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	Briggs v. Elliot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In fact, Briggs was the first desegregation case to reach the court.
		Briggs eventually joined her children in New York.
		As a co-signer of the original petition asking for equal facilities in Clarenden County District 22, her name was second on the list--just after that of her husband, Harry Briggs, for whom the case was named.
	www.usca.edu /aasc/briggsvelliot.htm (5169 words)

	Briggs v. Elliott - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Elliott, 342 U.S.), was the first filed of the four cases combined into Brown v.
		The named defendants, Harry Briggs, a service station attendant, and his wife, Eliza Briggs, who worked as a maid, were the first to sign.
		Harry and Eliza Briggs, on behalf of whose children the suit was filed, lost their jobs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott (637 words)

	Briggs Revisited (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This is all happening in the county that spawned Briggs v.
		Elliott, one of the five cases in the Brown v.
		Elliott did a lot of good for the educational system, but desired results are still not found in Summerton.
	www.briggsrevisited.com /education/02sumedu.html (998 words)

	Mamie Clark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		She was the first African American woman (and only second African American after her husband) to receive a Ph.D. in psychology from Columbia University in 1943.
		The Clarks testified as expert witnesses in Briggs v.
		Elliott, one of the cases that were later combined into the famous Brown v.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mamie_Clark (142 words)

	Dissent Magazine - Summer 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Elliott, chairman of the board of education of the Summerton district public schools.
		Elliott was the upshot of a social uprising in the most unlikely of times and places -a backward South Carolina county in the late 1940s.
		For Briggs and Brown, sociologist Kenneth Clark testified on the pernicious psychological effects of segregation; whereas for Abbeville, there is educator Joanne Anderson testifying on the psychological needs of children of poverty who often begin grade school knowing thousands fewer words than middle-class children.
	www.dissentmagazine.org /menutest/articles/su04/wellington.htm (4359 words)

	Preface to Briggs v. Elliot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Briggs v Elliott, from Clarendon County, South Carolina, a companion case to Brown v Board of Education, Topeka (1954), poses a more interesting story than Brown.
		This little volume focuses on the process by which Briggs v Elliott reached the Court and legal advocacy before the Court, both in written and oral argument and the interaction between the justices and the advocates.
		Briggs v Elliott, the key case in the school desegregation cases, argued by two giants of the law, is of special significance.
	www.andover.edu /library/oldsitefiles/lyons/preface.html (115 words)

	Teachers' Domain: Harry Briggs, Sr. and Eliza Briggs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Elliott, was eventually joined with four other lawsuits to form the landmark 1954 case Brown v.
		In this interview, the Briggs describes the importance of education, the conditions that existed in fl schools, and the hardships endured by many of plaintiffs in the suit.
		The Briggs and others involved in the case were harassed, denied credit, refused service in local stores, and eventually forced to move out of the state.
	www.teachersdomain.org /9-12/soc/ush/civil/briggs (716 words)

	History of Briggs et al. v. Elliott et al.
		Briggs was the first of these cases to be filed in federal courts.
		Briggs was also the case that changed the NAACP’s strategy of arguing for equality under existing “separate but equal” laws and practices.
		Although Briggs was filed with the federal court in May 1950, the movement responsible for the case began several years earlier.
	www.bdpfoundation.org /history.html (695 words)

	Historical Documents and Speeches - Briggs v. Elliott
		Elliott plaintiffs 20 in all suffered for their stand against Clarendon County school officials in Summerton.
		Briggs, who had worked at a gas station, was given a carton of cigarettes on Christmas Eve and fired.
		The Briggs Judges John J. Parker of Charlotte was chief judge of the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals in 1951.
	www.historicaldocuments.com /BriggsvElliott.htm (7695 words)

	Briggs v. Elliott -- U.S. District Court Opinion -- 98 F. Supp. 529
		We think it clear, therefore, that plaintiffs are entitled to a declaration to the effect that the school facilities now afforded Negro children in District No. 22 are not equal to the facilities afforded white children in the district and to a mandatory injunction requiring that equal facilities be afforded them.
		It is equally well settled that there is no denial of the equal protection of the laws in segregating children in the schools for purposes of education, if the children of the different races are given equal facilities and opportunities.
		It is clear, however, that nothing said in these cases would justify our disregarding the great volume of authority relating directly to education in the public schools, which involves not transient contacts, but associations which affect the interests of the home and the wishes of the people with regard to the upbringing of their children.
	brownvboard.org /research/opinions/briggs1.htm (9017 words)

	Scripts - Show 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Briggs was the parent of two or more children who wanted to enroll in the previously all-white schools of Clarendon County.
		Elliott is the last name of one of the trustees of the school district.
		Elliott to successfully argue against the donation of public funds to parents in order that they could send their children to private, nonsectarian schools.
	unbrokencircle.org /scripts03.htm (2865 words)

