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Topic: Brazilian Expeditionary Force

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	Chapter XII: The Establishment of United States Army Forces in Brazil
		The Brazilian ground and air forces then stationed in the Northeast were not prepared in terms of either equipment or training to deal with an attack by modern combat forces, and the United States Navy patrol forces based there were neither adequate nor suitable for defense of land air bases.
		Brazilian forces in the Northeast numbered about eighteen thousand men, but they were too widely dispersed and poorly equipped to provide much protection for the air bases.
		The defense of the Brazilian bulge against external attack during 1942 was mainly provided far afield by the Soviet forces resisting the sweep of Nazi arms, by the British forces checking the Axis drive into Egypt, and by the United States Navy's success in stopping the tide of Japanese advance in the Pacific.
	www.army.mil /cmh/books/wwii/Framework/ch12.htm (9180 words)

	P-47D Thunderolt by Flavio da Foseca (Academy 1/48)
		Two arms of the Brazilian Armed Forces were sent to Italy: the Força Expedicionaria Brasileira (Brazilian expeditionary Force), from the Brazilian Army; and the 1º Grupo de Aviação de Caça (1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron – 1st BFS), from the Brazilian Air Force (or FAB, from the portuguese name).
		Initially, the Brazilian P–47s were finished in standard US fighter colors, olive-drab on top surfaces over neutral gray on the undersurfaces (exception made for those aircraft of the commander and operations officer which were finished in natural metal and olive-drab anti-glare panels).
		Although the Brazilian pilots were trained as fighters, the 1st BFS became a fighter-bomber unit in Italy, and its missions were mostly armed reconnaissance and “free-hunt” sorties, giving air support for the US 5th Army, to which the Brazilian Expeditionary Force was attached.
	hsfeatures.com /p47dfdf_1.htm (889 words)

	Hispanic Americans & the U.S. Army - Artwork
		Because of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (BEF), Brazil had the distinction of being the only Latin American nation whose participation in World War II was represented in division strength.
		Covering on the right, the BEF was to hold a three-mile sector between the Mountain Division's right flank and the Reno River in front of the Fifth Army.
		The men of the BEF are firing an 81-mm mortar and are attired in typical American uniforms of the World War II period: wool trousers, M1943 field jacket, and the modified M1910 individual equipment which included the M1 rifle, Ml carbine, and the M1A1 Thompson submachine gun.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/topics/hisp/Hisp-Art.htm (1007 words)

	Historical Notes: Castelo Branco, Garrido Torres, and Brazilian Financial Institutions.
		Castelo Branco had been a colonel in the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II and, as chief of operations, fought along side the Americans in the Italian campaign.
		Son of a general and relative of the famous Brazilian author, José de Alencar, Castelo Branco was highly intelligent, having studied both at the French Ecole Superior de Guerre and the U.S. Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth.
		I was in a position to understand the Brazilian market at the time, as CEO of Brazil's largest broker-dealer and founder of the leading securities research firm.
	www.capital-flow-analysis.com /investment-tutorial/case_1p.html (1810 words)

	BACC / THE ORIGINAL BRAZILIAN TRAVEL / BACC TRAVEL
		Brazilian flora can be divided into 10 groups: the Amazon rainforest, the Atlantic rainforest, caatinga, pantanal, cerrado, campos, mata de araucária, mata de cocais, mangue and restinga.
		The two oil crises in the 70s and 80s had a direct impact in the Brazilian economy, then largely dependent on foreign oil, with serious economic repercussions which were to last, in one way or another, for the better part of the 80s.
		The contribution of the American people to the Brazilian society is noteworthy, as from 1867 to 1871 at least 3,000 Southern confederate families migrated to Brazil, fleeing from the hardship of the Southern reconstruction in the aftermath of the American Civil War.
	bacctravel.com /info_brazil.html (5316 words)

	Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Brazilian Expeditionary Force (Portuguese: Força Expedicionária Brasileira, or FEB) was the 25,300-man force formed by the Brazilian Navy, Army and Air Force that fought alongside the Allied forces in the Italian Campaign of World War II.
		The Brazilian 1st Division of the FEB was under the command of 15th Army Group of Field Marshal Harold Alexander (later General Mark Clark), via the U.S. Fifth Army of Lieutenant General Mark Clark (later Lieutenant General Lucian Truscott) and the US IV Corps of Major General Willis D. Crittenberger.
		The combined forces of the FEB and the American 10th Mountain Division were assigned the task of clearing Monte Belvedere of Germans and minefields.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Force (2946 words)

	About Facts Net
		The Brazilian Battleship the Minas Gerais was built by Armstrong between 1907 and 1910.
		A Brazilian expeditionary force served on the Italian front, and in the supply of minerals, rubber, and other raw materials Brazil made a notable contribution to the Allied war effort.
		The Brazilian Unit was comprised of 25,000 men and served as a division of the United States’ Fifth Army under the command of General Mark Clark
	aboutfacts.net /War7.htm (493 words)

