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Topic: Breakwater (structure)

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	Breakwater - LoveToKnow 1911
		Thus at Wick a mass of masonry weighing 1350 tons, placed at the head of the breakwater projecting half-way across the bay and facing the entrance, was moved by the waves during a violent storm; and a portion of Peterhead breakwater, weighing 3300 tons, was shifted 2 in.
		This breakwater, the Prince of Wales pier of the commercial harbour, and the eastern breakwater and detached south breakwater for the naval harbour, were all founded on a levelled bottom, carried down to the hard chalk underlying the surface layer, by means of men in diving-bells.
		Structures in the sea almost always require works of maintenance; and when a severe storm has caused any injury, it is most important to carry out the repairs at the earliest available moment, as the waves rapidly enlarge any holes that they may have formed in weak places.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Breakwater (5948 words)

	New York District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
		The breakwater is 1,550 feet in length, and consists primarily of a series of stone-filled timber cribs, or caissons, capped with large granite capstones.
		The appropriation of $25,500 was used for dredging to the depth of nine feet at low lake level the shoal between the breakwater and the wharves, redredging the channel in front of the wharves, and repairing the breakwater by rebuilding the superstructure of the timber piers with stone.
		The breakwater, which was built in the nineteenth century to protect the harbor in Plattsburgh Bay against wind and sea, does not serve its original function, and on the contrary, obstructs safe use of the harbor (personal interview, June 15, 2001).
	www.nan.usace.army.mil /business/prjlinks/culture/plattsbg/index.htm (3716 words)

	Breakwater (structure) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Breakwaters are structures constructed on coasts as part of coastal defense or to protect an anchorage from the effects of weather and longshore drift.
		Caisson breakwaters typically have vertical sides and are usually used where it is desirable to berth one or more vessels on the inner face of the breakwater.
		Revetment breakwaters use the voids in the structure to dissipate the wave energy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Breakwater_(structure) (499 words)

	Surfrider Foundation: Mitigation Through Surf Enhancement
		Jetties are structures built in pairs to improve or maintain a river or harbor entrance so that it is safely navigable by boats.
		Breakwaters are structures built parallel to the shore intended to reduce wave energy and shoreline erosion[See Figure 2.4].
		Breakwaters are intended to reduced wave energy and thus reduce the mean flows responsible for moving sand.
	www.surfrider.org /Prattes_reef/chapter2c.htm (662 words)

	New York District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
		The breakwater of the city of Burlington, Vermont, is a historically significant structure.
		The estimate for the 1,000-foot Burlington breakwater was $28,727.18; the 675-foot Port Kent breakwater was $43,876.27; and the 1,000-foot Plattsburgh breakwater was 24, 003.16.
		The main method of construction of the breakwater was the use of a wooden crib, on a stone or rubble base, with a stone cap.
	www.nan.usace.army.mil /project/vermont/burweb (3491 words)

	The Building of the Sandy Bay Breakwater in Rockport, Massachusetts
		For convenience of classification, breakwaters are divided according to their construction into three kinds, vertical or nearly vertical, sloping and composite.
		This kind of breakwater is used to arrest the straight onward course of the waves, as well as to deflect them laterally.
		That the breakwater is built for service rather than for beauty is at once evident; and that this rough, unfinished wall is the one best suited for the purpose, time will doubtless show.
	www.harbormasters.org /rockport/breakwater.shtml (3681 words)

	breakwater - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		In the United States a breakwater commonly consists of a long mound of stone rubble and of cheaper materials like rubber tires and oil drums.
		A pneumatic breakwater consists of perforated pipes discharging air bubbles; another type has underwater pipes that direct streams of water against approaching waves to cause them to break.
		Breakwaters are also used to promote sedimentation, which, depending on the breakwater's alignment, will infill to produce a stable beach.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-breakwat.html (326 words)

