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Topic: Breton Literature

	Breton language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Breton is closely related to Cornish and less closely related to Welsh, though these languages are not mutually intelligible.
		Breton first appeared in writing in 790 AD in a manuscript entitled le manuscrit de Leyde, a botanical treatise in Breton and Latin.
		Breton can be heard on a number of radio stations for a few hours a week and there is a weekly one-hour TV programme in Breton.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/breton (517 words)

	Breton literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Breton literature is the Breton language literary tradition of Brittany.
		Breton literature can be categorised into an Old Breton period, from the 5th to 11th century; and a Middle Breton period, up to the 17th century.
		And on the evidence of Breton names, it would appear that Old Breton literature inspired much of Arthurian literature, the story of Tristan and Iseult and the romances of Chrétien de Troyes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Breton_literature (475 words)

	AllRefer.com - Breton literature (Miscellaneous European Literature) - Encyclopedia
		Breton literature[bret´un] Pronunciation Key, in the Celtic language of Brittany.
		Although there are numerous allusions in other literatures of the 12th to 14th cent.
		As elsewhere in Europe, serious collecting of Breton folk literature began in the 19th cent.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/Bretonli.html (384 words)

	Marijuana.Com Marijuana Seeds & Drug Test Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Breton is not an official language of France, despite calls from autonomists and others for official recognition, and for the language to be guaranteed a place in schools, the media, and other aspects of public life.
		The dialects of Breton as identified by ethnologists are Leonard, Tregorrois, Vannetais and Cornouaillais.
		Breton has four initial consonant mutations: though modern Breton lost the nasal mutation of Welsh, it also has a 'hard' mutation, in which voiced stops become voiceless, and a 'mixed' mutation, which is a mixture of hard and soft mutations.
	cannabissativa.com /wiki/Breton_language (1113 words)

	Breton literature - Encyclopedia.com
		Breton literature, in the Celtic language of Brittany.
		William Calin: Minority Literatures and Modernism: Scots, Breton, and Occitan, 1920-1990.
		examination of the trope of the ghost in Andre Breton's Nadja (1928) and Georges Bataille's...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Bretonli.html (1141 words)

	The Breton Language? - History of the Breton Language
		The history of the Breton language began with the appearance of the Bretons in Britain in the 6th century BC.
		This ancient Breton language (Brythonic), which is spoken from the south of Scotland to the mouth of the Loire (from Dumbarton to St. Nazaire), is thus divided into three branches: Welsh and Cornish on the isle of Britain, and Breton on the Continent (where Gallic has disappeared).
		At the beginning of the 20th century, Breton literature was honored with the names of Malmanche in theater and of Kalloc'h in poetry.
	www.kervarker.org /en/whatisbreton_02_noid.html (970 words)

	Breton Biography
		Breton never ceased to emphasize the need for a concurrent revolution of the mind: this was the goal and central focus of the surrealist adventure.
		Indeed, throughout this volume, Breton attacks and derides the socialist realism enforced by Stalinism as the very negation of freedom: that it should have been extolled by someone like Aragon was evidence enough of "true decadence" resulting from a blind allegiance to the articles of faith of a repressive ideology.
		Breton's prose is often discursive and convoluted, sometimes obscure, always replete with literary and philosophical allusions.
	www.studiocleo.com /librarie/breton/bretonbiography.html (2874 words)

	CONTEXT: Mary Ann Caws, Reading André Breton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Breton's thought was eventually to change along with his life, but the style remains high on itself and intense in its effect.
		Breton's notion of the "femme-enfant," the child-woman who combines in herself opposite ages so that time "holds no sway over her" is important beyond the notion of time.
		Breton was a dealer in art objects, particularly African, and the Surrealists were all passionate about the kind of bearing an object in the external world could have on their imagination, or on their inner world.
	www.centerforbookculture.org /context/no11/Caws.html (1882 words)

