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Topic: Breathing gas

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Trimix

Oxygen toxicity

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	Breathing gas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Each breathing gas has a maximum operating depth that is determined by its oxygen content.
		Equivalent air depth is used often used to help design a breathing gas mix by determining the maximum nitrogen content for a particular depth of dive.
		The dry gas extracts moisture from the divers lungs while underwater contributing to dehydration, which is also thought to be a predisposing risk factor of decompression sickness.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Breathing_gas (1569 words)

	Rebreather - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This recycling reduces the volume of breathing gas used, making a rebreather a lightweight and compact breathing set for long durations in environments where humans cannot safely breathe from the atmosphere.
		The economy of gas consumption is also useful when the gas being breathed is expensive, such as the helium in trimix or heliox gas mixes used in technical diving.
		Closed circuit rebreathers generally supply two breathing gases to the loop: one is pure oxygen and the other is a diluent or diluting gas such as air, nitrox or trimix.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rebreather (2903 words)

	Breathing apparatus - Patent 4016876
		Breathing apparatus which incorporates a sensing device operable to adjust the amount of breather's exhaled gas captured in a gas collector section as a direct function of the carbon dioxide content of the exhalation.
		A source of breathing gas 28 provides the oxygen-containing gas to the user who also breathes previously collected gas from the gas collector 30 which may, as previously discussed, be comprised of a first section 30a having a fixed maximum volume and a second section 30b having a variable maximum volume.
		Breathing gas is supplied on demand to the head cover 40 by means of inhalation demand valve 46 and then through a venturi passageway 48.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4016876.html (3860 words)

	Contamination prevention device for diver's breathing apparatus - Patent 4819626
		This type of breathing apparatus operates on "demand"--when the diver breathes in breathing gas is drawn in through an inhale port on the demand regulator into an oral/nasal mask cavity, and when the diver breathes out the exhaled gas passes out through an exhale port directly into the ambient water.
		The last portion of the exhaled breath is retained in the cavity by the action of the outlet non-return valves which are usually held closed by the pressure of the water acting on them.
		The exhaled gas exiting from the outlet port 13 is deflected away from the diver's face by bubble deflectors 16 and 17 attached to the mask 1.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4819626.html (1817 words)

	NOAA Ocean Explorer: Technical Diving
		The type of gas mixture used is determined either by the maximum depth planned for the dive, or by the length of time that the diver intends to spend underwater.
		The main incentive to dive with "non-air" gas mixtures is to avoid nitrogen narcosis.
		The diver's helmet is connected to an "umbilical" that supplies breathing gas, two-way communications, a depth measurement tube and, optionally, hot water to warm the dive suit.
	www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov /technology/diving/technical/technical.html (1086 words)

	Rebreather Details, Meaning Rebreather Article and Explanation Guide
		The body also produces, as part of the metabolic process, carbon dioxide, which is poisonous and therefore must be removed from the breathing gas before it is re-inhaled.
		Rebreathers capture the exhaled gas, remove carbon dioxide from it and inject supplemental oxygen back into the gas mixture so that the mixture, which is about to be returned to the diver to breathe, is able to support life and the physical activity of the diver.
		The first certainly known closed circuit breathing device using stored oxygen and adsorption of carbon dioxide by a caustic soda was invented by Henry Fluess in 1879 for the rescue of mineworkers who were trapped by water.
	www.e-paranoids.com /r/re/rebreather.html (1914 words)

	Breathing apparatus (US4964404)
		Gas addition closed circuit systems may be one of two types, a pure oxygen version, which is limited to operating environments where the partial pressure of oxygen is less than two atmospheres, and a mixed gas version, normally used for underwater work at great depths.
		It has now been discovered that the work of breathing is dependent upon the user orientation angle and is directly related to static lung loading, which is the vertical distance, in centimeters of water, from the diver's or "user's" suprasternal notch, and the center of gravity of the inflated counterlung.
		The second stage diluent gas addition valve is equipped with an adjustable in-line flow restricter which permits the user to adjust the pressure drop required to trigger an opening of the valve and, should the need arise, completely close off the flow, thus providing diluent shut-off capability within easy, quick reach of the user.
	www.delphion.com /details?&pn=US04964404__ (1628 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		For opening, a certain gas pressure is required, which has to be generated by the patient's breathing, and in connection with the opening and closing procedure a certain degree of return flow in a non- intended direction cannot be avoided.
		Moreover, the continuous feeding of gas from a breathing gas source implies that the system becomes overloaded and that breathing gas has to be let out, which is uneconomical and results in an increased pollu- tion load.
		The gas for the operation of the ejector is thus obtained from the duct without ad- ditional gas from a breathing gas source being required.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=01/37911.010531&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (2705 words)