	Burns Harbor Chapter 1 [WES F]
		The report concluded that the structure has been exposed to 18 ft waves since construction, and the performance of the lakeside verifies the WES model results that the structure is stable for these waves, but the significant damage on the harborside was not predicted.
		Analysis was hampered by uncertainties in the data, irregularity of the breakwater surface, inconsistencies in horizontal datum, and incomplete documentation of repair activities.
		The structure was determined to be under-designed, principally due to underestimation of the wave climate in Lake Michigan.
	www.emeraldoe.com /burnconf.htm (7437 words)

	BREAKWATER RESOURCES LTD.
		Breakwater Resources Ltd., its subsidiaries and employees are committed to protecting the surroundings in which we operate.
		Breakwater is committed to the concept of sustainable development which requires balancing good stewardship in the protection of human health and the natural environment with the need for economic growth.
		Breakwater is committed to safeguarding the health and well-being of its employees.
	www.breakwater.ca /about/environment.cfm (338 words)

	Plymouth, Breakwater
		The Breakwater lies at the mouth of Plymouth Sound, between Bovisand Bay on the eastern side and Cawsand Bay to the west.
		The Breakwater as constructed comprises a central portion of 1,000 yards in length and two arms each 350ft long and formed at an angle of 120 degrees to the main section.
		Despite appearances from the shore, the breakwater (or Shovel) fort is not on or connected to the Breakwater, although that was the original intention.
	www.plymouthdata.info /Breakwater.htm (1218 words)

	RAINS v. UNITED STATES, RECREATIONAL USE IMMUNITY FOR PICNIC ON BREAKWATER, PRLS 560, © NRPA
		At intervals of from 100 to 300 feet along the breakwater, there are inspection holes cut in the surface of the concrete overlay to allow examination of the underlying rock structure forming the wall.
		There are no signs prohibiting use of the breakwater except at the far-north end of the structure, where for a few years several signs have been posted to keep people away from an area frequented by an endangered species of bird.
		Moreover, Rains himself described the structure as a "central meeting place" often used by boaters for such activities, and it also seems likely that the breakwater is used by boaters from time to time simply to rest or to tend to maintenance of their vessels.
	classweb.gmu.edu /erodger1/prls560/content/Rains.htm (1540 words)

	Untitled Document
		This variation in topography and strength of material is more of an issue for the dock structure (will experience higher mooring loads) than the breakwater, but it should still be considered during breakwater design.
		The breakwater must be constructed first, in order to protect the construction of the important dock structure.
		A failure in the breakwater during construction of the rest of the port could result in major costs.
	www.geology.wisc.edu /~qlab/Background.htm (503 words)

	Portland Breakwater Light History
		The breakwater was extended by almost 200 feet in the early 1870s and a new lighthouse was erected on a granite foundation at the end of the structure.
		First lighted in June 1875, the new Portland Breakwater Light, known locally as "Bug Light," was modeled after the Greek Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, built in the fourth century B.C. The design of the cast-iron tower is unique; the cylinder is surrounded by six fluted columns.
		The keeper's house at the breakwater was removed and the job of tending the light went to the keeper at Spring Point Ledge.
	www.lighthouse.cc /portlandbreakwater/history.html (1027 words)

	Plattsburgh Breakwater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The breakwater has now failed along much of its length, and is no longer capable of performing its function of protecting Plattsburgh Harbor.
		In 1950 repairs were made to improve lights at each end of the breakwater as well as dredging the harbor behind the breakwater, as well as the placemnt of 3200 tons of stone at each end of the breakwater (Figure 7).
		The length of the lap, or wood removed, is generally equal to the width of the timber, although in the breakwater structure the lap seems to have been made longer in many cases.
	www.panamconsultants.com /pbweb/index.html (3783 words)

	Seasteading: Structure Designs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The advantage of using a breakwater is that it eliminates all the problems caused by waves.
		Many breakwater designs such as the simple concrete wall, the aikido breakwater, and the PSP could be used in such a configuration.
		So while breakwaters are not suited to the initial stage which we're focusing on, they will be a crucial way to bring down costs later, and let us expand into all that cheap, unused real estate.
	seastead.org /commented/paper/designs.html (12083 words)