	André Breton
		André Breton was born in Tinchebray (Orne) the son of a shopkeeper.
		Breton and his colleagues believed that the springs of personal freedom and social liberation lay in the unconscious mind.
		Breton's first-person narrative is supplemented by forty-four photographs of places and objects which inspire the author or are connected to Nadja.
	www.kirjasto.sci.fi /abreton.htm (1334 words)

	Articles - Breton language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Breton is not thought to be a modern-day descendant of any Continental Celtic language such as Gaulish, though it may have borrowed some features from it, but it is rather descended from insular Brythonic.
		Breton, along with Cornish and Welsh, is a member of the Brythonic languages, a subgroup of the Insular subgroup of the Celtic branch of the Indo-European language family.
		The first Breton texts, contained in the Leyde manuscript, were written at the end of the eighth century: fifty years prior to the Strasbourg Oaths, considered to be the earliest example of French.
	www.storegolf.com /articles/Breton_language (1478 words)

	Breton literature -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The collection was made, supposedly from the oral literature of Breton peasants, by Théodore Hersart de La Villemarqué and was published in 1839.
		From the Middle Breton period (11th to 17th century) the 11th- to 15th-century compositions were mainly oral, and little except a few scraps of verse is extant until the late 15th century, when there appeared the Catholicon of Jean Lagadeuc, a...
		The spokesperson of the surrealist movement was the poet André Breton, whose ‘Manifesto of Surrealism' was published in 1924 in France.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9016384 (826 words)

	Fathom :: The Source for Online Learning
		On October 11, 1924, the existence of a surrealist movement was publicly confirmed by the opening of a Bureau for Surrealist Research, whose aim was to "gather all the information possible related to forms that might express the unconscious activity of the mind." But critics and misinformed outsiders threatened to ruin the movement's integrity.
		Breton formulated four questions to try to define a terrain for research: What are the possibilities for the continuity of dreams and their application to life's problems?
		In the manifesto however, any political dimension remained implicit, although Breton, using as his starting point the experimentally demonstrated principle that "language was given to man so that he might make a surrealist use of it," envisaged the so-to-speak local effects of surrealism, where certain social relations could be legitimately questioned.
	www.fathom.com /feature/122621 (1507 words)

	Department of Welsh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Breton is the only Celtic language spoken on the continent of Europe, and to the Welsh speaker it is the easiest to learn - the problems arising in learning Cornish being largely due to its limited usage.
		At Aberystwyth, Breton is taught through the medium of Welsh, but even students who have learnt Welsh for only one year normally have no major difficulties with the basic vocabulary and grammar and roughly 75% of those who follow the Breton course for beginners do not have Welsh as their mother tongue.
		Breton can be studied as part of our Welsh Single Honours, Welsh Joint Honours, Welsh and the Celtic Languages or Celtic Studies degrees.
	www.aber.ac.uk /cymraeg-welsh/welsh_breton.shtml (202 words)

	Person of the Week: Rene Galand
		He joined Wellesley's French department in Fall, 1951, specializing in the literature and culture of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
		Galand is fluent in Breton, a Celtic language, as well as French and English.
		Famous and highly regarded as a Breton poet and authority on Celtic civilization, Galand received the coveted Xavier de Langlais Prize for Breton literature in 1980.
	www.wellesley.edu /Anniversary/galand.html (493 words)

	The revival of Breton literature (from Celtic literature) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Interest in Breton, which revived at a time when France's central government was trying to impose French on Brittany and destroy the regional language, was particularly stimulated with the publication of the celebrated Barzaz Breiz (originally Barzas-Breiz, 1839; “Breton Bardic Poems”).
		Literature may be classified according to a variety of systems, including language, national origin, historical period, genre, and subject matter.
		African literature of the 1950s was characterized by its focus on the disruptive effects of European colonialism on traditional African society.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=42318 (880 words)

	e-Keltoi: Volume 2, Cultural Survival - Lenora A. Timm, Breton at a Crossroads: Looking Back, Moving Forward
		Nevertheless, the persistence of Breton through the 20th and now into the 21st century is in itself an achievement and merits some reflection on the twists and turns of the journey it has traveled, especially over the last 100 years.
		According to Breton linguist Yves Le Gallo: "...il y a deux langues différentes: la langue du peuple et puis la langue des savants et des lettrés" ('there are two different languages: the language of the people and then the language of the intellectuals and the literati'; quoted in Le Coadic 1998:249).
		For many of them it seems bizarre to use Breton in the schools since, they remember (either from their own or their parents' experiences) being chastized or punished for using Breton in school or that it was a great embarrassment to be marked in school as a member of a Breton-speaking family.
	www.uwm.edu /Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol2/2_2/timm_2_2.html (8951 words)

