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Topic: Brazilian Merganser

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	PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AND INCIPIENT FLIGHTLESSNESS OF THE EXTINCT AUCKLAND ISLANDS MERGANSER
		The Auckland Islands Merganser was not, as claimed by Luther (1967), flightless; individuals were observed in flight by Hutton and Ranfurly (fide Kear and Scarlett 1970).
		Measurements taken on skins were as follows: total body length; length of exposed culmen on midline; nail width; length of the chord of the unstraightened wing; length of the tail, measured medially' length of the tarsus on anterior surface; and length of the middle toe, excluding nail.
		Mergansers are capable divers and are largely piscivorous, but unlike several other genera of the Mergini (e.g., Somateria, Melanitta, and Clangula), are strictly foot-propelled divers, i.e., strokes of the feet provide the sole propulsion at submergence and for underwater loco- motion (Townsend 1909; Kelso 1922; Brooks 1945; Humphrey 1957, 1958).
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Wilson/v101n03/p0410-p0435.html (9644 words)

	NOTES ON THE BRAZILIAN MERGANSER IN ARGENTINA
		The Brazilian Merganser is undoubtedly a year-round resident in Misiones.
		In Misiones the Brazilian Merganser is not rare but has been found only along the small rivers and streams that flow from the highlands in the interior of the province into the Alto Paraná, which is a tributary of the La Plata River.
		Brazilian Mergansers are sedentary birds and probably spend their entire lives along a small part of one river.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Auk/v073n04/p0473-p0488.html (11532 words)

	The Rufford Small Grants for Nature Conservation - Sônia Rigueira (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Brazilian Merganser (Mergus octosetaceus): environmental education for the conservation of a critically endangered species.
		The Brazilian Merganser’s protection will only be effective in the Serra da Canastra region if the local community take an active role and become involved, mainly those who live within its area of occurrence.
		The Brazilian Merganser is unknown to most of the residents and tourists of the Serra da Canastra region.
	www.rufford.org /rsg/Projects/SoniaRigueira.html (374 words)

	WWT Threatened Species Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Brazilian Merganser (Mergus octosetaceus) is a sedentary, fish-eating bird occurring in low densities on streams and rivers flowing through remote sub-tropical forest and cerrado with gallery forest.
		The Brazilian Merganser is one of the most threatened waterfowl in the world - less than 100 birds are thought to survive today.
		Safe-guarding the remaining Brazilian population is the most important first step, with efforts concentrated on the central plateau where current and historic sites are concentrated.
	www.wwt.org.uk /threatsp/pastwwt/brazmer.htm (456 words)

	Mergus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For an overview of the duck, goose and swan family of birds, see Anatidae.
		Although they are seaducks, most of the mergansers prefer riverine habitats, only Red-breasted Merganser being common on the sea.
		Along with the Smew and Hooded Merganser, they are therefore often known as "sawbills".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Merganser (99 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Hopes for the merganser's continued survival in the wild are fading fast at BirdLife International, which has made considerable efforts to locate and study the species.
		Until a BirdLife expedition two months ago, it was thought that the merganser had an additional stronghold along the tributaries of the Sao Francisco river in the northeastern state of Bahia, where 34 individuals were reported by surveys during the late 1990s, but no record of the species was found.
		Though the Brazilian Merganser may not be as severely affected by fires as other species in these areas since it leaves on or near the water, BirdLife and the Brazilian conservation group, Terra Brasilis say that an evaluation of the real impact of fires on the bird is imperative.
	www.surfbirds.com /cgi-bin/editornews/print.pl?article=229 (574 words)

	merganser -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		The larger mergansers are seen most often on open reaches of lakes and rivers.
		In the United States, common and red-breasted mergansers are often called sheldrakes (properly a name for the shelducks).
		Except for the rare Brazilian merganser (Mergus octosetaceus), all mergansers...
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9052118 (581 words)

