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Topic: Breeder reactor

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	Breeder reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A breeder reactor is a nuclear reactor that breeds fuel.
		Use of a breeder reactor assumes nuclear reprocessing of the breeder blanket at least, without which the concept is meaningless.
		Breeder reactors incorporating such technology would most likely be designed with breeding ratios very close to 1.00, so that after an initial loading of enriched uranium and/or plutonium fuel, the reactor would then be refueled only with small deliveries of natural uranium metal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Breeder_reactor (1302 words)

	Fast breeder reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Surrounding the reactor core is a blanket of tubes containing non-fissile uranium-238 which, by capturing fast neutrons from the reaction in the core, is partially converted to fissile plutonium 239 (as is some of the uranium in the core), which can then be reprocessed for use as nuclear fuel.
		The Clinch River Breeder Reactor was announced in January, 1972.
		One design of fast neutron reactor, specifically designed to address the waste disposal and plutonium issues, was the Integral Fast Reactor (also known as an Integral Fast Breeder Reactor, although the original reactor was designed to not breed a net surplus of fissile material) [4] [5].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fast_breeder (2405 words)

	fast breeder - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		The fast breeder or fast breeder reactor (FBR) is a type of fast neutron reactor that produces more fissile material than it consumes.
		A fast neutron reactor, commonly called simply fast reactor, is a nuclear reactor design that uses no moderator but instead relies on fast neutrons to sustain its chain reaction.
		Surrounding the reactor core are tubes containing non-fissile Uranium-238 which, by capturing neutrons from the reaction in the core, is partially converted to fissile Plutonium 239 (as is some of the Uranium in the core), which can then be reprocessed for use as nuclear fuel.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/fast-breeder (1257 words)

	Fast Breeder Reactors
		In the breeding of plutonium fuel in breeder reactors, an important concept is the breeding ratio, the amount of fissile plutonium-239 produced compared to the amount of fissionable fuel (like U-235) used to produced it.
		The plutonium-239 breeder reactor is commonly called a fast breeder reactor, and the cooling and heat transfer is done by a liquid metal.
		Liquid sodium is used as the coolant and heat-transfer medium in the LMFBR reactor.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nucene/fasbre.html (744 words)

	Breeder Reactors
		It is possible to build breeder reactors which can be fueled with a fissile material and operated to produce electric power as in any conventional reactor; at the end of the operating cycle, the reactor fuel will contain more fissile material than it had when initially started.
		This is a satisfactory and efficient way to treat water moderated thermal reactors, but it is not at all desirable for use with fast breeders, since the latter are specifically designed to prevent neutron moderation and to maintain the hardest possible energy spectrum.
		In 1970 the Clinch River Breeder Reactor (CRBR) project was funded as a demonstration of the viability of the breeder concept.
	members.cox.net /sidelock/pages/breederreactors.html (2501 words)

	Fast breeder
		The fast breeder is a type of nuclear reactor without a moderator, designed to produce more fissile material than it consumes.
		A fast breeder reactor used for power generation is known as an FBR.
		To date, all fast breeders have also relied on plutonium in the initial fuel charge, and have then produced more plutonium by irradiation of non-fissile uranium-238.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/f/fa/fast_breeder.html (606 words)

	The Hindu : Fast breeder reactor: Is advanced fuel necessary?
		Breeder technology works on the principle of self-sustenance and ability to produce more plutonium than it actually consumes to produce power.
		The breeding ratio is 1.1 in the case oxide fuel while it 1.2-1.3 in the case of carbide and nitride fuels.
		Hence the doubling time (surplus plutonium produced to start a new reactor) is short in the case of metallic, carbide and nitride fuels compared to oxide fuel.
	www.hindu.com /thehindu/seta/2002/10/10/stories/2002101000030200.htm (1483 words)

	Scientific American: How do fast breeder reactors differ from regular nuclear power plants? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		In contrast to most normal nuclear reactors, however, a fast reactor uses a coolant that is not an efficient moderator, such as liquid sodium, so its neutrons remain high-energy.
		Reactors can be designed to maximize plutonium production, and in some cases they actually produce more fuel than they consume.
		Breeder reactors are possible because of the proportion of uranium isotopes that exist in nature.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=0009F4FE-09A2-14B4-881E83414B7F0000 (718 words)

