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Topic: Bretton Woods Institutions

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	SUSTAINABILITY AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY:
		This is a fitting question for a gathering at Bretton Woods, because of the historic role of this place in the creation of three important institutions that have led the move to globalize the world's economies.
		The existing Bretton Woods system is geared by both structure and ideology to an ever continuing expansion of economic output economic growth and to the integration of national economies into a seamless global economy.
		It was the practice of democratic pluralism built on institutional arrangements that seek to maintain a balance between the institutions of the state and the market and protect the right of an active citizenry to hold both institutions accountable to the public interest.
	www.pcdf.org /1995/bretton.htm (4174 words)

	For a Strong and Democratic United Nations - Bretton Woods Institutions
		At the time of considering the Bretton Woods Agreements, it was noted that, for a poor country or one in reconstruction, there was a need for long-term loans to provide foreign exchange reserves as a basis for the monetary system, that is, as a backing for its currency.
		The imposition of unwarranted conditionalities by the multilateral financial institutions is damaging the credibility and effectiveness of these institutions and presents a major obstacle to the expansion of multilateral lending and to a solution of the debt problem.
		The Bretton Woods institutions are probably unique among international bodies in having almost all the key positions held by nationals of developed countries and coming from the same social groups and holding rather uniform policy views.
	www.southcentre.org /publications/unreform/UN6n7n8trans.htm (5975 words)

	For a Strong and Democratic United Nations - Reclaiming the Central Economic Role
		Thus, from the beginning, the Bretton Woods bodies have kept their distance from the United Nations -- in part, as was argued, because of the differing memberships -- and the latter has had little direct say in the policies and activities of these institutions.
		Following the many years of systematic erosion in favour of the Bretton Woods institutions, the capacity of the United Nations and its organs to undertake a wide range of consistently high quality and creative analytical and policy-oriented work in the economic and development fields must be rebuilt.
		The fourth condition can be partly obtained by instituting new measures to achieve stricter accountability of member states for the implementation of the decisions taken by ECOSOC, and partly through governments changing their behaviour in the UN framework and commiting themselves to greater involvement and co-operation.
	www.southcentre.org /publications/unreform/UN3n4n5trans-02.htm (6219 words)

	Bretton Woods system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The chief features of the Bretton Woods system were an obligation for each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate of its currency within a fixed value—plus or minus one percent—in terms of gold; and the ability of the IMF to bridge temporary imbalances of payments.
		The political bases for the Bretton Woods system are in the confluence of several key conditions: the shared experiences of the Great Depression, the concentration of power in a small number of states, and the presence of a dominant power willing and able to assume a leadership role in global monetary affairs.
		The big question at the Bretton Woods conference with respect to the institution that would emerge as the IMF was the issue of future access to international liquidity and whether that source should be akin to a world central bank able to create new reserves at will or a more limited borrowing mechanism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bretton_Woods_system (9470 words)

	Bretton Woods
		The common view at the Conference was that the depression of the 1 930s and the rise of fascism could be traced to the collapse of international trade and isolationist economic policies.
		By the late 1960s, however, the Bretton Woods dream of a stable monetary system of fixed exchange rates with the US dollar as the only international currency was collapsing under the strain of US trade and budgetary deficits.
		And the Bretton Woods institutions themselves are coming under direct pressure from community activists and environmentalists calling for either their reform or outright abolition.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /IMF_WB/Bretton_Woods_NI.html (1073 words)

	A/RES/51/166. Global financial integration and strengthening collaboration between the United Nations and the Bretton ...
		Notes that cooperation between the United Nations and the Bretton Woods institutions continues to be strengthened at the level of operational activities for development; 15.
		Considers that the strengthening of collaboration between the United Nations and the Bretton Woods institutions requires an integrated approach, encompassing a closer policy dialogue at the intergovernmental level on relevant areas of international development policy issues, taking into account their respective competences; 16.
		Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly, at its fifty-second session, in cooperation with the Bretton Woods institutions and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, on the implementation of the present resolution.
	www.law.wits.ac.za /humanrts/resolutions/51/166GA1996.html (722 words)

	ICSW
		A comprehensive global governance system was designed at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference and at subsequent deliberations to set up an International Trade Organization (ITO), but even at that time the structure remained incomplete as the proposed ITO never came into being.
		Together with the WTO, private sector and civil society, these global institutions should be able to evolve a flexible cooperative intergovernmental arrangement with the sole purpose of enhancing coherence and consistency in their respective policies and activities in the wider field of development.
		We are concerned that the Financing for Development process may be used as a vehicle for the UN to interfere in the governance and decision-making mechanisms of the Bretton Woods Institutions and the WTO.
	www.icsw.org /publications/sdr/2001-march/govern-report.htm (1159 words)