	Sylvan Heights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Brazilian Merganser (Mergus octosetaceus) is one of the world's most endangered ducks; less than 250 survive in the wild, and the species is predicted to become extinct within 10 years.
		The river habitat required by the Brazilian Merganser has suffered from staggering deforestation and permanent flooding from dams.
		The Brazilian Merganser Recovery Team was given “working group status” by the government.
	www.sylvan-heights.org /br_merganser.php (392 words)

	Merganser (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The common merganser, also known as the goosander, ranges from 55 to 68 cm (22 to 27 in) in length.
		The common merganser, or goosander, is classified as Mergus merganser; the red-breasted merganser as Mergus serrator; the smew as Mergellus albellus, and the hooded merganser as Lophocytes cucullatus.
		The Chinese merganser is classified as Mergus squamatus, and the Brazilian merganser as Mergus octosetaceus.
	homepage.eircom.net /~mhanley/merganser.html (322 words)

	Rare ducks feeling the heat
		The two known remaining refuges of the critically endangered Brazilian Merganser Mergus octosetaceus have been badly hit by fires, leading to serious concern for the continued survival of the species, already estimated to number fewer than 250 individuals.
		Though the Brazilian Merganser may not be as severely affected by fire as other species in these areas, BirdLife says that an evaluation of the real impact of fires on the bird is imperative.
		The species' decline is largely due to hydroelectrical plants destroying the clear, fast-flowing rivers they rely upon, or as a result of agricultural development, deforestation and mining degrading and polluting their habitat.
	www.birdlife.org /news/news/2003/10/b_merganser.html (557 words)

	Fires consume last refuges of one of Earth’s rarest birds
		Until a BirdLife expedition two months ago, it was thought that the merganser had an additional stronghold along the tributaries of the São Francisco river in the northeastern state of Bahia, where 34 individuals were reported by surveys during the late 1990s, but no record of the species was found.
		Though the Brazilian Merganser may not be as severely affected by fires as other species in these areas since it lives on or near the water, BirdLife and the Brazilian conservation group, Terra Brasilis say that an evaluation of the real impact of fires on the bird is imperative.
		Photographs of the Brazilian Merganser and Serra da Canastra on this web page are available for one-off media use.
	www.birdlife.org /news/pr/2003/10/b_merganser.html (770 words)

	IUCN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Luís Fábio Silveira began studying the Brazilian Merganser at Serra da Canastra National Park in 1996, after which him and his colleague Dr Wolf Bartmann conducted annual surveys of mergansers at the park, focusing on the birds’; habitat requirements.
		The Brazilian Merganser is one of the world's most endangered ducks; less than 250 survive in the wild, and the species is predicted to become extinct within 10 years.
		A recovery plan for the Brazilian Merganser was produced following a conservation planning workshop in Brazil in September 2000, attended by experts from all three Brazilian Merganser range states (Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay), Europe and the United States.
	www.iucn.org /THEMES/SSC/sgprofiles/twsg.htm (2258 words)

	Birdwatching Trip Report from
		Restricted to the Brazilian coastal region and inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1999, the Atlantic forests of S.E Brazil are among the world's richest rainforests in terms of biodiversity.
		The key species here is the critically endangered Brazilian Merganser, best looked for on the upper level in the last 200-300 metres of the Rio Francisco that lead to the waterfall or from vantage points along the lower level river.
		Sadly, despite extensive searching, the merganser was not at home but we comforted ourselves with the thought that it was rare, therefore hard to find and this was only our first attempt.
	www.birdtours.co.uk /tripreports/brazil/braz17/braz-nov-04.htm (10062 words)

	Sylvan Heights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Mike Lubbock was invited to a workshop in Bel Horizonte, Brazil, to address the dire situation of the Brazilian Merganser.
		The elusive Brazilian Merganser not only ranks among the rarest of all waterfowl, but of all birds as well.
		While in Brazil, Mike managed to observe Brazilian Mergansers in the wild for several hours on a nearby river.
	www.sylvan-heights.org /rare_endangered_spcs_sa.php (265 words)

