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Topic: Breton nationalism

	Nationalism information - Search.com
		Nations have national symbols, a national culture, a national music and national literature; national folklore, a national mythology and - in some cases - even a national religion.
		Romantic nationalism (also organic nationalism, identity nationalism) is the form of ethnic nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy as a natural ("organic") consequence and expression of the nation, or race.
		While internationalism in the cosmopolitanist context by definition implies cooperation among nations, and therefore the existence of nations, proletarian internationalism is different, in that it calls for the international working class to follow its bretheren in other countries irrespective of the activities or pressures of the national government of a particular sector of that class.
	www.search.com /reference/Nationalism (6784 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Romantic nationalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Romantic nationalism (also organic nationalism, identity nationalism) is the form of nationalism in which the state derives its political legitimacy as an organic consequence of the unity of those it governs.
		Early Romantic nationalism was strongly inspired by Rousseau, and by the ideas of Johann Gottfried von Herder, who in 1784 argued that geography formed the natural economy of a people, and that their customs and society would develop along the lines that their basic environment favored.
		Romantic nationalism formed a key strand in the philosophy of Hegel, who argued that there was a "spirit of the age" or zeitgeist that inhabited a particular people at a particular time, and that, when that people became the active determiner of history, it was simply because their cultural and political moment had come.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Romantic_nationalism (1713 words)

	Nationalism - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Nationalism is an ideology which holds that the nation, ethnicity or national identity is a "fundamental unit" of human social life, and makes certain political claims based upon that belief; above all, the claim that the nation is "the only legitimate basis for the state", and that "each nation is entitled to its own state".
		Nations have national symbols, a national character, a national culture, a national music and national literature; national folklore, a national mythology and - in some cases - even a national religion.
		The nation state is intended to guarantee the existence of a nation, to preserve its distinct identity, and to provide a territory where the national culture and ethos are dominant.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/n/a/t/Nationalism.html (6511 words)

	Barzaz Breiz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The young Vicomte Théodore Hersart de la Villemarqué claimed that it was a collection of ancient Breton songs, compiled from the countryside, as well as from songs sung to him by his nurse.
		The book was a major success, acting as a literary jump-start to the Breton nationalist movement, and reflecting the wider growth in Celtic nationalism that had begun in the late 18th century.
		The songs themselves are a mixture of the typical ballad sort--fairy queens, dying knights, and even a mention of druids, Merlin, and the type of sword dance found in May Day celebrations (not unlike that seen in the film The Wicker Man).
	www.maryjones.us /jce/barzaz.html (294 words)

	Brittany. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Breton, their Celtic language (akin to Welsh), is spoken in traditionalist Lower (i.e., western) Brittany outside the cities (see Breton literature).
		Breton history is a long struggle for independence—first from the Franks (5th–9th cent.), then from the dukes of Normandy and the counts of Anjou (10th–12th cent.), and finally from England and France.
		Groups such as the Breton Revolutionary army and the Movement of National Liberation by Socialism committed sporadic acts of violence, such as the exploding of a bomb in the palace of Versailles in June, 1978.
	www.bartleby.com /65/br/Brittany.html (648 words)

	Thing Nation
		Nationalism should nevertheless be distinguished from patriotism, since the former focuses on the national community that is situated, for the most part, within civil...
		Pan-nationalism - Pan-nationalism is a form of nationalism distinguished by the large scale of the claimed national territory, and because it often defines the nation on the basis of a andacirc;and#128;and#152;andacirc;and#128;and#153;clusterandacirc;and#128;and#153;andacirc;and#128;and#153; of cultures and ethnic groups.
		In her view, liberalism, with its respect for personal autonomy, reflection, ernest gellner nation nationalism state theory and choice, ernest gellner nation nationalism state theory and nationalism, with its emphasis on belonging, loyalty, ernest gellner nation nationalism state theory and solidarity, are not irreconcilable.
	www.flarnfa.org /Thing/Nation.xml (4429 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Christendom
		The history of this change from the Christendom of the twelfth century to the nations of the Reformation epoch, is the history of the later Middle Ages.
		In the twelfth century, though the sense of a common Christianity is the predominant characteristic of the age, the development of national distinctions proceeded apace.
		The international law of the seventeenth century jurists was based upon national law, not upon Christian fellowship, the balance of power of the eighteenth century on the elementary instinct of self-defence, and the nationalism of the nineteenth on racial or linguistic distinctions.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03699b.htm (5606 words)