	PO-996: John Taylor - Improving the Bretton Woods Financial Institutions
		These institutions, along with regional development banks, are essential instruments in achieving two of the most important international economic policy goals of the United States-raising economic growth and improving economic stability in the world economy.
		They saw the need for two new international financial institutions to help carry out this task: (1) a multilateral fund to keep the world financial system running smoothly by preventing crises in payments flows and exchange rates; and (2) a multilateral development bank to help reconstruct the countries devastated by the war.
		By any measure these institutions were successful in their original task; the post-World War II reconstruction, development, and economic integration was an amazing success.
	www.ustreas.gov /press/releases/po996.htm (2949 words)

	Bretton Woods Conference - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Bretton Woods Conference name commonly given to the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, held (July 1-22, 1944) at Bretton Woods, N.H. The conference resulted in the creation of the International Monetary Fund, to promote international monetary cooperation, and of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
		Monterrey Conference gives timely life to quest for development cooperation says Secretary-General, as ECOSOC meets with Bretton Woods institutions.
		Help through official channels: at the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944 the international community created the financial framework for development by setting up the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and their associated agencies.(How)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-brettonw1.html (304 words)

	The Magazine of the ILO: WORLD OF WORK No. 41 - The Bretton Woods Institutions and trade unions: Building a dialogue - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Thus as the WTO (World Trade Organization) and the Bretton Woods Institutions (the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank) shape the world economy, they are reproached for imposing hard-line free enterprise on countries which are not necessarily prepared to face its social consequences.
		He would have seen that while the financial institutions produce tons of pages of reports, poor people continue to die by the thousands." Too often, consultation with the unions turns into a monologue by the representatives of the international financial institutions, who explain strategies to the unionists without asking for their opinions.
		The unions complain that too often the assistance of the Bretton Woods Institutions is tied to a reduction in public spending and on privatization.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/bureau/inf/magazine/41/bretton.htm (1007 words)

	the Bretton Woods System-econ100
		Bretton Woods and the Golden Age of Capitalism
		The World Bank and its sister organization, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), were created at Bretton Woods New Hampshire in 1944.
		Together they are referred to as the Bretton Woods Institutions or BWIs.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/jchristi/econ100/bretton_woods.htm (103 words)

	^^^FYI^^^SOMETHING YOU SHOULD KNOW [Bretton Woods institutions]^^^FYI^^^
		In his opening speech at the Bretton Woods conference, Henry Morganthau said the "bewilderment and bitterness" resulting from the Depression became "the breeders of fascism, and finally, of war".
		The institutions would facilitate, in Morganthau's words, "[the] creation of a dynamic world community in which the peoples of every nation will be able to realise their potentialities in peace".
		The IMF was conceived primarily as a supervisory institution to promote international monetary cooperation and facilitate the growth of international trade.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/988045/posts (1936 words)

	Untitled Document
		The World Bank and the IMF were both established at a conference of world leaders in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire after the second World War, with the aim to place the international economy on a sound footing after World War II.
		The IMF is the central institution of the international monetary system and acts as a monitor of the world's currencies by helping to maintain an orderly system of payments between all countries, and lends money to members who face serious balance of payments deficits.
		The power of the Bank and the IMF relies on the fact that other lending institutions and governments generally deny credit to countries that have not complied with the Bank and IMF's demands, and many of the countries subject to World Bank and IMF supervision are desperate for the funds that these institutions provide.
	www.worldsummit2002.org /guide/brettonwoods.htm (872 words)

	Bretton Woods and the UN system - relationship of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to the UN ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Bretton Woods and the UN system - relationship of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to the UN Ecumenical Review, The, July, 1995 by Hans W. Singer
		The Bretton Woods institutions - the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank - derive their name from the small village in the northeastern US state of New Hampshire, near the Canadian border, where the conference establishing them was held in 1944.
		The Bretton Woods system is not only de facto independent but is actually dominant and immensely more powerful than the UN system.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2065/is_n3_v47/ai_17386929 (1016 words)

	Regulatory Framework of Globalisation Series nº2 - Observatory of Globalisation
		Both the Bretton Woods institutions face a particular challenge in reconciling the concept of country ownership of policies and strategies, on the one hand, with that of lending only where the policy environment is favourable, on the other.
		Were the creditors reduced to minority voting status, the likelihood is that their support would be curtailed, which would emasculate the effectiveness of the Bretton Woods institutions.
		This review of the problems of governance in the Bretton Woods institutions is incomplete in terms of both coverage and proposals for solutions.
	www.ub.es /obsglob/brettonwoodsgen2.html (732 words)

	Choike - Breaking eggs and eating omelettes: Africa’s experience with the Bretton Woods institutions
		It is 60 years since the creation of these institutions in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, and in that time period both have come to have a profound and controversial influence on the world.
		These institutions claim to be acting in the interests of the global good, with mission statements such as the World Bank, which says that its "mission is to fight poverty and improve the living standards of people in the developing world".
		But critics slam both institutions for their lack of democracy and for creating a system of modern day colonialism that does nothing to advance the interests of the poor.
	www.choike.org /nuevo_eng/informes/2331.html (1168 words)

	United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, commonly known as Bretton Woods conference, was a gathering of 730 delegates from all 45 Allied nations at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II.
		As a result of the conference, the Bretton Woods system of exchange rate management was set up, which remained in place until the early 1970s.
		The need for postwar Western economic order was resolved with the agreements made on monetary order and open system of trade at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference which allowed for the synthesis of Britain's desire for full employment and economic stability and the United States' desire for free trade.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference (638 words)

