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Topic: Breton civil war

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Combat of the Thirty

March 27

Battle of the Thirty

In the News (Wed 23 Dec 09)

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Hugh Jackman

	[No title]
		André Breton was born in Tinchebray (Orne) the son of a shopkeeper.
		Breton and his colleagues believed that the springs of personal freedom and social liberation lay in the unconscious mind.
		Breton's first-person narrative is supplemented by forty-four photographs of places and objects which inspire the author or are connected to Nadja.
	www.seaboarcreations.com /andrebreton.htm (890 words)

	The World at War - Brittany
		Bretons struggled with a wrenching societal change wrought by the conflict and wide variety of cures were prescribed for their pains.
		Breton independence was anathema to Vichy as it had been to previous French regimes but the Petainists found much to admire in the reactionary and collaboration prone PNB.
		Breton history courses were introduced in the primary and secondary schools and a ban on the use of the Breton language in classrooms was lifted in March, 1941.
	worldatwar.net /article/brittany/index.html (5788 words)

	Brittany, France
		During the French Revolution Brittany was the scene of a civil war between townspeople of republican views and the country people (Chouans) whose sympathies were with the royalists.
		In Christian times the Breton belief in wonders was transmuted into a fervent reverence for the saints, in which ancient Breton beliefs fused with the teachings of Christianity.
		The Breton pilgrimages known as pardons are religious festivals with processions in which the participants, many of them wearing traditional costumes, beg for forgiveness of their sins.
	www.planetware.com /france/brittany-f-bret-brit.htm (1045 words)

	Breton War of Succession - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Breton War of Succession was a conflict between the Houses of Blois and Montfort for control of the Duchy of Brittany.
		It formed an integral part of the early Hundred Years War due to the involvement of the French and English governments in the conflict; the French supported Blois whilst the English backed Montfort and both sides expended considerable resources on this war.
		The truce was to last until 29 September 1346 with the hopes that in the meantime the disputes between the two kingdoms could be permanently settled, but in Brittany it made little difference.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Breton_War_of_Succession (1730 words)

	1919-1950: The politics of Surrealism \| libcom.org
		Breton was to note in the same 1952 article that: "At that time, the surrealist refusal was total, and absolutely incapable of allowing itself to be channelled at a political level.
		Breton made contact in Mexico with Trotsky when he was put in charge of a series of conferences at Mexico University on Poetry and Painting in Europe in 1938.
		Breton was consistent in his support for the Federation Anarchiste and he continued to offer his solidarity after the Platformists around Fontenis transformed the FA into the Federation Communiste Libertaire.
	libcom.org /history/1919-1950-the-politics-of-surrealism (1967 words)

	Breton
		She then was assigned to the Pacific Fleet to ferry replacement planes to the forward areas and to fly combat air patrols over ships in the replenishment areas.
		She was sold to the Waterman Steamship Co. on 20 December 1946, and later resold to the Netherlands on 27 August 1947.
		Breton arrived in Eniwetok, the forward staging area for the Marianas operation, in mid-June and joined the Fueling Group of the Joint Expeditionary Force Reserve.
	www.history.navy.mil /danfs/b9/breton-i.htm (1217 words)

	[No title]
		The biggest break came when Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, was killed in 1477 and Louis XI was able to secure the return of large parts of the Burgundian domain to France, since the heiress Mary of Burgundy would not inherit under the Salic Law.
		The Hundred Years' War is the name modern historians have given to what was actually a series of related conflicts, fought over a 116-year period, between the Kingdom of England and France; beginning in 1337, and ending in 1453.
		Civil wars (see Jacquerie; Cabochiens; Armagnacs and Burgundians) and local wars (see Breton Succession, War of the) increased the destruction and the social disintegration.
	www.lycos.com /info/hundred-years-war.html (388 words)

