, demonstrates.
		After Brazil was claimed by Portuguese explorer Pedro Alvarez Cabral in 1500, one of its first exports was brazilwood, which made a reddish-purple dye highly prized by Europeans.
	www.forbes.com /2001/11/07/1107pow.html (379 words)

	LOGWOOD - LoveToKnow Article on LOGWOOD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The tree attains a height not exceeding 40 ft., and is said to be ready for felling when about ten years old.
		The wood, deprived of its bark and the sap-wood, is sent into the market in the form of large blocks and billets.
		It is very hard and dense, and externally has a dark brownish-red color; but it is less deeply colored within.
	57.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LO/LOGWOOD.htm (268 words)

	Brazil News 24/7 - Nothing But Brazil - Brazzil Magazine - Fresh news daily - English-language Magazine on Brazilian ...
		After falling in July and September polls, consumer confidence in Brazil remained steady in the latest Sensus poll (November) with 52.7% of those interviewed saying government economic policy is inadequate, and 35.3% saying it is correct.
		The number of people freed from slave work in Brazil, during the first 10 months of 2005, reached 3,360, which is already superior to last year's total of 2,887, as per information by the Ministry of Labor and Employment.
		Brazil is the world leader in biofuel production, but it could lose this position in three years if it does not develop new refineries and prepare a larger contingent of qualified professionals.
	brazzilmag.com /index.php?...&task=view&id=3278&Itemid=49 (1747 words)

	VirtualTourist.com - ssm10's Album - 503 years of Brazil's history in a few words.
		The country’s name came from "pau brasil" (brazil wood) logs, which produces a red dye.
		In the late 17th century, bandeirantes discovered a magical luster in rivers located in an inaccessible and unsettled region inland from Rio de Janeiro.
		His son declared Brazil's independence on September 7, 1822, and became emperor with the title of Dom Pedro I. His son, Dom Pedro II, ruled from 1831 to 1889, when a federal republic was established in a coup.
	members.virtualtourist.com /m/tt/333f6 (759 words)

	Renseignements internationaux - Lack of Wood in Brazil
		While the raw material is becoming scarce, wood consumption is growing by 5 percent every year.
		In Brazil, wood feeds 255 pulp and paper industries, 110 steel industries worked by charcoal, and 13,500 furniture industries.
		Depending on the end-product and where the wood is marketed, prices for pine increased between 20 percent to 75 percent between February and March of 2003 (data based on Cepea - Economy Study Center).
	strategis.ic.gc.ca /epic/internet/inimr-ri.nsf/fr/gr119813f.html (677 words)

	Timber industry news & timber importers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Notwithstanding the difficulties created by congestion at Brazil's ports, the value of its timber and wood products exports for the first quarter of 2004 was up 36.7% to $770 million compared with the same period a year earlier.
		For the January to March period 2003, wood exports amounted to $563 million.
		In 2003, Brazil's solid wood industry exported more than $2.6 billion compared with $2.2 billion in 2002.
	www.globalwood.org /news1/ac051101.htm (287 words)

	Violin Varnish Ingredients: Glossary - Luscombe Violins Inc.
		The red wood of the Brazilian Caesalpina used as a dye.
		This wood, much used as a dye, is not the Santalum yasi, but the Pterocarpus santalunis, and grows in India and Ceylon.
		The close grained heart wood is a dark red in colour.
	www.violins.on.ca /vargloss.html (1713 words)

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