	WWII In Color :: View topic - Brazilian Forces in WW2
		The remains of the brave Brazilian airmen who lost their lives in Italy were buried in the Brazilian Cemetery at Pistoia.
		The Brazilian Air Force, in its first experience of war outside Brazilian territory, sent to Italy an air unit, the 1st Brazilian Fighter Group, who staff came up to the highest expectations with respect to courage, sense of duty, spirit of sacrifice and professional skill.
		The legacy left by the heroes of the 1st Brazilian Fighter Group was the base for the future generations of fighter pilots at the Brazilian Air Force, and it was the responsible for the new warrior mentality of the Brazilian Air Force.
	www.ww2incolor.com /phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=10601 (566 words)

	EIAL VI2 - Brazil and World War II: The Forgotten Ally.What did you do in the war, Zé Carioca?
		The region was undefended, beyond the range of American aircraft in the Caribbean, and inaccessible by land to the Brazilian forces concentrated in the south.
		It is important to emphasize that the expeditionary force was a Brazilian idea, that it resulted from a calculated policy of the Vargas government and not from an American policy to draw Brazil directly into the fighting.
		The Brazilians completed this feat on their own and with considerable pride waited until the surrender was complete and the prisoners under guard before calling the American headquarters.
	www.tau.ac.il /eial/VI_2/mccann.htm (15082 words)

	Brazilian Organizations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In August 9th 1943, the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (BEF) was created and Division General João Baptista Mascarenhas de Moraes assigned as its Chief Commander.
		In Italy, BEF became part of the 5th American Army, under the command of General Mark Wayne Clark and its first combat actions took place in early September 1944, at the Arno River sector, near the city of Pisa.
		In the last days of its offensive, BEF besieged and captured the German 148th Infantry Division (commanded by General Otto Fretter Pico) and the Italia Division (commanded by General Mario Carloni), reaching the Po valley and then heading northwest, to link with French troops at the city of Susa on May 2, 1945.
	www.custermen.com /ItalyWW2/ArmyOrg/BrazileOrg.htm (544 words)

	Geography: Location
		As for the actual battle, on February 21, 1945 the Brazilian Expeditionary Force achieved one of its most remarkable feats during the Campaign of Italy—the conquest of Monte Castello, until then considered an inexpugnable fortress.
		As for the responsible of the Brazilian feat, we have Brazilian General Joâo Batista Mascaranhas de Moraes.
		He took an improvement course in the USA and therefore, he went to Italy, working under the 5th North American Army's command, he took the troops of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force to the victories of Monte Castello, Castelnuovo and Montese among others.
	en.allexperts.com /q/Geography-1729/Location.htm (787 words)

	Comings Communiqué: Special Veterans' Day Tributes
		They are the men of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB).
		The Brazilian army, air force, and navy served with distinction in Italy.
		Many Brazilians don't even know that there was such a thing as the FEB. In my travels, I have never seen one statue to the soldiers who fought in the Great War--although I am sure they exist somewhere.
	www.comingstobrazil.com /blog/archives/2006/11/special_veteran.php (415 words)

	Embassy of Brazil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Brazilian delegation took the lead at the American Foreign Ministers Conference, held in Rio de Janeiro in January 1942, in which the collective breaking of diplomatic relations with the Axis countries was negotiated.
		The BEF was deployed to Italy where it was attached to the U.S. Fifth Army led by General Mark Clark and placed as a division of General Willis Crittemberger's IV Corps.
		American audiences were introduced to Brazilian rhythm by Carmen Miranda who was a sensation when she appeared in a series of Hollywood movies in the early 1940s.
	www.brasilemb.org /profile_brazil/brazil_usa_worldwar.shtml (796 words)

	C V M A R J Brasil
		Our contacts and connections with some historical institutions of the Brazilian Armed Forces are rendering some great results: our vehicles take part in several civic celebrations, exhibitions and shows promoted by the Military.
		With the declaration of war against the Axis in 1942 and the joining of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in 1944 along with the American 5th Army in the Italian Campaign, the United States begun providing equipment for the Brazilian Forces through the Lend Lease act.
		We are trying to dig out official information of the "wheres and whens" concerning military vehicles sent to Brazilian Forces during and after the conflict.
	www.cvmarj.com.br /x.htm (833 words)

	Internet Archive: Details: Brazil at War
		It was awkward for the Brazilians to be totally dependent on the American forces for training, clothing, arms, equipment, and food.
		It was not a colonial unit, as were the British Indian ones, or a Commonwealth military, such as the Canadian, New Zealander, or South African, nor a Free "this or that," such as the Polish or French contingents.
		The Brazilians took substantial casualties and won several important engagements as part of the U.S. 5th Army, including the capture of 15,000 German soldiers by a Brazilian armored brigade at Fornovo.
	www.archive.org /details/Brazilat1943 (762 words)

	1st Brazilian Infantry Division (World War II)
		I have no reason to suppose this is anything but a coincidence, since the Marine Division fought in the South Pacific, not in Europe.
		Source: Print entitled Exército Expedicionário--Insígnias de Comando, published by the Brazilian Ministry of War Photo-Cartographic Office, in the files of the U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry.
		Brigade commanders had a device representing the type of brigade (crossed rifles and hand grenade for infantry, crossed lances and pennons for cavalry, flaming bomb for artillery) above the number of the division to which the brigade belonged, in Arabic numerals.
	flagspot.net /flags/br^1id.html (230 words)