	Hugh Calveley at AllExperts
		An anonymous Breton poet's account of the Battle of the Thirty in 1351 has "Hue de Caverle" as a knight fighting on the English side (where he was defeated, captured, to be ransomed later).
		One estimate of the date of his knighthood is 1346, though documents from 1354 do not refer to him as a knight, and there is some evidence that he was only knighted later, in 1361.
		After the conclusion of the Breton civil war, Calveley, along with many other soldiers, found himself unemployed.
	en.allexperts.com /e/h/hu/hugh_calveley.htm (1116 words)

	breton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This certain assumption of membership of the Breton Revolutionary Army is being said at the same time that a presumption of innocence is supposed to be in standing.
		If one admit that the Brittany exist as people and nation distinct, it be legitimate that one fight for its sovereignty with the instar some many other people of world which have know preserve their independence during their history or that they have obtain it after a fight of release national.
		The fact of being Breton should not deprive to us of the rights that the others have or in other words, we are not Bretons but undoubtedly French alive in a geographical space called Brittany.
	www.32csm.netfirms.com /breton.html (1368 words)

	Bretons speak up to save their dying language \| France \| Europe \| International News \| News \| Telegraph
		"Bretons are always being told France is one nation with one language," said Yann Rivallain, 33, who ran a EU-funded organisation for minority languages in Dublin before returning to Brittany with his Huddersfield-born wife, Sarah, to edit a magazine, ArMen.
		The decline of the Breton language dates from the 1914-18 war when soldiers from Brittany found they had to use French to communicate with comrades-in-arms.
		She said she completely understood Bretons' demands for the same right to use their own language with civil servants as the thousands of Britons who struggle with French.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/10/01/wbreton01.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/10/01/ixworld.html (889 words)

	The Life and Times of Frida Kahlo . Life of Frida . People in Frida's World \| PBS
		Trotsky was instrumental in the organization of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917, and the defeat of the Bolsheviks' opponents in the subsequent civil war.
		Breton and his wife Jacqueline Lamba escaped Nazi-occupied France during World War II and traveled to Mexico in 1938.
		After the war, Breton moved to the United States where he worked in broadcasting and coordinated a surrealist exposition, "Situation of Surrealism between the Two Wars," at Yale in 1942.
	www.pbs.org /search/redir/http://www.pbs.org/weta/fridakahlo/life/people.html (1473 words)

	[No title]
		Bretons attempts to root Dadaism in a tradition of rebellion and clearer political purpose were criticized by Tzara, who opposed any attempts to treat Dadaism as a serious vehicle of political protest.47 In 1922 Breton bid adieu to Dada and urged his followers to "Let go of everything.
		Breton mounted an extensive petition campaign to clear his old friend, but in the process, seriously compromised Surrealist doctrine by arguing that poetic texts should not be taken literally as weapons in the revolutionary struggle.
		Bretons call issued after the First World War for a radical transformation of society and a new definition of man was soon to be echoed by the Communist Party in the early 1920s.
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /journals/EH/EH33/ryan33.html (13631 words)

	Euromosaic - Breton (France)
		Breton is neither used nor permitted in the central administration of the State, in accordance with the general principles of the law.
		Breton has a very limited use in the activities of the Curch, despite the fact that the Survey shows the priests often to be Breton speakers.
		Most Bretons accept that their language has low status, and is dying away, yet there is no evidence to suggest that they regard their language with disdain, the majority of them disagreeing with the supposition that they are considered as uneducated or as rustics if they speak Breton.
	www.uoc.edu /euromosaic/web/document/breto/an/i1/i1.html (5679 words)

	bretonculture
		Breton society having undergone massive changes (especially in the way it defines itself) during the last thirty years, many of these may not be accepted by some Bretons, notably old folks and die-hard leftists.
		You may also speak it if you are urban middle class, in which case you also read books and journals in it, watch breton language TV are are far more likely to pass it down to your children.
		The best known traditional breton heroine had the dubious habit to have a lover a night before throwing him down the cliff at morning.
	www.geocities.com /erwan-ar-skoul/bretonculture.html (2658 words)