	International Relations Project: Realism
		Nationalism is a modern ideology of political legitimization and/or means of coping with the destabilizing, fragmenting and rationalizing effects of modernity.
		Nations are socially engineered; modern territorial state constructs the social entity known as the nation through mass education, socialization, and common rituals based on historical, ethnic, linguistic, and racial components.
		National Deconstruction (1998) Postmodern, influence of internationally accepted notion of sovereignty leads to the identification of nations with states which inhibits the formation of multi-ethnic political entities.
	www.du.edu /~tspehn/nationalism.html (630 words)

	Breton Language
		Breton is rather as it's name implies an import from Britain having being brought to what is now Brittany by various waves of refugees and immigrants from Britain in the fifth and sixth centuries who were dislocated by the Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain during this period.
		Breton medium schools are a reality and it is clear that their growth will continue, very probably to the point where a quarter or more of Breton primary and secondary students are being educated primarily through Breton.
		Nationalism has long been on the scene in Brittany but thus far the majority of Bretons have rejected independence and even autonomy hence it would appear that Bretons are still pursuing a more pluralistic and federal France which they can call home while at the same time pursuing cultural autonomy for their region.
	www.breizh.net /icdbl/saozg/nominoe.htm (15329 words)

	The World at War - Brittany
		Bretons struggled with a wrenching societal change wrought by the conflict and wide variety of cures were prescribed for their pains.
		Breton history courses were introduced in the primary and secondary schools and a ban on the use of the Breton language in classrooms was lifted in March, 1941.
		Breton nationalism and the cultural revival remained under a cloud of suspicion for a generation.
	worldatwar.net /article/brittany (5788 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Johann Gottfried von Herder: Materials for the Philosophy of the History of Mankind, 1784
		Nationalism has taken on many forms - calls for cultural pride, liberal-nationalist assertions of the right to self-government, and chauvinistic claims of national superiority.
		Hence that striking national character, which, deeply imprinted on the most ancient peoples, is unequivocally displayed in all their operations on the earth.
		No greater injury can be inflicted on a nation than to be robbed of her national character, the peculiarity of her spirit and her language.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1784herder-mankind.html (1361 words)

	Nationalism and Political Legitimacy
		This is because membership in a nation defined in civic, as opposed to ethnic, terms is seen as based on universalist criteria such as identification with certain political creeds or institutions (see Bauhn 1995, Greenfeld 1992, Häyry and Häyry 1993).
		If a nation is defined in terms of a shared cultural feature, say a language, it is in principle open to anyone who learns the language and shows loyalty to it.
		On the other hand, civic nationalism would seem either to justify withholding or withdrawing citizenship from those not subscribing to the nation's political creed or, alternatively, assuming an ideological homogeneity that must be rare in today's societies.
	www.abo.fi /fak/hf/filosofi/Research/Nationalism_and_Political_Legitimacy.htm (1115 words)

	[No title]
		Above all, the Breton language, an ancient Celtic tongue related to Welsh and Cornish whose earliest surviving text--a treatise on medicine--dates to the eighth century, was effectively outlawed.
		Near extinction 50 years ago, the Breton language is now spoken daily by some 200,000 people and taught in special, newly founded bilingual schools to some 5,600 children a year.
		Nonviolent Breton movements like Emgann, which means "combat," deplored it, with several leading members announcing their resignation from the political struggle.
	www.chez.com /carb/english/eng5.htm (975 words)