	This Far by Faith . 1946-1966: from CIVIL RIGHTS to BLACK POWER \| PBS
		The decision that led to the landmark case was Briggs v.
		Elliott, a case that originated in Clarendon County, South Carolina.
		Elliott was heard by a panel of three federal judges in Charleston, South Carolina, who ruled against them; however, Judge Waring's s' dissent formed the legal foundation for the Supreme Court in the Brown decision.
	www.pbs.org /thisfarbyfaith/journey_4/p_1.html (491 words)

	Briggs to Brown
		Have you heard of the Supreme Court case Brown v.
		It was the 1954 case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, that is, that it was against the law to make fls and whites attend different public schools.
		Elliott, and Thurgood Marshall was the main lawyer for the case.
	www.americaslibrary.gov /cgi-bin/page.cgi/aa/leaders/marshallthrgd/brown_1 (65 words)

	ASBJ Special Reports 2004 - 0404
		Elliott petition, she returned to Summerton to care for her aging mother almost a decade ago.
		Elliott was filed in U.S. District Court later that year, it asked for equal educational opportunities but did not seek to end segregation.
		Elliott moved its way through the court system, Waring urged Marshall to refile the lawsuit, saying the case was not about equal facilities but about segregation itself.
	www.asbj.com /BrownvBoard/brown3.html (3930 words)

	News & Views \| HouseDemocrats.gov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Harry and Eliza Briggs are the namesakes of Briggs v.
		Elliott, the Clarendon County case that was later incorporated into Brown v.
		Because they were plaintiffs in this lawsuit, Harry Briggs lost his job as a gas station attendant and Eliza Briggs was fired as a domestic worker in a local motel.
	democrats.house.gov /news/librarydetail.cfm?library_content_id=66 (580 words)

	Columbia College \| News & Events \| Columbia College to Revisit Briggs v. Elliott
		Elliott: South Carolinians Who Propelled Social Change," on Monday, November 15, 3:30 p.m., in room 201-202 of the Breed Leadership Center.
		Elliott evolved from a request to provide bus transportation for African American students in Clarendon County and became the first desegregation case to reach the U.S. Supreme Court in December 1952.
		It was named for Harry Briggs, one of 20 parents who brought suit against R.W. Elliott, president of the Clarendon County School Board.
	www.columbiacollegesc.edu /news/2004/news_briggs.html (180 words)

	Clyburn (SC06) - Press Release - South Carolina Desegregation Heroes Receive Congressional Gold Medal
		Nathaniel Briggs, the son of Harry and Eliza Briggs, received the award on their behalf.
		Elliott case that the petitioners proved “that segregation in education can never produce equality and that it is an evil that must be eradicated.” Under the quote is inscribed Act of Congress 2003, commemorating the passage of Congressman Clyburn’s and Senator Hollings’ legislation to award the medal of honor.
		Elliott, the first of the five cases that were merged and became Brown v.
	www.house.gov /apps/list/press/sc06_clyburn/040908goldmedals.html (979 words)

	GreenvilleOnline.com - Ruling rooted in South Carolina reshaped American culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Elliott, filed in Clarendon County, a community of corn and wheat fields, swamps and pine trees, later was combined with the famous Kansas case.
		Elliott case began, a lawsuit is being tried in which 36 of the state's 84 school districts argue the Legislature doesn't provide enough money for a "minimally adequate" education for their students.
		Elliott, attorneys showed the state spent $179 a student on white children and $43 for every fl child.
	greenvilleonline.com /news/2004/05/16/2004051631407.htm (1463 words)

	NJPEP: Virtual Academy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Elliott is of particular historical importance because it was the case that caused the NAACP to redirect its approach from suing for “separate but equal” facilities to challenging segregation as a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.
		The children were denied admission and in 1951, the cases Belton v.
		The U.S. District court dismissed the case on the basis of a recent ruling by the Court of Appeals in Carr v.
	www.njpep.org /tutorials/BrownvBoard/statelevelcases.htm (1001 words)

	Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site - Briggs v. Elliott (U.S. National Park Service)
		The Briggs case was named for Harry Briggs, one of twenty parents who brought suit against R.W. Elliott, the president of the school board for Clarendon County, South Carolina.
		J.A. DeLaine and Harry Briggs also lost their jobs as a result of their involvement with the case.
		The national strategy to use the courts to challenge segregation in public education began with the NAACP under the leadership of attorney Charles Hamilton Houston in the 1930’s.--Brown v.
	www.nps.gov /brvb/historyculture/socarolina.htm (234 words)

	Briggs Revisited (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A horse-drawn cultivator used to weed fields that was found in a Clarendon County barn is in front of the picture, and beside it is information that gives a glimpse into rural South Carolina in 1939.
		Elliott lawsuit that became one of the five cases wrapped into Brown v.
		Elliott case became one of the five wrapped into Brown v.
	www.briggsrevisited.com /religion/02courage.htm (1337 words)