	Breton CVE-23
		Breton was launched 27 June 1942 by Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corp., Tacoma, Wash., under a Maritime Commission contract; sponsored by Mrs A. Rooks widow of Captain Rooks, and commissioned 12 April 1943, Captain L. a.
		While engaged in these duties Breton took part in the capture and occupation of Saipan (11 June 10 August 1944); the Battle of the Philippine Sea (19-20 June); the 2nd Bonins raid (24 June); and the assault and occupation of Okinawa (6-7 April 1945)
		Upon her return to the west coast in January 1946 after serving as a unit of the Far Eastern occupation forces, Breton prepared for inactivation at Tacoma, Wash., and went out of commission in reserve there 30 August 194G.
	www.multied.com /navy/ecarrier/Breton.html (219 words)

	André Breton
		Breton's manifestoes of Surrealism are the most important theoretical statements of the movement.
		Breton answered that he is "hardly interested in establishing a hierarchy of surrealist works (contrary to Aragon who once said: "If you write dreadful rubbish in an authentically surrealistic manner, it is still rubbish") - nor, as I have made clear, a hierarchy of romantic or symbolist works."
		Breton's influence was wide and left impact on psychoanalysis and feminism through Jacques Lacan, on politics via Herbert Marcuse, on criticism through
	www.kirjasto.sci.fi /abreton.htm (1234 words)

	Salvador Dalí, Avida Dollars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		André Breton's disapproval of Dali had nothing to do with the Spanish painter's "financial success", rather, it was an issue of political integrity.
		Breton had an excellent relationship with the Mexican Muralist, Diego Rivera, who enjoyed financial success and the largesse of wealthy patrons while continuing to develop a revolutionary art.
		War and fascism were on Europe's horizon, and the Surrealists moved further to the left when the Nazis seized absolute power in 1933 and Germany began its decent into barbarism.
	www.art-for-a-change.com /content/essays/dali.htm (1629 words)

	The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut - 1702 Queen Anne's War
		The Grand Alliance (England, the League of Augsburg, Denmark, Portugal, and the Netherlands) declared war on France and Spain to prevent union of the French and Spanish thrones following the death of King Charles II of Spain.
		The raid was one of the bloodiest events of Queen Anne's War (1702-1713), the second of the French and Indian Wars.
		Queen Anne's War was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht, which brought the War of Spanish Succession to a close in Europe.
	www.colonialwarsct.org /1702.htm (453 words)

	The Music Meister
		During this special time we should take a minute to remember the men and women of the Armed Forces who are serving their country during a very difficult time.
		Whether we agree with the war or disagree is not the issue: these young men and women are doing their job, and doing it well.
		As a disabled Viet-Nam Vet I remember the homecoming (or lack of it) that we recieved and we should be sure to take the time to welcome home anyone who has worn the uniform of the United States.
	www.harpandthistle.com (360 words)

	Surrealism
		Breton's 1935 interview with Indice, a socialist journal published in the Canary Islands, contains a succinct statement of Breton's beliefs, that were widely accepted by the Surrealist intellectuals and artists.
		The missing limbs and dazed faces of World War I veterans that he saw as a schoolboy made him want to be a doctor, but he had, as a teen-ager, also begun to despise his family, and, as Ms.
		Breton once described automatism as leading to the psychophysical region characterised by the 'absence of contradiction' and 'the relaxation of emotional tension', that, he said, alluding openly to Freud, was ruled by the pleasure principle alone.
	www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/culture/breton.htm (3266 words)

	Kurds in Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		During World War II one of their leaders, Mustafa Barzani, emerged as a champion of Kurdish rights and Kurdish nationalism, through his military expertise and through his participation in the establishment of the short-lived Kurdish autonomous republic (the Mahabad Republic, 1946–47) in Iran.
		When the Iran-Iraq war began in September 1980, with an Iraqi attack across the Shatt al Arab waterway that leads to the Persian Gulf, the United States was a bystander.
		This vague and inconclusive end to the 1991 Gulf War was to prove tragic for the people of Iraq, and in particular for the Kurds in the north of Iraq and for the Shia population in the south of Iraq.
	www.eurolegal.org /neoconwars/kurdsiraq.htm (10753 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| World War II \| Charles de Gaulle: Wartime Leader of France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The turmoil of World War II made heroes and household names of many in the military, most of whom were already in positions of military power and whose decisions and actions shaped their countries' military policies and directions.
		Between the wars, de Gaulle participated in a brief campaign in Poland and served as a history instructor at Saint-Cyr.
		France was no different from the other participants in the Great War in her desire to prevent any such event from happening again.
	www.historynet.com /magazines/world_war_2/3787272.html (1450 words)