	CEU Department of Nationalism Studies
		It is also claimed that liberalism is necessarily parasitic upon nationalism, because any healthy liberal regime requires strong particularistic allegiances that cannot be supplied by liberalism, for the principles to which it must appeal are by definition abstract and universal: equality and freedom.
		Are the prophets of the demise of nationalism (e.g.
		She claims that resentment is endemic to modern human beings living under conditions of liberty and equality, both because of the constant limits to freedom that we affront, especially the limits of nature, and because of equality imposed through democratic constitutionalism that similarly limits differentiation.
	www.ceu.hu /nation/lom.html (3286 words)

	U Of T - Ethnic, Immigration, and Pluralism Studies
		This collection of Raymond Breton's essential writings highlights his work on French-English relations in Canada, examining the social origins of Quebec's Quiet Revolution, the different forms of English-Canadian and Quebec nationalism, the relationship between linguistic and regional divisions, and the dynamics of recurring constitutional crisis.
		Breton's writings on ethnic relations related to immigration consider the dynamics, political nature, and impact of immigrant ethnic communities and the origins of multiculturalism.
		Reitz shows how Breton's original concept of "institutional completeness" has been extended to provide a comprehensive framework for the institutional analysis of inter-ethnic relations, creating a unified theoretical structure that has shaped the study of inter-ethnic relations in Canada and points toward a future research agenda.
	www.utoronto.ca /ethnicstudies (620 words)

	The Nationalism Project: Articles Published in Nationalism and Ethnic Politics
		"Nations, Ethnic Groups, States and Politics: A Preface and an Agenda." Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 1, no. 1 (1995): 1-10.
		"National Self-Determination and the Limits of Sovereignty: Armenia, Azerbaijan and the Secession of Nagorno-Karabagh." Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 1, no. 1 (1995): 86-110.
		"Nationalism in Europe: Decline in the West, Revival in the East." Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 3, no. 3 (1997): 66-85.
	www.nationalismproject.org /journals/nateth.htm (4447 words)

	20th century - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Democratic nations began to extend voting privileges to all adults.
		Rising nationalism and increasing national awareness were among the causes of World War I, the first of two wars to involve all the major world powers including Germany, France, Italy, Japan, the United States and the Commonwealth of Nations.
		It also led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia into successor states, many rife with ethnic nationalism, and left the United States as the world's superpower.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/20th_century (1874 words)

	This Month in Celtic History - March 2005
		The Union had established itself as a key organization on the Breton nationalist scene, but Perrot felt that the Union’s emphasis on science and the secular arts neglected the spiritual dimension in Breton culture so he decided to found an organization that would unapologetically promote the linkage between Catholicism and the Breton national identity.
		Run in conjunction with a group of Breton artists, the festival became a showcase for modern Breton art, exemplified by the Rene-Yves Creston’s faience statue of the medieval Breton hero Nominoe.
		World War II and the German occupation of Brittany cast a pall over the Breton nationalist movement, and in 1943 Abbe Perrot was assassinated by a Resistance fighter for his ostensible collaboration with the Germans and the Vichy government.
	www.celticleague.org /history_3-05.html (666 words)

	Linda Hutcheon: Nation and Nationalism
		In her anthology of multicultural fiction, Other Solitudes, Linda Hutcheon resists the narrow definition of Canada as a pact between the French and the English, and calls for a vision of national identity that includes the multiple and often-contradictory experiences of minorities.
		Here, the idea of a Canadian nation emerges as a site of struggle in which communities with diverse interests compete over the definition of their society (Breton, 1990).
		Breton, R. Intergroup Competition in the Symbolic Construction of Canadian Society.
	www.ucalgary.ca /%7eeawilson/nation/hutcheon.html (125 words)

	Reader Beware -- You are in for a scare!!!
		Modern Breton nationalism developed at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century.
		After 1944, Breton nationalism was widely discredited thanks to the collaboration of a number of prominent nationalists (such as Roparz Hemon) with the Nazis, who occupied
		On the other hand, Breton has enjoyed increasing support among intellectuals and professionals since the 1970s, and the relatively small, urban-based Diwan movement has sought to stem the loss of young Breton speakers through bilingual immersion schools.
	www.freewebs.com /tunaphish/seiferspandemic.htm (2734 words)

