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	Britannia Bridge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Britannia Bridge (Pont Britannia) is a bridge across the Menai Strait between the island of Anglesey and the mainland of Wales, originally a tubular bridge of wrought iron rectangular box-section spans, and now a two-tier steel box girder and arch bridge.
		The opening of the Menai Bridge in 1826, a mile (1.6 km) to the east of where Britannia Bridge was later built, provided the first road link between Anglesey and the mainland.
		In spite of the heavier loadings placed on it in its later life, the bridge was "one of the most easily maintained and successful railway bridges" in the UK, and "as the first really large wrought iron bridge of the girder type it has unique significance in civil engineering history".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Britannia_Bridge (639 words)

	Menai Strait Bridges
		One of the design requirements for the bridge was that it needed to have 100 feet of clear space under the main span, to allow for the passage of the tall sailing ships that plied the strait.
		In the autumn of 1999 the bridge was closed for several weeks to completely replace the road surface and strengthen the bridge.
		An alternative is to convert the Britannia Bridge from two to three lanes, with the traffic direction of the centre lane changing at different times of the day.
	www.anglesey-history.co.uk /places/bridges (1844 words)

	The Royal Yacht Britannia Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland
		Britannia was launched at John Brown's Shipyard in Clydebank on 16 April 1953 and she was decommissioned at Portsmouth Naval Base on 11 December 1997 in the presence of the Queen, The Duke of Edinburgh and fourteen senior members of The Royal Family.
		Edinburgh was the successful city, and Britannia is now owned by The Royal Yacht Britannia Trust, a charitable organisation whose sole remit is the maintenance of Britannia in keeping with her former role.
		Britannia is now permanently berthed at Ocean Terminal, in Edinburgh's historic port of Leith, and visitors can now see for themselves all aspects of life on this remarkable ship.
	www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk /edinburgh/britannia/index.html (1032 words)

	BBC - North West Wales Llanfairpwll & Menai Bridge - History
		There wasn't anything in Menai Bridge before the bridge was built and Bangor was a small town before the Britannia Bridge because it only really grew with the coming of the railway.
		It is again a unique bridge in international terms because the construction itself was created out of a box girder system with rivetin - 2.2 million rivets were used and it was so strong and stable it was able to carry a full railway engine and train across.
		Britannia Bridge, perhaps a mention of the memorial to those who died during its construction would be worthwhile.
	www.bbc.co.uk /wales/northwest/sites/llanfairpwll/pages/bridges_history.shtml (1057 words)

	Britannia Railway Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The bridge was built over the Mersey at this point in order to shorten the railway route between London and Liverpool (by 9 miles).
		This high level bridge was designed by the Liverpool engineer William Baker and is a three span, wrought iron structure supported on massive piers, and crosses the 1000 ft Runcorn Gap, with Runcorn lying on the south bank of the Mersey and Widnes on the north.
		The bridge was built at such a height (75 feet above the river high water mark) on the insistence of shippers who demanded that the bridge be high enough to allow sailing ships to pass safely under at any state of the tide.
	users.breathe.com /g8hxe/britannia_railway_bridge.htm (169 words)

	Britannia Road Bridge - Restoration of the Huddersfield Narrow Canal
		The gaps in the tunnel roof are for pipe and cable ducts.
		Two of the top sections of the box-culvert bridge tunnel were constructed in situ to create ducts for cables and pipes to cross.
		The bridge here had originally been a hump bridge but its use by modern lorries meant that a flat bridge was necessary.
	www.penninewaterways.co.uk /huddersfield/hnc56g.htm (396 words)

	BRITANNIA (in MARION) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Britannia and the gods in council [microform] : a dramatic poem : wherein felicity is predicted to Britain, the cause of the present disputes in Europe and America debated and their issue prophetically determined.
		Britannia antiqua illustrata: or, The antiquities of ancient Britain, derived from the Phnicians: wherein the original trade of this island is discovered, the names of places, offices dignities, as likewise the idolatry, language, and customs of the primitive inhabitants are clearly demonstrated from that nation...
		Britannia Baconica, or, The natural rarities of England, Scotland and Wales microform : according as they are to be found in every shire : historically related according to the precepts of the Lord Bacon...
	www-catalog.cpl.org /MARION?T=BRITANNIA (323 words)

	Grey Family History - Glossary
		Completion of the Britannia Bridge in 1850 reduced the need for coaching inns (at least for mail coaches) and was appears to have been an important factor in the closing of Panton Arms at Penmynydd.
		After a disastrous fire in 1970, the Britannia Bridge was redesigned and rebuilt for road and rail transport, and is now the main highway bridge across Menai Straits.
		When the Britannia Bridge was completed in 1850 as a rail bridge, trains were able to carry the mail directly from the mainland to Holyhead and Panton Arms returned to its original name -- Sarnfraint (which it carries today).
	members.aol.com /findtrees/g-glos.htm (2044 words)