	Armorican Connections
		Today, the Welsh and Breton are not mutually comprehensible, though the two languages were historically linked because of the migration of the Britons.
		Though, Breton was related to Welsh and Cornish, Breton had become incomprehensible to the other two languages in Britain.
		According to the Breton source, the poet Marie de France had translated Breton songs, known as lais, which one had mentioned the Queen Guinevere's infidelity.
	www.timelessmyths.com /celtic/armorican.html (5871 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Anthology of Black Humor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This is the first publication in English of the anthology that contains Breton's definitive statement on l'humour noir, one of the seminal concepts of Surrealism, and his provocative assessments of the writers he most admired.
		Andre Breton (1896-1966), the founder and principal theorist of the Surrealist movement, is one of the major literary figures of the past century.
		breton's eulogy of surrealist revolt is basically incarnated in this book, which is a collection of insane and eccentric (particularly lacenaire, murderer and poet) figures who, through absurd humor and surrealistic flights of the fantastic, cast serious (sometimes dangerous) doubts on the validity of the Reality Principle.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0872863212 (453 words)

	Celtic League, American Branch: Celtic Languages
		Thus most recorded Breton literature before the 18th Century is of a religious nature; some of the religious theater is of a high quality.
		In fact, irked by the loss of all medieval Breton literature, La Villemarqué had set about reinventing it, and most of the mythological and historical ballads in his collection were his own work.
		Today Breton is spoken west of a line extending from St-Brieuc to Vannes; to the east of that the native language is Gallo, a Romance dialect related to Norman-French (although even in eastern Brittany nationalists have adopted Breton as their national language).
	www.celticleague.org /languages.html (2940 words)

	Bran
		A legendary Breton hero of the tenth century.
		In ancient Breton traditions, the dead return to earth in the form of birds.
		The story of Bran was much expanded in the free rendererings of traditional Breton literature by Hersart de la Villemarqué (1839).
	www.pantheon.org /articles/b/bran3.html (482 words)

	Brittany. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Breton, their Celtic language (akin to Welsh), is spoken in traditionalist Lower (i.e., western) Brittany outside the cities (see Breton literature).
		Breton history is a long struggle for independence—first from the Franks (5th–9th cent.), then from the dukes of Normandy and the counts of Anjou (10th–12th cent.), and finally from England and France.
		Groups such as the Breton Revolutionary army and the Movement of National Liberation by Socialism committed sporadic acts of violence, such as the exploding of a bomb in the palace of Versailles in June, 1978.
	www.bartelby.com /65/br/Brittany.html (648 words)

	Fiddles & Prose
		Pieces of Cape Breton literature, music and art are increasingly recognized and rewarded while adding novel color and flavour to the mosaic of the world's cultural activities.
		Here Cape Breton's Beatrice MacNeil brought the format of her successful "reading ceilidhs" to what some consider the musical mecca of Nova Scotia, Inverness County.
		While cooking, cleaning, farming and tending to family life, Joyce expresses how Jessie found ways to share the beauty of her surroundings, and to keep the seed of artistry planted and tended in others.
	www.rambles.net /fiddleprose_01.html (793 words)

	Anjela Duval today
		While Breton literature written in French counts such prestigious names as Chateaubriand, Lamennais or Ernest Renan, literature written in the Breton language is quite unknown.
		It was revived by the Third Republic, which forbade the use of Breton in church and encouraged public school teachers to punish children who spoke Breton in school.
		While their elitist efforts undeniably bore some fruit, the vast majority of the Breton population was not affected (1 100 000 persons in 1950, 250 000 in 1990), since most were incapable of reading in Breton.
	www.breizh.net /anjela/hiziv/today1.asp (429 words)