	Chesapeake Chapter, US Lighthouse Society - Our Lighthouse Heritage - Harbor of Refuge Outer Breakwater Light (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In 1908 a permanent lighthouse that was a white, hexagonal, three-story, frame structure, with lead colored trim and a fl lantern atop a brown, cylindrical, iron foundation was built.
		The whole structure was supported upon a heavy block of concrete lying within the breakwater.
		In April 2002, the United States Coast Guard leased Harbor of Refuge Breakwater Light to the Delaware River and Bay Lighthouse Foundation, Inc. The group plans to restore the lighthouse and to eventually make it accessible for educational tours to the general public.
	www.cheslights.org /heritage/del-outer.htm (529 words)

	5. Simulation of Different Radiometric Resolutions in LR Imagery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The breakwater structure and land can be distinguished from the sea in the three dimensional plot of figure 5.4.
		The breakwater structure and the land on the three dimensional plot of figure 5.8 are now easily distinguishable from the sea.
		This can be understood by the east-west orientation of the breakwater structure and the different azimuth resolutions of the original data (25 m for the detected data and 5 m for the complex data).
	earth.esa.int /rootcollection/sysutil/006f4.html (2755 words)

	Rockland Breakwater Lighthouse, Maine
		Between 1881 and 1899 a granite breakwater, almost a mile long, was built to help protect the harbor.
		Rockland Breakwater Light was a "stag" station, meaning the keeper's families did not live at the lighthouse.
		Rockland Breakwater Light was automated in 1965 and the keepers were removed.
	www.lhdigest.com /alf/rocklandbreakwater.cfm (483 words)

	Saybrook Breakwater (Saybrook Outer) Lighthouse, Connecticut at Lighthousefriends.com
		The Saybrook Breakwater Lighthouse is located near the picturesque town of Old Saybrook, at the mouth of the mighty Connecticut River, although the first lighthouse in the area was established in 1803 at Lynde Point on the west side of the river entrance.
		Situated as it was at the end of a half-mile long breakwater, the structure was often flooded.
		Saybrook Breakwater was automated in 1959, and the Coast Guard began occupying the station only in bad weather, letting personnel at the nearby Lynde Point Lighthouse guard the river mouth the rest of the time.
	www.lighthousefriends.com /light.asp?ID=797 (854 words)

	Spa Warranty Information - Breakwater Spas - Warranties
		Coast Spas warrants the spa shell fiberglass structure against water loss due to defects in workmanship and materials for five years to the original purchaser.
		In such an event, reasonable costs for removal of the defective spa, shipping costs for the replacement or repaired spa, and delivery and installation of the replacement or repaired spa will be the responsibility of the spa owner.
		Coast Spas warrants the spa shell fiberglass structure against water loss due to defects in workmanship and materials for lifetime to the original purchaser.
	www.breakwaterspas.com /warranties.html (1377 words)

	First Steps to Repair Damaged Breakwater... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The National Harbor of Refuge Breakwater, which is owned by the Army Corps of Engineers, is one historic site, while the lighthouse itself, which is currently owned by the United States Coast Guard, serves as another historic component within the complex.
		The 1890 design of the 1.5 mile-long breakwater was groundbreaking in that it had national impact on the construction of future “random stone breakwaters” that were to be built in Sandy Bay, Massachusetts and San Pedro, California.
		The breakwater of the National Harbor of Refuge and the Harbor of Refuge Lighthouse are not simply historic sites...they also serve as tributes to America’s humanitarian spirit, ingenuity and prosperity.
	www.delawarebaylights.org /news_wall_fedrepair_071904.htm (1132 words)