	Brown v. Board of Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A companion case dealt with the constitutionality of segregation in the District of Columbia, (not a state and therefore not subject to the Fourteenth Amendment), Bolling v.
		For much of the 90 years preceding 1954, race relations in the United States had been dominated by segregation, a system of racial separation which, while in name providing for separate but equal treatment of both white and fl Americans, in truth perpetuated inferior accommodation, services, and treatment for fl Americans.
		Brown is undoubtedly the most famous of a group of U.S. Supreme Court cases which principally deal with the struggle of fl Americans to recover the rights of citizenship expressly given to them by the Constitution of the United States.
	www.free-download-soft.com /info/wma-to-wav.html (557 words)

	Brown vs. Board - Courttv.com
		Elliott became one of five cases argued before the Supreme Court as Brown et al v.
		Board of Education 50th Anniversary Commission was established in 2001 to encourage and provide for the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Supreme Court decision in Brown v.
		The Metropolitan Center for Urban Education, a unit of the Steinhardt School of Education in collaboration with New York University School of Law, and Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service present the Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka 50th Anniversary Conference, to be held May 17-19, 2004 at New York University.
	www.courttv.com /brown/educational_resources.html (1330 words)

	IPSPR: Brown v Board of Education Fiftieth Anniversary Commission
		The President, the Department of Education, the Department of Justice, the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, the Brown Foundation, the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, and the Brown v.
		Elliott pose with NAACP officials, members of the Parent Organization and supporters at Liberty Hill A.M.E. Church.
		Reunion of the plaintiffs and attorneys of Brown v.
	ipspr.sc.edu /brown/BrownCommission.asp (657 words)

	BRIGGS V. ELLIOT,1951-1955 - Chapter 1
		In 1896 in Plessy v Ferguson the Supreme Court ruled that an 1890 Louisiana intrastate train segregation law was not in conflict with the Fourteenth Amendment as long as the separate facilities were equal.
		The Court held in Sweatt v Painter that Texas' hastily built fl law school, constructed to comply with the Missouri precedent, was not the equivalent of the University of Texas Law School and the education it offered failed the "substantially equal" test.
		In Lochner v New York in 1905, in a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled a New York law that limited the hours of bakers to ten a day and sixty a week was an unconstitutional abridgement of Joseph Lochner's and his bakery employees' exercise of their "liberty of contract" as to hours of employment.
	www.andover.edu /library/oldsitefiles/lyons/chapter01.html (4464 words)

	Explanation of Answers for Brown v. Board Mini-Quiz (ABA Division for Public Education)
		Sharpe, asserted that segregation was an unconstitutional deprivation, without due process of law, of fl students' liberty to pursue their education, a violation of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution (unlike the Fourteenth Amendment, the Fifth Amendment is not limited to the states).
		Elliott, was the Democratic nominee for President of the United States in 1924.
		The opposing counsel in that case was Thurgood Marshall, appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1967.
	www.abanet.org /publiced/quizzes/bvb_explanations.html (804 words)

	Brown v Board of Education (1954)
		This segregation was alleged to deprive the plaintiffs of the equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment.
		The three-judge District Court, convened under 28 U.S.C. §§ 2281 and 2284, 28 U.S.C.A. found that segregation in public education has a detrimental effect upon Negro children, but denied relief on the ground that the Negro and white schools were substantially equal with respect to buildings, transportation, curricula, and educational qualifications of teachers.
		Elliott, the plaintiffs are Negro children of both elementary and high school age residing in Clarendon County.
	www.brownat50.org /brownCases/brown1954case.html (3776 words)

	Brown v Board symposium
		Elliott was the first case in the NAACP's challenge to public school segregation.
		The case was named after Harry Briggs, one of 20 parents who filed a suit against R.W. Elliott, the president of the Clarendon County School Board.
		Briggs is one of five cases that is part of Brown v.
	www.sc.edu /usctimes/articles/2004-04/brown_v_board.html (875 words)

	Brown v Board Finding Aid Scope and History
		Board of Education of Topeka from those who, in one way or another, were involved with the cases before they reached the Supreme Court, or who were involved in or affected by the ruling in some way (i.e., victims, plaintiff, and beneficiaries).
		The District Court ruled in favor of the school board and the case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.
		In May of 1950, with the help of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, the case of Briggs v.
	www.kshs.org /research/collections/documents/personalpapers/findingaids/brownvboard/BrownScopeandHistory.htm (3213 words)

	delaineforum
		Elliott case in Clarendon County, S.C., which was folded into the Brown v.
		He received his undergraduate degree at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania in 1954, the year the landmark case was decided, and his graduate degree in biochemistry from New York University in New York City in 1959.
		During his 31 years of service there, he worked through the implementation of the desegregation court order in the Swann v.
	www.winthrop.edu /news/releases/archivereleases/spring2004/delainesonsforum.htm (376 words)

	Historic Liberty Hill AME
		Meetings were held at Liberty Hill for the selection of petitioners in the complaint that would become Briggs v.
		Elliott, later to become known as the Brown v.
		Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought, are by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment".
	members.aol.com /pastense2/liberty.htm (432 words)

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