	Semi-closed Circuit Rebreathers
		While the breathing gas is used much more efficiently in a rebreather, the lower level of nitrogen in the nitrox mixture increases the no-decompression times.
		The Dolphin is a simple, Semi-closed circuit rebreather, which recycles the breathing gas in a loop in which exhaled carbon dioxide is removed by a chemical absorbent, oxygen-enriched gas is added to the cleansed gas, and the fresh mixture is recirculated to the diver through a counterlung, or inhalation bag.
		Cleansed from CO2, the gas is refreshed with oxygen by the addition of NITROX from the gas cylinder, which enters the inhalation bag either through a calibrated flow valve, or through the lung demand bypass valve if the bag does not contain enough gas to supply a full breath.
	www.adventuresdownunder.com /semiclos.htm (1699 words)

	Anesthesia Gas Machine- Divan ventilator & Narkomed 6000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		During expiration, the fresh gas flow and breathing bag are connected to the patient circuit and mix with breathing gas as the piston retracts and excess gas is discharged to the scavenger.
		In traditional ventilators, which are not fresh gas decoupled, the delivered tidal volume is the sum of the volume delivered from the ventilator and the fresh gas volume.
		The velocity and flow rate of gas through the patient circuit are determined by measuring the differential time of flight of ultrasonic pulses transmitted upstream and downstream in the airway flow path.
	www.udmercy.edu /crna/agm/divan.htm (1906 words)

	Oceanic's DataTrans Plus
		Hoseless breathing gas integration: A large portion of the data vital to a diver concerns the breathing gas in his or her tank.The DataTrans Plus constantly monitors your breathing supply, displays the pressure remaining digitally, and calculates breathing gas time remaining, based on your current usage and depth.
		Breathing Gas Time Remaining Bar Graph: Running along the bottom of the display window from right to left is the patented Breathing Gas Time Remaining Bar Graph.
		Breathing Gas Consumption Indicator: During the first 70 seconds of a dive, the DataTrans Plus monitors your breathing rate and establishes this as a standard for comparison throughout the rest of the dive (patented).
	www.skin-diver.com /departments/gearingup/gauges/OceanicsDataTransPlus.asp?theID=377 (2147 words)

	Nitrox, Wreck, Trimix, Technical Diver (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In commercial deep diving using HeliOx gas mix using umbilicals, it is common practice to use hot water systems, not only to heat the exterior of the divers’ body, but also to heat the breathing gas.
		It is known that the breathing gas must be heated (in addition to heating the exterior of the body) for the divers’ core temperature to be maintained.
		SCUBA divers store their supply of breathing gas/air in tanks that contain the compressed gas/air, Pressures of 3000 psi (206.8 Bar) are common in the United States, 4000 psi (275.8 Bar) in Europe and in some cases technical divers have used pressures of 6000 psi (413.7 Bar) or more.
	www.nitroxdiver.com /Library/coldreg.html (1751 words)

	NOVA Online \| Lincoln's Secret Weapon \| Behind the Scenes
		We breathed this instead of air because at the Monitor's depth (234 feet), the pressure is such that breathing regular air would create a narcotic effect similar to drinking too much alcohol.
		At 234 feet, you are breathing air under pressure, so it takes a lot more air to fill your lungs on each breath (eight times as much to be exact).
		One was a travel mix for breathing to and from the bottom and during decompression; the other was 100% oxygen for use during the shallowest portions of our decompression.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/monitor/filmgas.html (521 words)

	Dräger Safety >> Pioneering Solutions
		Gas filling systems and gas supply systems for all breathable gases, breathing gas regeneration, monitoring and emergency breathing gas supply - the complete system solution for all breathing gas system, onshore and offshore, stationary or portable.
		The Dräger range of breathing air systems Whatever the customer ’s needs may be, the type and size of our systems are designed,produced...
		Gas filling systems and -supply systems for breathable gases, breathing air regeneration, monitoring and emergency supply - the complete...
	www.draeger-safety.dk /ST/internet/MH/en/Products/Systems/BGManagement/bgmanagement.jsp (102 words)

	Anesthesia Gas Machine- Breathing circuits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The function of any breathing circuit is to deliver oxygen and anesthetic gases, and eliminate carbon dioxide (the latter either by washout with adequate fresh gas flow (FGF) or by soda lime absorption).
		During expiration, fresh gas flow (FGF) pushes exhaled gas down the expiratory limb, where it collects in the reservoir (breathing) bag and opens the expiratory valve (pop-off or APL).
		If fresh gas flow is established, and the inner tube is occluded, the flowmeter bobbins should dip (due to back pressure) if the inner tube is patent.
	www.udmercy.edu /crna/agm/06.htm (867 words)