	U. S. History Wars
		For England, the results of the war were equally decisive; it ceased to be a continental power and increasingly sought expansion as a naval power.
		War of the Roses 1455—85 traditional name given to the intermittent struggle for the throne of England between the noble houses of York (whose badge was a white rose) and Lancaster (later associated with the red rose).
		It was preluded in America by the outbreak of the last of the French and Indian Wars and in India by fighting among native factions and the struggle there between the French governor Dupleix and the British statesman Robert Clive.
	www.roebuckclasses.com /201/conquest/wars.htm (3709 words)

	H-France Reviews
		Thanks in particular to the Hundred Years War, Brittany, like other regions, was able to undermine the “royal tunnel-vision of the future,” and almost succeeded in asserting its own provincial identity and even statehood, focused upon its own ruling dynasty, court, ceremonial, army, church, representative institutions, university, tax system, coinage, and legal system (p.
		In “Notaries and Notarial Practice in Medieval Brittany” (chapter eight), Jones examines one core group in the Breton administration, the public notaries, who appeared from 1300 and were regulated by the dukes and by the church.
		The importance role of Nantes in the Breton civil war between 1341 and 1365 is explored in “Nantes au début de la guerre civile en Bretagne” (chapter 3), as Jones sheds important light on the negotiations between Duke Jean III and the city in 1341 and 1342.
	www.h-france.net /vol4reviews/taylor6.html (930 words)

	Hugh Calveley - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An anonymous Breton poet's account of the Battle of the Thirty in 1351 has "Hue de Caverle" as a knight fighting on the English side (where he was defeated, captured, to be ransomed later).
		One estimate of the date of his knighthood is 1346, though documents from 1354 do not refer to him as a knight, and there is some evidence that he was only knighted later, in 1361.
		After the conclusion of the Breton civil war, Calveley, along with many other soldiers, found himself unemployed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hugh_Calveley (1066 words)

	[No title]
		She operated for the BandO during the war, and, according to her obituary, "was credited during the Civil War with many acts of heroism," though no record of her wartime service survives.
		Prior to the Civil War, most clerical work was performed by men; only with the employment of women by the Treasury Department during the Civil War did women begin to enter the field of general office work.
		Beginning with a single reference in Plum's Military Telegraph During the Civil War in the United States, the trail led to the Census of 1850 and 1860, in both of which her name appears; however, she is not listed in the 1870 Census for Missouri.
	www.mindspring.com /~tjepsen/civilwar.htm (7954 words)

	Wren biographies -PA Civil War soldiers -Free Pennsylvania Genealogy
		Joseph enlisted in the army during the war of the "Rebellion" and rose to the rank of Major of the fourty-eighth Regiment, 48th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers.
		The records of the War Department at Washington show that nine of our blood besides the husbands of two of our women folks served on the Union side in the terrible civil war from 1861 to 1865.
		Some of them were among the "First Defenders" at the outbreak of the war and some of them were among the last to quit the field, at the end of the war.
	www.pacivilwar.com /bios/wren.php (4305 words)

	The Great French Revoution
		The war became a war of extermination, and finally twenty to thirty thousand Vendeans, followed by their families, decided to emigrate to England after crossing Brittany.
		But England had no desire to receive such immigrants, and the Bretons, for their part, received them coldly, the more so as the Breton Patriots were gaining the upper hand in the towns and villages; therefore all these starving and ragged people, with their women and children, were driven back towards the Loire.
		It was a war of the peasants against the bourgeois--the peasants sending their delegates to the bourgeois creditors "to get the title-deeds and burn them" (Lundis révolutionnaires, P. See Michelet, who studied the Vendean war from local documents on the spot.
	dwardmac.pitzer.edu /anarchist_archives/kropotkin/frenchrev/liv.html (2675 words)

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