	Rockland Breakwater Light History
		In the summer of 1999 the exterior of Rockland Breakwater Light was scraped and repainted by volunteers, including sailors from a visiting U.S. Navy Destroyer, the U.S.S. Stump.
		In the fall of 2003, the Friends of the Rockland Breakwater Lighthouse contracted with EPI (Environmental Projects Inc.) of Gray, Maine to prepare the interior of the lighthouse for restoration.
		The walk to Rockland Breakwater Light is a pleasant one on a nice day but in rough weather waves lap over the granite blocks.
	www.lighthouse.cc /rocklandbreakwater/history.html (1093 words)

	Portland Breakwater Lighthouse Guide
		Construction of the Breakwater began in 1836 and 1,800-feet uncapped Breakwater was built before a loss of funds suspended completion.
		In the early 1870’s, the breakwater was extended 200-feet and a new Greek-revival Conical Cast iron with brick lining Lighthouse was constructed with a Sixth-order Fresnel lens that was First Lit in June of 1875.
		Portland Breakwater Lighthouse was discontinued in 1942 after expanding shipyards filled the mud flats adjacent to the Light during the early 1940s.
	home.comcast.net /~debee2/maine/PortlandBreakwater.html (779 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| New breakwater opposition grows
		The professor of civil engineering, who sat on the panel to assess the breakwater's future, said economic arguments favouring the current plan were never satisfactorily made.
		Professor Flemming said the argument that a second smaller breakwater would be cheaper in the long run was based on there being a serious breach to the structure within the next three to five years.
		They were also concerned about erosion of the area's coastline, and the historic value of the structure, which dates from the 19th Century.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/2943574.stm (303 words)

	Floating Breakwater Erosion Control Technology To Stop Erosion Problems: FAQ's
		The WhisprWave® floating breakwater erosion control system has been observed to have a transmission coefficient of 0.1 (dissipated 90% of the energy from waves) for coastal waves with periods of 5 seconds or less.
		The fact that the WhisprWave® is a floating breakwater and not a "hard structure" that sits on the ocean's floor has helped substantially expedite the environmental permitting process.
		The USACE has determined that the WhisprWave's floating breakwater technology is easily removable and thus can be permitted as a temporary breakwater.
	www.whisprwave.com /faq.htm (1817 words)

	Plymouth Breakwater
		The Breakwater is under the custodianship of the Ministry of Defence, and over the last few years the inside of the Breakwater has been changed by the MOD placing large boulders close in to the Breakwater itself to preserve it`s structure during severe winter storms.
		13 at the time graces the photos of the eastern Breakwater, as he does at the Pyramid like base construction of the survival cage.the large whiteish house, a little to the left of the cage on the shore, was Joseph Waidbeye`s shore base during the Breakwater`s construction.
		About the end 1960`s to start 1970`s the breakwater jetty was removed, here we see it being dismantled and a barge is grounded on the Breakwater to remove waste.
	web.ukonline.co.uk /stephen.johnson/sound (1520 words)

	SMMS METADATA REPORT
		NJDEP Shoreline Structures of the Coastline of New Jersey Along the Atlantic Ocean and Inland Bays.
		Jetties and groins are protective structures (usually built from rock, wood, or concrete) which extend outward from the shoreline.
		A breakwater structure is a protective barrier placed in the water out in front of a harbor (Sandy Hook quad).
	www.state.nj.us /dep/gis/digidownload/metadata/statewide/shorstrc.htm (1018 words)

	Programs at Breakwater School, Portland, Maine - Programs
		Our exciting new Expedition 6 program offers an alternative learning structure for 6th grade students who learn more actively, while also addressing the core curriculum they will need for 7th grade.
		Tadpoles and Leapfrogs offers summer activities to children between the ages of 4 and 6 years, while Breakwater Creative Arts offers a 6 week Creative Arts program to children between the ages of 7 and 14.
		Employment opportunities arise at the school periodically for a variety of teaching and non-teaching positions.
	www.breakwaterschool.org /index.php?s=2 (272 words)

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