	Dräger Safety >> Pioneering Solutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Dräger range of breathing air systems Whatever the customer ’s needs may be, the type and size of our systems are designed,produced and assembled to meet precise requirements.The systems can either be installed as fixed systems,or used in mobile containers.
		Among other things,compressors and high pressure oxygen booster systems for compressed air,oxygen and mixed gases are used,allowing all necessary gas mixtures containing up to 100 percent oxygen to be produced.
		Drägers manual Mix Gas Systems are in to produce mix gases made from Oxygen, Breathing Air or row gases.
	www.draeger.com /ST/internet/SE/en/Products/Systems/BGManagement/Oxygen/oxmixsupply.jsp (153 words)

	Closed-Circuit Rebreathers
		The system further allows for interactive changes in the breathing gas mixture during the course of a dive, in order to permit use of nitrox, heliox, trimix, pure oxygen, and alterations of the PO2-setpoint.
		Specially-designed water traps at the interface between the breathing hoses and the counterlungs divert water from condensation or leakage at the mouthpiece directly into the counterlungs, where it can be purged from the loop.
		The gas supply to the integrated open-circuit regulator is always maintained as the active diluent.
	adventuresdownunder.com /fullyclosed.htm (1797 words)

	My Allergies
		After accounting for socioeconomic factors, the researchers concluded that there was a link between gas cooking and respiratory illness among children living in the housing complex with otherwise low levels of environmental pollution.
		The study found that children from households where gas was used to cook meals two or three times a day were six times as likely to have a respiratory condition as were children who lived in homes with no gas stove.
		In homes were gas was used to cook one meal a day, children had a threefold greater risk of respiratory illness.
	www.myallergies.org /ms/news/519644/main.html (397 words)

	Dräger Safety >> Pioneering Solutions
		If effective operations underwater are to be undertaken, there is no alternative, other than the provision of safe breathing air.
		Breathing gas supply systems from Dräger Safety ensure breathing under water remains safe.
		The Drägersorb® -Family is used for the absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) in breathing and mining applications.Such a...
	www.draeger-safety.dk /ST/internet/MH/en/Industries/Gov/Military/Breathing/mil_bglogistics.jsp (121 words)

	Estimating Air (Breathing Gas) Consumption
		The actual volume of gas within a scuba cylinder does not decrease (all of the gas molecules have not been confined to the bottom of the tank); the tank physically does not shrink under pressure.
		Although gas consumption can be affected by numerous factors (such as physical size, work load, water temperature, use of drugs, anxiety from seeing that 14 ft hammerhead shark, excitement of watching the grace of a large manta ray, general physical and emotional condition), it can be approximated.
		If the diver monitors gas consumption (in terms of psig or bar consumed), the duration of the dive, and holds a constant monitored depth, then an average rate of gas consumption at depth (in terms of psig/ata-min or bar/ata-min; analogous to miles per gallon or km per liter in a car) can be calculated.
	www.mindspring.com /~divegeek/estimating.htm (3034 words)

	Nitric acid in lungs from breathing silo gas can be deadly
		Breathing in silo gas causes nitric acid to form in the lungs, says John Shutske, farm safety and health specialist with the University of Minnesota Extension Service.
		After silo gas is inhaled, it dissolves in the moisture of the lungs to form the nitric acid.
		Don't enter the silo to level the material by hand any time the gas is present, even at low levels.
	www.extension.umn.edu /extensionnews/2000/NitricAcidInLungsFromBreathing.html (476 words)

	Middle ear pressure change during controlled breathing with gas mixtures containing nitrous oxide -- Doyle and Banks 94 ...
		The pressure of any closed, gas filled compartment such as the ME (m) is described by the general gas law, or
		1 and 6 for moles of gas in Eq.
		Because the gas mixture is administered to induce anesthesia
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/94/1/199 (3318 words)

	Breathing gas management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		7 Although gas supply companies are rigorous in controlling diving breathing mixtures, experience shows that it is possible for a mixture to be supplied which does not correspond to the cylinder markings.
		13 The gas supply system to a diver should be designed in such a way that, in the event of the diver's umbilical being cut or severed, it should not deprive any other diver or standby diver of their gas supply.
		17 The breathing gas supply to divers' masks must be desinged in such a way that if the diver's umbilical supply fails, the gas from the reserve or bailout cylinder does not exhaust into the sea.
	www.bangor.ac.uk /ohs/safety_pages/inflink/divgasman.htm (1230 words)

	Breathing & Gas Exchange SA
		The _____________________ is the passage for both food and air.
		The _________________ of the brain controls the breathing rate.
		____________ _____________ concentration in the blood controls the breathing rate.
	www.blackgold.ab.ca /microtest/B20U4/RESPIR/gas_exch_sa.htm (192 words)

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