	BBC News \| AMERICAS \| Oil spill takes toll on wildlife (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The oil spill in the river Iguacu in south-eastern Brazil is the worst in the country for 25 years, and the environmental impact is likely to be huge.
		Part of the problem is that the spill happened in a fast-flowing river, and the Brazilian authorities had difficulties containing the devastation.
		The Brazilian Merganser is already a critically endangered species - the population is down to the last 250.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/americas/841515.stm (579 words)

	merganser -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		Mergansers have a long body and a narrow, serrated, hooked bill for catching fish.
		albellus), a small, compact merganser with a short bill, live in northern regions; the only southern species is the Brazilian merganser (M.
		Mergansers are called trash ducks because their flesh is rank.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9371897 (92 words)

	Iguazu Falls Birding Tour.
		Before dawn we head south 40 miles on a paved road to explore different hilly forest located in an 150.000 acres State Park were Brazilian Merganser was recorded up to 10 years ago.
		At midday enjoy a typical Brazilian style barbecue lunch and transfer to the airport.(B,L) Hotel used is the charming "Las Orquideas", a 3 star hotel at the Argentine side of the falls.
		A number of specialties can be found here, in an island of rainforest which has been isolated by the Tapajos and Xingu rivers, as well as many species of wider southern Amazonia distribution which do not occur in the Manaus area to the north, but are possible in east Ecuador and Peru.
	www.geocities.com /TheTropics/Cabana/6292/iguazu.html (1950 words)

	Fires consume last refuges of one of Earth’s rarest birds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The two known remaining refuges of the Critically Endangered Brazilian merganser have been badly hit by fires, leading to serious concern for the continued survival of the species, already estimated to number fewer than 250 individuals.
		“Given that Canastra National Park and the Jalapão area hold the stronghold of the Brazilian Merganser population, the effective protection of these areas should be a priority for the Brazilian Government.
		The future of the Brazilian merganser will largely depend on its protection in both Canastra National Park and the Jalapão area.
	www.talkwildlife.citymax.com /page/page/761814.htm (576 words)

	BIRDCHAT archives -- June 2003, week 5 (#14)
		Serra da Canastra National Park is national park in SE Brazil that is visited by many foreign birders in search of rarities such as Brazilian Merganser, Brasilia Tapaculo, Golden-capped Parakeet, among other rare and declining species.
		They may well suceed as they are very rich - and Brazilian politician are not reknowned for their ethical behaviour.
		The preservation area is in a legal mess as the Brazilian Government have not paid compensation to the landowners.
	listserv.arizona.edu /cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0306e&L=birdchat&F=&S=&P=1407 (615 words)

	Brazil: Minas Gerais - 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Situated at the convergence of five distinctive Brazilian biogeographical regions, Minas Gerais is an excellent point of entry into the natural history of eastern South America.
		The park’s riparian zones are the main stronghold of two critically endangered birds: Brazilian Merganser and Brasília Tapaculo.
		Mammals commonly seen here include Brazilian Agouti, Tayra (a large neotropical weasel), Brown Capuchin and Tufted Marmoset; Jaguar and Brazilian Tapir are still reported from the park as well.
	www.jaegertours.net /braz-05.htm (1685 words)

	Bird watching trip report - Brazil - surfbirds.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Interestingly the water generated in the Brazilian Panatanal will ultimately pass the very Argentine sites in which we were birding some two years previously and 2000 kilometres to the south.
		Brazilian Merganser is the most threatened duck in the World, with less than 250 individuals surviving, and was for long thought to be extinct until rediscovery in 1948.
		A fezenda is a Brazilian farm, but Angelim is far removed from any farms that we have ever seen.
	www.surfbirds.com /mb/trips/brazil-im-0104.html (22382 words)