	Breton Identity 1750-1950 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This work considers Breton Catholicism, analysing the manner in which this religious culture became firmly rooted in the region’s landscape, and considers the response by the French state administration.
		The marginalized nature of Breton nationalism is demonstrated by an analysis of the group Breiz Atao [Brittany Forever], which was active in the period 1920—45.
		It inspired a rethinking of the quality of celtitude, expressed in modernistic, Celtic designs, and the group did popularize the argument that Brittany should be understood as a colonial subject, with its economy exploited by an imperialist French state and its identity threatened by French culture.
	www.uwp.co.uk /acatalog/2002.html (436 words)

	France's Celtic connection, Life in France, France, Expatica
		It is a bright, bracing spring afternoon in the kingdom of the dead and Master Druid Gobannogenos is in an expansive mood.
		For Ronan Le Coadic, a sociologist and expert on Breton cultural identity, Le Goff's mixture of Celtic mysticism and fierce regional pride is, while an extreme example, not unusual here.
		And almost every Breton town boasts at least one Celtic-themed pub or a gift shop selling trinkets with supposedly traditional Celtic symbols such as the triskell, a three-sided spiral design said to represent the goddess of life.
	www.expatica.com /actual/article.asp?subchannel_id=59&story_id=29375 (910 words)

	Brittany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		For generations Bretons risked their lives fishing and trading on the violent seas and struggled with the arid soil of the interior.
		The successive violations of this treaty by Paris, and subsequent revolts, form the core of Breton history since the Middle Ages.
		As their language has been steadily eradicated, and the interior of the province severely depopulated, many Bretons continue to treat France as a separate country.
	france-for-visitors.com /brittany (721 words)

	artnet.com: Resource Library: Savina, Jo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		He joined the Unvaniez ar Seiz Breur (Brez.: Assembly of the Seven Brothers), which brought together artists and craftsmen dedicated to the revival of the applied arts in a spirit of Breton nationalism.
		In the same year Savina received a bronze medal in the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne in Paris for his involvement in the Brittany Pavilion.
		As a prisoner of war during World War II he began to sculpt, initially in a conventional idiom, and later illustrating Breton themes in a style influenced by Expressionism.
	www.artnet.com /library/07/0761/T076194.asp (411 words)

	Periodbot output starting #21434238
		The first release was the function of the [[Groupe Régionaliste Breton]], presided by [[Job Breiz]], collaborating with [[Korentin Kerlann]]), whose secretary was [[Morvan Marchal]].
		In this program, Modrel thinks up a constitution of an independant Breton state, to which the French state should bestow parts of its riches, colonies, art, libraries, industrial equipment etc; whose borders is to be rallied "by way of [[plebiscity]]".
		Durgapur is gradually becoming the technical education hub of Eastern India with institutes like [http://www.nitdgp.ac.in National Institute of Technology] (formerly known as Regional Engineering College), Bengal College of Engineering and Technology, B.C. Roy College of Engineering and lots of other Management and Hotel Management Institutes.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~tom7/periodbot/238.html (2955 words)

	Brittany - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A major space telecommunications center is at Pleumeur-Bodou.
		Breton history is a long struggle for independence—first from the Franks (5th-9th cent.), then from the dukes of Normandy and the counts of Anjou (10th-12th cent.), and finally from England and France.
		The extinction of his direct line led to the War of the Breton Succession (1341-65), a part of the Hundred Years War (1337-1453).
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Brittany.html (1026 words)

	The Nationalism Project: Competing National Ideologies Bibliography
		Breton, Albert and Margot Breton (1995) “Nationalism Revisited” in Albert Breton; Gianluigi Galeotti; Pierre Salmon and Ronald Wintrobe (eds) op.cit.
		Breton, Albert; Gianluigi Galeotti; Pierre Salmon and Ronald Wintrobe (eds) (1995) Nationalism and Rationality.
		Connor, Walker (1994a)“A Nation Is a Nation, Is a State, Is an Ethnic Group, Is a...” Walker Connor (ed.) op.cit.
	www.nationalismproject.org /articles/Pero/biblio.html (11558 words)

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