	HyperWar: US Army in WWII: The Framework of Hemisphere Defense [Chapter 12]
		Conference to plan their conduct of the war, guarding the South Atlantic airway was one of their most pressing concerns, the Anglo-American agreement of 31 December on grand strategy designating it as the most-important of the air routes between the hemispheres.
		Neither did the Brazilians want all of the motor vehicles offered, but they did want a good many more light tanks, and many items not offered-medium tanks, antiaircraft guns, antitank guns, and combat airplanes-items that the Army did not believe it could release for months to come.
		It had no antiaircraft guns in place, no radar or aircraft warning system, no protective measures in force such as the dispersion of aircraft and of gasoline, and the nearest defensive aircraft were an hour's flying distance away at Recife.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/USA/USA-WH-Frame/USA-WH-Frame-12.html (11402 words)

	Max Wolff
		Max Wolff Fiho was born in the town of Rio Negro, PR, Brazil, in July 29, 1912.
		Lieutenant Otávio Costa, who was on my side in the Observation Post, pressed the teeth with force, but he didn't say a word.
		He was first sepulted at the "Brazilian Militar Cemetery" located in Pistóia, Italy where all Brazilian soldiers were sepulted.
	www.normandy1944.info /veterans/max_wolf.htm (1065 words)

	Humberto Castelo Branco Summary
		Humberto Castelo Branco was born in Ceará on Sept. 20, 1900.
		He went overseas as chief of operations of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force which fought with the Allied armies in the Italian campaign of World War II.
		It did not press for passage of a law allowing illiterates to vote in municipal elections, which would have reduced the power of rural landlords; and the agrarian reform law passed under government pressure was exceedingly mild and did not, in fact, bring about agrarian reform.
	www.bookrags.com /Humberto_Castelo_Branco (816 words)

	Portuguese
		The importance of Portuguese became evident during World War II when Brazil joined the Allied Powers by sending the Brazilian Expeditionary Force to fight bravely alongside American forces in Italy.
		Arriving in Guaruja, cadets met up with a Brazilian aviation detachment and spent time flying around the area in addition to visiting the regional commander.
		An added benefit to this stop was that cadets were able to observe military's importance in Brazil since the Brazilian Army places a heavy emphasis in the development and maintenance of infrastructure in this region.
	www.dean.usma.edu /dfl/portuguese.htm (663 words)

	The long shadow of the United States
		And last week, arriving in the vast, messy, unplanned city of Sao Paulo, it was a Brazilian MP corruption scandal, the bankruptcy of the country's awful airline Varig--worse, let me warn you, than any East European airline under the Soviet Union--and Brazil's newly nationalised oil concessions in Bolivia that made up the front pages.
		The sinking of five Brazilian merchant ships by German U-boats provoked huge public demonstrations that forced the right-wing and undemocratic Getulio Vargas government to declare war on the Nazis.
		Well, it all looks very different today when a left-wing Brazilian leader, Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva--who also found himself threatened by "foreign forces" after his popular election--is trying to make sense of the Bolivian nationalisation of Brazil's oil conglomerates, an act carried out by Lula's equally left-wing chum up in La Paz, Evo Morales.
	www.informationclearinghouse.info /article13029.htm (948 words)

	Brazil in World War II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Once ideological differences were worked out through solid diplomacy, a relationship based out of mutual need brought the Allied powers to victory and Brazilian politics and industry into the twentieth century.
		When Franklin Roosevelt visited President Getulio Vargas after the Casablanca Conference in January 1943, newspapers reported the importance of U.S.-Brazilian friendship in fighting the Battle of the Atlantic, and the importance of the Natal air base in sending supplies to Europe for the buildup of a massive army to overthrow Hitler and Mussolini.
		By 1944, Brazil had contributed an expeditionary force to fight in Italy.
	history.sandiego.edu /gen/st/~johnw/index.html (159 words)

	Brazilian M1 painted helmets of WWII - Wehrmacht-Awards.com Militaria Forums
		These were used by the Brazilian Expeditionary Force.
		They are standard M1 helmets, but with the typical Brazilian Army rank markings.
		A couple of Brazilian sergeants with rank painted liners, including girlfriend's names.
	www.wehrmacht-awards.com /forums/showthread.php?t=70869 (231 words)

	General M
		Arriving 18 September, she was visited by Brazilian President Getulio Vargas and embarked 5,200 troops of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force, the first Brazilian troops to be carried by an American transport.
		She sailed 22 September for the Mediterranean; arrived Naples 6 October; and there embarked troops, civilians, and 460 German prisoners of war for transportation to the United States.
		Sailing again 23 June, she transported occupation troops to Naples, where she then embarked Brazilian troops 4 July and sailed the 6th for Rio de Janeiro.
	www.history.navy.mil /danfs/g3/general_m_c_meigs.htm (767 words)

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