	AEI: October 1995, Light Water Breeder
		However, in October, 1982, the reactor was shut down for the final time under budgetary pressures and a desire to conduct the detailed fuel examination needed to determine if breeding had actually occurred.
		In this type of reactor, the fissile material is concentrated in the central core region while the fertile material surrounds the central core region including the top and bottom.
		It may be that the light water breeder reactor is not a viable alternative to conventional light water reactors.
	www.atomicinsights.com /oct95/LWBR_oct95.html (954 words)

	Reactors: Modern-Day Alchemy
		Experimental Breeder Reactor II and its primary system components -- including pumps, heat exchanger, instrumentation, and fuel handling system -- were submerged in a large tank of sodium during operation.
		Experimental Breeder Reactor II was the first reactor to contain, as an integral part, a fuel reprocessing system that allowed spent uranium fuel to be removed from the sodium-cooled reactor, purified and made into new fuel elements, and then replaced into the reactor -- the ultimate recycling, energy-saving, and waste management system.
		Work on this next generation of fast reactors -- clean, resource-efficient, waste-reducing reactors -- was halted by Congress in September 1994 as the laboratory's mission was redirected by the Department of Energy into the development of electrometallurgical technology for DOE spent fuel treatment, reactor and fuel cycle safety, and decontamination and decommissioning technology.
	www.anl.gov /Science_and_Technology/History/Anniversary_Frontiers/alchemy.html (1507 words)

	India's First Fast Breeder Reactor To Operate Soon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Bhoje said that though India has the technology for constructing fast breeder reactors, the memorandum of understanding was signed with Russia for the Koodankulam plant using light water as both moderator and coolant after several considerations.
		The reactors are now functioning at a lower power factor of 170 MW each instead of the original 220 MW, he added.
		The reactors, however, will get back to generating 220 MW from March next year after the exercise to replace all "coolant channels" in the power station's second unit is over, he said.
	www.rense.com /general28/egj.htm (494 words)

	Reactor types
		In such a reactor one can achieve that more fissile plutonium nuclei be produced in a unit time than the number of fissile nuclei which undergo fission (hence the name "breeder").
		In the French Phénix breeder reactor it was determined that for 100 fission reactions there are 115 newly produced fissile nuclei.
		Obvously, in a fast reactor there must not be any moderator, which implies that water is not at all suitable as coolant.
	www.npp.hu /mukodes/tipusok/gyorsreak-e.htm (451 words)

	The Radioactive Boy Scout: When a Teenager Attempts to Build a Breeder Reactor KEN SILVERSTEIN / Harper's Magazine Nov ...
		All reactors, conventional and breeder, rely on a critical pile of a naturally radioactive element--typically uranium-235 or plutonium-239--as the "fuel" for a sustained chain of reactions known as fission.
		A breeder reactor is configured so that a core of plutonium-239 is surrounded by a "blanket" of uranium-238.
		David hadn't hit on the idea to try to build a breeder reactor when he began his nuclear experiments at the age of fifteen, but in a step down that path, he was already determined to "irradiate anything" he could.
	www.mindfully.org /Nucs/Radioactive-Boy-Scout1nov98.htm (7199 words)

	[No title]
		Breeder Reactors are capable of satisfying the electrical energy needs of the world for thousands of years.
		A breeder, cooled with a mixture of sodium and potassium, was placed in operation in 1951 at the Argonne National Laboratory in Idaho.
		The reactor is fueled with bred isotopes of plutonium in the core, and the blanket is natural or depleted uranium.
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /thyd/ne161/shir/project5.html (1465 words)

	Japan puts reactor program on back burner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Japan's continued allegiance to the fast- breeder reactor technology has flown in the face of global trends to abandon the program.
		The state-owned Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corp (PNC), the operator of Japan's fault-prone prototype fast- breeder reactor Monju, also came under criticism in the report for accidents and cover-ups.
		Two more experimental fast- breeder reactors were initially planned for construction in the next century after Monju.
	dieoff.com /page155.htm (497 words)

	Atomic Heritage Foundation: The Manhattan Project and the Atomic Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The Experimental Breeder Reactor-I (EBR-I) was the first nuclear reactor in the world to produce useable quantities of electric power.
		On December 20, 1951, a successful experiment at EBR-I conclusively proved that it was possible to harness the energy produced by a nuclear reactor as the reactor successfully generated enough electricity to power four light bulbs.
		In just twelve years of operation, the reactor achieved many firsts: it was the first breeder reactor, the first to generate usable quantities of electricity from atomic energy, the first to use liquid-metal as a coolant, and the first plutonium-fueled reactor.
	www.atomicheritage.org /ebr1.htm (480 words)