	Britannia Bridge
		The Menai Straits had been spectacularly bridged in 1826 by Thomas Telford, with what was then the world’s longest suspension bridge.
		But by the 1840s railways were taking over from road carriages, and it was thought that a suspension bridge could not carry the load of a train.
		The central tower, which supported the tubes, was built on Britannia Rock, hence the bridge was named the Britannia Bridge.
	www.lhl.lib.mo.us /events_exhib/exhibit/exhibits/civil/britannia.shtml (209 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Wales \| North west \| Bridge photos go at auction
		Britannia bridge was designed to carry the Chester and Holyhead railway across the Menai Strait and became the second bridge to link Anglesey with the mainland.
		Britannia Bridge opened in 1850 and celebrated its 150th birthday in 2000.
		Mr Albury said there are a few earlier photographs of industrial subjects, such as Fox Talbot's photograph of Hungerford bridge in 1845 but "these do not have the same technical interest in their subjects as do those of the Britannia bridge".
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/wales/north_west/2930135.stm (521 words)

	Welsh Dance Team - Parti Dawns Lan Mor of Holyhead (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Britannia bridge marked a significant stage in the development of civil engineering.
		Britannia bridge was never formally opened, as Queen Victoria decreed that the then Price of Wales (aged 9 years) who had been invited to perform the ceremony, was too young.
		The dual bridge was formally reopened by HRH the Prince of Wales in July 1980.
	www.holyhead.com /pdlm/page2.html (300 words)

	Historic Bridge Foundation - Links
		Railroad Bridge Monitoring Project Union Pacific bridge 844.7 spanning the Brazos River at Waco, Texas, will be instrumented with fiber optic sensors to measure dynamic strains induced by trains crossing the bridge and the onset of cracks in ther support structure.
		National Bridge Inventory The National Bridge Inventory (NBI) is the collection of over 600,000 bridges on public roads throughout the U.S. National Park Service search engine Type in "bridges" to find nearly 5000 entries, including natural bridges.
		Ireland and England History of the bridges of the Menai Straits, the Britannia Bridge.
	www.historicbridgefoundation.com /ipages/links/links.html (722 words)

	Britannia Bridge - A Brief History (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The construction of the Britannia Bridge was started in 1846 and completed four years later in March 1850.
		At the same time Stephenson’s other tubular bridge in North Wales, the Conway Bridge, was also being constructed and their completion signalled the opening of the Chester to Holyhead railway.
		The Britannia Bridge remained in use and was claimed to be the easy maintained railway bridge in Britain, until 1970 when the bridge caught fire.
	www.prosiectmenai.co.uk.cob-web.org:8888 /bbhistory.html (608 words)

	Bridges © 1999 : Hans Welleman
		The Menai Strait bridge built in 1819-1824 by Thomas Telford (1757-1834) is one of Britain's oldest suspension bridges.
		The main span of this bridge is 176 m.
		One mile from the Menai Strait bridge the Britannia bridge was built from 1846-1850 by Robert Stephenson (1803-1859).
	home.hetnet.nl /~t-wmn/bridges/index.htm (119 words)

	New Page 1
		It was preceded by the Britannia Bridge, built between 1846 and 1849.
		The bridge also boasted marble faced towers; originally conceived as supports for auxiliary chains which were never installed as the girders were strong enough in themselves.
		Stephenson’s bridge was the first to use the hollow box girder (rectangular tubes built from wrought iron plates), a design which gave the extra stiffness of the truss and required less precision.
	www.dodingtonfamily.org /crumlinTop.htm (3953 words)

	BBC News \| WALES \| Historic bridge's 150th anniversary
		The Britannia Bridge - which links Anglesey to the mainland - is 150 years old.
		Designed by engineer Robert Stevenson, the Britannia Bridge was built as the second crossing of the Menai Straits.
		And to cope with the traffic major roadworks across Anglesey will eventually build a dual carriageway the length of the island from Holyhead to Britannia Bridge, giving the structure and even heavier burden in the years to come.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/wales/682101.stm (326 words)

	Structurae [en]: Britannia Bridge (1850)
		The bridge was originally designed to be a suspension bridge where cables would have supported the tubes and passed through the holes in the pylon tops.
		The bridge was considerably damaged by fire in 1970 and has since be rebuilt as an arch bridge, although the original piers remain intact.
		Beasley, Elizabeth The Menai suspension bridge, 1819-26 and Britannia Bridge, 1845-50, in "Ancient Monuments Society Transactions", 1985 v.
	www.structurae.net /en/structures/data/str00009.php (341 words)

	BBC - North West Wales Traffic Cams - Britannia Bridge webcam
		So stop whinging and start approaching the bridge according to the sign's in two's, using both lanes, then filter one at a time onto the bridge, it will work, and tempers will not be raised.
		In my opinion 3 lanes on the bridge wouldn't alleviate any snarl-ups as it is approaching the bridge that the problems occur, with the oncoming traffic, from Four Crosses and then LLanfairPG junctions coming off the island or from Park Menai coming on, causing the problems.
		One of the main problems on the Britannia bridge, are these Irish lorry drivers and cars rushing to catch the ferries at Holyhead.
	www.bbc.co.uk /wales/northwest/sites/trafficcams/pages/britannia_bridge_mainland.shtml (4187 words)