	Labara 6: a taste of Breton verse
		Breton is a member of the Brythonic branch of the Celtic language family, and is thus closely related to the two other living Brythonic languages, Welsh and Cornish, especially the latter.
		It has been suggested that the Breton language is the direct descendant of the Celtic language of the Gauls (of what is now present-day France), but the relationship between Breton, Welsh and Cornish is too close to support this hypothesis.
		The modern Breton literary revival was stimulated by the publication in 1839 of Barzaz-Breiz, a collection of ballads and songs, by Theodore Hersart de la VillemarquÈ (known in Breton as Kervarker).
	www.summerlands.com /crossroads/celticlanguage/labara6.html (1866 words)

	Pont-Aven et Nizon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In addition, a whole soul and spirit, the Breton soul and spirit, with its culture has rediscovered its dignity, its legitimacy and the foundations of its future.
		French text, Breton text and musical score, it is the edition revised by Théodore Hersart de la Villemarqué in 1967.
		The Breton text is that of Hersart de la Villemarqué ; his writing is simpler than that of the modern Breton writers.
	www.1000questions.net /en/pontaven/barzaz-us.html (280 words)

	ANTOINE LAURENT LAVOISIER - LoveToKnow Article on ANTOINE LAURENT LAVOISIER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		He was descended from an old Breton family, which counted among its members a Hersart who had followed Saint Louis to the Crusade, and another who was a companion in arms of Du Guesclin.
		La Villemarqu devoted himself to the elucidation of the monuments of Breton literature.
		His works include: Contes populaires des anciens Bretons (1842), to which was prefixed an essay on the origin of the romances of the Round Table; Essai sur l/zistoire de la langue bretoniie (f837); Pomes des bardes bretons du sixime sicle (1850); La Ligende celtique en Irelande, en Cambrie et en Bretagne (1859).
	60.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LA/LAVOISIER_ANTOINE_LAURENT.htm (1233 words)

	UCCB Press Inc. - University College of Cape Breton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Established in 1974 as the College of Cape Breton Press, CBU Press serves as a link between the Cape Breton University and its broader communities, publishing literature of significance to Cape Breton Island and that which enhances knowledge about the Island, its history and cultural preservation.
		In addition, as part of an on-going study of the publishing possibilities in Mi’kmaq literature, we are in discussions with reprints of important out-of-print titles from other publishers.
		Through the long-term commitment of the University College of Cape Breton and with the participation of The Canada Council, CBU Press has ambitious plans for future publishing projects in our existing areas of strength and in development of new areas.
	www.uccbpress.ca /about.html (962 words)

	This is the Surrealism Page. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Breton published his Surrealist Manifesto in Paris in 1924 and consistently dominated the movement.
		The surrealists claimed as their literary forebears a long line of writers, outstanding among whom is the Comte de Lautréamont, author of the lengthy and complicated work Les chants de Maldoror (1868-1870).
		Besides Breton, many of the most distinguished French writers of the early 20th century were at one time connected with the movement; these include Paul Eluard, Louis Aragon, René Crevel, and Philippe Soupault.
	www.connect.net /ron/surreal.html (811 words)

	Breton Novel: Syllabus Fall 2004
		While there was Breton literature for centuries before the 19th century, the Breton novel really doesn't begin until then, when, for various reasons that we will examine in class, the Bretons began to write about themselves not just for themselves but for general French and even world consumption.
		Like most other Bretons writing about their own times, Renan had an ambivalent attitude toward the modernization and Frenchification of what he knew to be a pays à part.
		Rather melodramatic, and not as good, either as literature or as literature about Brittany, as his better short stories, this novel still conveys some interesting things about Brittany as Le Braz, the great collector of Breton folk culture, saw it.
	www.personal.kent.edu /~rberrong/bretons/syllabus.htm (2245 words)

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