	FONT's Minas Gerais, Brazil Birding Tour Itinerary 2004
		Brazilian Laniisoma (a rarity that has been known as the Shrike-like Cotinga).
		it (the merganser, that is - we did in both 2002 and 2003).
		(The entire population of the species has recently been estimated at just over 200 birds.) We'll definitely be able to explore and enjoy the pristine grassland habitat, with an assortment of birds and mammals, and with clear streams (favored by the merganser) atop a high plateau.
	www.focusonnature.com /BrazilBR-4Sep'04Itinerary.htm (810 words)

	BIRDCHAT archives -- November 2001, week 2 (#50)
		We are accompanied on this part of the tour by guide Luis Silveira who heads a program studying Brazilian Merganser, the most critically endangered duck in South America if not the world.
		We will be searching the small stretch of the San Francisco River that is the last unpolluted habitat for the Merganser high in the Serro do Mar. It is estimated that only 200 of the Mergansers remain.
		They immediately splash into the river and swim away, watching us cautiously over their backs, male on the right female on the left and six sub-adults in between, captured on video.
	listserv.arizona.edu /cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0111b&L=birdchat&F=&S=&P=5313 (469 words)

	Biodiversity Hotspots - Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina - Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		More than two dozen Critically Endangered vertebrate species are clinging to survival in the region, including three species of lion tamarins and six bird species that are restricted to the small patch of forest near the Murici Ecological Station in northeastern Brazil.
		With almost 950 kinds of birds occurring in this hotspot, there are many unique species including the red-billed curassow, the Brazilian merganser, and numerous threatened parrot species.
		It extends inland to eastern Paraguay and the province of Misiones in northeastern Argentina, and narrowly along the coast into Uruguay.
	www.biodiversityhotspots.org /xp/Hotspots/atlantic_forest (366 words)

	Biodiversity Hotspots - Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina - Unique and Threated Biodiversity
		They include the red-billed curassow (Crax blumenbachii, EN), which has its last stronghold in the Sooretama Biological Reserve in the state of Espirito Santo, and the rare Brazilian merganser (Mergus octosetaceus, CR), a flagship for the southern Atlantic Forest in Brazil and Misiones.
		One particularly notable endemic is the Brazilian arboreal mouse (Rhagomys rufescens, CR), one of the rarest of the South American mammals.
		Five of the world's marine turtle species are known from Brazilian waters: the loggerhead (Caretta caretta, EN), green (Chelonia mydas, EN), hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata, CR), leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea, CR), and olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea, EN).
	www.biodiversityscience.org /xp/Hotspots/atlantic_forest/biodiversity.xml (822 words)

	Conservation International - Regions - NeoTropics - Brazil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Midway through the Brazilian national anthem there is a poetic précis of the country’s landscape: Deitado eternamente em berço esplêndido.
		Dozens of rare birds inhabit the Atlantic Forest, among them the red-billed curassow (Crax blumenbachii) and the Brazilian merganser (Mergus octosetaceus), a waterfowl that hunts for fish in shallow rivers.
		Further inland, the Brazilian Cerrado sprawls across the country’s southeastern region, its topography a mix of open grasslands, scrub savannas, palm groves, and dry forest.
	www.conservation.org /xp/CIWEB/regions/neotropics/brazil.xml (1058 words)

	Tropical Birding Southeast Brazil birding trip report June 2005
		Brazilian Merganser (Mergus octosetaceus) - It took the better part of two days, but we finally found it along the Rio Sao Francisco at the base of the Canastra plateau.
		Brazilian Antthrush (Chamaeza ruficauda) - This was the cooperative one on the trip.
		Brazilian Tanager (Ramphocelus bresilius) - Common in lowlands, but the males are truly outrageous birds and we never tired of seeing them.
	www.tropicalbirding.com /tripReports/TR_Brazil_Jun2005.html (8284 words)

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