	Grey Family History - Families - Edward & Elizabeth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		While the birth places of Ellin and Margaret are not known at this time, Edward's sister Harriet was living at Menai Bridge (perhaps with the family) when she died in 1846, and son John was born at Menai Bridge in 1849.
		It is interesting to note that the Britannia Bridge, a 1500-foot long bridge about a mile south of Menai Bridge, was started in 1845 and completed in 1850.
		The construction of that bridge over several years could have provided quite a bit of work for a wood worker - either on the bridge or in support of the families that moved in to build it.
	members.aol.com /findtrees/d322.htm (1551 words)

	HMS Conway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Inquiry noted that "The passage to the Britannia Bridge was uneventful, the tugs towing easily to arrive at the bridge at the agreed time of 8.45am.
		A cable's distance from the bridge to the marker pyramid on the Gwynedd shore they would shape course slightly to port (the left), midway between points 1c and 2c on the chart to line up on the transit markers which defined the safe passage through Cribben Gutter past Cribben Rock.
		Captain Durrant reported the north westerly wind had freshened considerably and it was noted "by a local pilot stationed under the Britannia Bridge" that the anticipated 10 minute slack water period did not materialise.
	www.hmsconway.org /loss_from.html (1475 words)

	Isle of Anglesey : Introduction \| Frommers.com
		Visitors cross the strait by one of the two bridges built by celebrated engineers of the 19th century; the Menai Suspension Bridge, designed by Thomas Telford and completed in 1826, and the Britannia Bridge, originally a railroad bridge, which was the work of Robert Stephenson.
		The Britannia, a neighbor of the suspension bridge, had to be rebuilt after a devastating fire that destroyed its pitch and timberwork; it now carries both trains and cars on two different levels.
		All buses cross the Menai Bridge at the town of Menai Bridge.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/isleofanglesey/2514010001.html (924 words)

	Tubular bridge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A tubular bridge is a bridge built as a rigid box section within which the traffic is carried.
		Famous examples include the original Britannia Bridge over the Menai Strait and the Conwy railway bridge over the River Conwy, both designed and built by Robert Stephenson between 1846 and 1850.
		In the case of the Britannia Bridge this technology allowed a bridge 1511-ft long to be constructed, when until then the longest wrought iron span had been 31 ft 6 inches.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tubular_bridge (210 words)

	Ironbridge Gorge Museum - Exhibit of the Month
		The bridge was later rebuilt as a two-tier structure, using the original stone piers, and now carries the railway on one level with the dual-carriageway A55 road to Holyhead immediately above it.
		At the time, it was the longest suspension bridge in the world, and was built as part of the improvements to the Holyhead Road following the 1801 Act of Union, which obliged Irish MPs to travel regularly to the Houses of Parliament in London.
		At the insistence of The Admiralty the Menai Bridge, like the later Britannia Bridge, had to leave sufficient headroom for sailing ships to pass underneath, thus avoiding the hazardous voyage right round Anglesey.
	www.ironbridge.org.uk /collections/exhibit_of_the_month (328 words)

	Challenges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Robert Stephenson's Britannica Bridge is one of the most important construction in the history of civil engineering.
		The challenge of the Britannia Bridge is the menai Straits, which presented obstruction to navigation.There have been other engineers before Stephenson to try and resolve this problem, however many of the designs seemed inappropriate.
		This magnificent work of art was the most colossol span bridge at the time and continued to be the second largest metal cantilever ever constrcucted.
	www.bergen.org /Engineering/Civil_Engineering/challenges.html (428 words)

	The Britannia Tubular Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the mid-nineteenth century, the Britannia Bridge was constructed to provide trains a passageway across the Menai Strait.
		Unfortunately, the Britannia Bridge design concentrated so much on failure avoidance, preventing collapse under the load of a train, that cost and environmental concerns were overlooked.
		The primary lesson of this chapter is that "[designers] must make a special effort to step back from each design and consider what might appear to be some of the more mundane and less challenging aspects of the problem".
	www.cs.virginia.edu /~sullivan/685f98/writing-1G2.htm (211 words)

	getting here (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		After crossing the bridge turn right at the first roundabout towards Beaumaris (signposted) and proceed down the hill pass the Victoria Hotel on the right hand side.
		Menai Bridge is easily accessible by driving down the A5 or A55 (by-passing Bangor) and crossing the Britannia Bridge.
		After crossing the Britannia Bridge follow the sign to Menai Bridge, cross over the first roundabout, down Dale Street and cross straight over at the road junction to the Public Car Park between the Bulkeley Arms pub and Barclays Bank.
	www.sos.bangor.ac.uk /about/map_location/bangor_menaibridge.htm (219 words)

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