	The Heavy-Metal Reactor
		In designing the breeder, engineers had to find a heat transfer substance in which the nuclei are relatively heavy, not like the hydrogen and oxygen nuclei in water.
		It should be stressed, however, that the heavy metal reactor is at the present time only in the research stage, and it is not known whether it, or some other new reactor design, will become a practical energy source.
		Revival of the breeder as the heavy-metal reactor
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /physics/sobel/Nucphys/breed.html (1673 words)

	Fluent NEWS - Fall 2004 - Fast Breeder Meltdown
		Fast breeders are nuclear reactors that are used for power generation as well as the simultaneous breeding of fissile materials.
		Using FLUENT, a complete reactor core meltdown was assumed, and the behavior of this melt in the core catcher was simulated.
		The core catcher is a graphite hemisphere with an inner radius of 3 m, and a shell thickness of 0.3 m.
	www.fluent.com /about/news/newsletters/04v13i2/s6.htm (901 words)

	The Italian Nuclear Test Fast Breeder Reactor PEC
		As time went by, the "organic cooled reactor" idea slowly lost interest for technical reasons, and slowly the "fast breeder reactor" came more and more out of science-fiction into the realm of the possible.
		The existing reactor buildings of the never completed "organic reactor" had to be reused, of course with the needed adaptations.
		The reactor had never the purpose to produce energy, the generated power had to be dissipated.
	www.geocities.com /Heartland/Park/5397/claudio_cv/PEC.htm (611 words)

	Experimental Breeder Reactor 1, 1951
		The idea for a breeder reactor (a reactor that could produce more fuel than it uses) first occurred to scientists working on the nation's wartime atomic energy program in the early 1940s.
		Experimental evidence indicated that the breeding of nuclear fuel was possible in a properly designed reactor, but time and resources were not then available to pursue the idea.
		The first attempt to operate the new reactor, in May of that year, was not successful.
	www.ieee.org /organizations/history_center/ebr1.html (689 words)

	The Changing Need for a Breeder Reactor
		Although reactors were designed with the idea that 1% of the fuel rods might fail (develop leaks), the radioactivity that consequently was around the plant and released to the public caused concern (some would say unnecessary concern), and premature fuel changes were common.
		The cost estimates for a liquid metal breeder reactor are certainly smaller than the cost estimates for a fusion reactor, and are (and may remain) smaller than for renewables.
		A breeder reactor development programme (including real operating demonstration plants) may give enough experience to overcome some of the cost (and weapons proliferation) problems and enable us to have the safety and environmental advantages of a metal fuel reactor and a coolant that soaks up stray fission products.
	www.world-nuclear.org /sym/1999/wilson.htm (4934 words)

	breeder reactor. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. 2002
		A nuclear reactor in which plutonium and other materials are produced as a by-product.
		‡ Breeder reactors are designed to produce more fuel than they consume.
		‡ The development of the breeder reactor has been stopped in the United States, but continues to be pursued in Europe and Japan.
	www.bartleby.com /59/23/breederreact.html (144 words)

	The Hindu : The fast breeder reactor
		A small fast breeder reactor called the Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) was built at Kalpakkam and has been in operation from the mid-1980s.
		Some of these early reactors had many technical problems, some related to liquid sodium which is used as a coolant.
		Germany had built its own prototype reactor, which never went into operation because of strong anti-nuclear sentiment, which became unmanageable in the case of the plutonium-fuelled reactor.
	www.hindu.com /2003/09/17/stories/2003091703770800.htm (1492 words)

	Experts' Questions & Answers 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		While breeder reactors do create additional fissionable material by enriching fertile materials (the most important fertile materials are Uranium-238 and Thorium-232), technical difficulties and high costs associated with recovering and processing the resulting fissionable fuel make breeder reactors a problematic type of renewable energy at best.
		A breeder reactor is an interesting engineering concept because it generates it's own fuel source as a byproduct, however, every report that I've seen includes this technology under nuclear energy instead of renewable energy.
		By the late 1970s, moreover, the breeder and nuclear power became embroiled in partisan political and ideological debates over proliferation of nuclear weapons and the prospect of a domestic plutonium economy.” Escalation of the cost of the CRBR project fed the controversy further.
	www.itc.org /wcl98/wcl_a4.htm (1121 words)

	nuclear reactor
		Reactors can be used for research or for power production.
		A research reactor is designed to produce various beams of radiation for experimental application; the heat produced is a waste product and is dissipated as efficiently as possible.
		In a power reactor the heat produced is of primary importance for use in driving conventional heat engines; the beams of radiation are controlled by shielding.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0836137.html (158 words)

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