	Bretton Woods Institutions
		In the 1980s, in large part owing to the debt crisis, the Bank increasingly served as a debt-management institution, lending in some cases as much as 50% of a developing country's portfolio toward structural and/or sectoral adjustment lending.
		The fundamental reform of the Bretton Woods Institutions (BWIs) is urgently needed.
		It is now more important than ever to undertake a fundamental review of the policies and practices of the Bretton Woods Institutions, including projects and programmes, and include a full financial, social and ecological risk assessment.
	www.chebucto.ns.ca /Current/P7/bwi/cccbw.html (1091 words)

	Intellectualcapital 4/20/00: Aaronson: Bretton Woods Revisited
		The agenda began with a focus on the problems the institutions were designed to address, an overview of how the institutions were developed and negotiated, and an assessment of how the system could be adapted to meet 20th-century problems, such as environmental degradation and human-rights enhancement.
		These international financial institutions were established in order to promote finanicial stability and ease interaction, solely to protect wealthy investors, be they individuals or institutions.
		If institutions (including corporations) do not primarily serve mankind in general, their "right" to exist is questionable.
	www.grossmont.net /mmckenzie/bretton.htm (1807 words)

	The Bretton Woods Committee
		The Bretton Woods Committee's Annual Meeting was held on Tuesday, May 23, 2006, at the World Bank in Washington, D.C. Presentations and discussions in the morning were followed by a luncheon featuring Deputy Manager of the IMF Agustin Carstens and World Bank President Paul Wolfowitz.
		Bretton Woods Committee members participated in discussing the reprot and exploring how development finance institutions could improve the way they use their capital and other capabilities to stimulate private investment in developing countries.
		The Bretton Woods Committee hosted a luncheon in honor of new Inter-American Development Bank President Alberto Moreno on Tuesday, April 18 at the Four Seasons Hotel in Washington.
	www.brettonwoods.org /events (1073 words)

	Foreign Policy In Focus \| Greening the Bretton Woods Institutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As the single largest shareholder of both institutions, the U.S. government should play a leading role in pushing them to change the direction of their lending and to incorporate environmental goals routinely into their approach.
		Criticism of the twin Bretton Woods Institutions can be expected to continue as long as they fail to make serious reform of their core activities a major priority.
		As part of this review, it should institute a moratorium on oil, gas, and mining, at least until new green and socially responsible policy guidelines are in place.
	www.fpif.org /fpiftxt/1518 (2506 words)

	[CADTM] The creation of the Bretton Woods institutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Between 1941 and July 1944, when the Bretton Woods Conference assembled, several of the proposals contained in the initial plan were abandoned.
		After all, it was not so very long ago that the United States and other powerful creditors had recourse either to military intervention, or to direct control on customs and tax administration of indebted countries in order to recover what they claimed as their due [10].
		Between July 1 and 22, 1944, the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, better known as the Bretton Woods [14] Conference, was attended by representatives from 44 countries.
	www.cadtm.org /article.php3?id_article=1986 (3285 words)

	Bretton Woods Conference
		Not only do these founders have a wealth of firsthand knowledge about the creation of the Bretton Woods institutions and the GATT, but they also are in a unique position to analyze their development and comment on their capacity to meet today's challenges.
		We are convening the Bretton Woods Revisited conference to facilitate critical discussion and to encourage networking between and within the generations.
		U.S. Delegation to Bretton Woods Monetary and Financial Conference, 1944; member of the President's Council of Economic Advisors (1955-57); Senior Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research (1970-74); consultant to the World Bank (1968-69 and 1990-91); Professor Emeritus, economics, University of Oregon.
	www.mail-archive.com /pen-l@galaxy.csuchico.edu/msg01668.html (1977 words)

	NigeriaWorld Publications
		As a result, ‘a set of multilateral institutions’ was needed to rebuild, to provide a safety net, and to structure the postwar economy.
		With this vision at heart, a meeting held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in July 1944 by the big nations (the United States and the major European nations) founded the IMF, the IBRD (later called the World Bank), and the International Trade Organization (ITO).
		Nigeria should ignore any policies dictated to her by the institutions that will guarantee the perpetual poverty of its population, and frustrate the possibility of economic development.
	nigeriaworld.com /feature/publication/dike/bretton.html (3057 words)

	The Bretton Woods Institutions in the 21st Century - Federal Reserve Bank of New York
		Although the international financial institutions are one of the most important legacies of the great statesmen of the last century, the task of supporting them is not always easy.
		By necessity, they left the Fund in the position where it was ultimately dependent on the strength of the governments of its members, and on their willingness to act to address their economic challenges.
		By looking across a broad range of world class financial institutions, we have a good sense of the evolving frontier of best practice in risk management which we can then use to help benchmark other institutions and pull common practice closer to that frontier.
	www.newyorkfed.org /newsevents/speeches/2004/gei040610.html (3859 words)

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