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Topic: British Commonwealth Occupation Force

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	British Commonwealth Occupation Force - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF), was the name of the joint Australian, British, Indian and New Zealand military forces in occupied Japan, from February 21, 1946 until the end of occupation in 1952.
		For most of the occupation period, BCOF was comprised mostly of Australian Army personnel, centred around the 34th Infantry Brigade.
		BCOF was effectively wound-up in 1951, as control of Commonwealth forces in Japan was transferred to British Commonwealth Forces Korea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force (340 words)

	British Commonwealth Forces Korea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		British Commonwealth Forces Korea (BCFK) was the formal name, from 1952, of the Commonwealth army, naval and air units serving with the United Nations in the Korean War.
		In 1949, Australian units based with the British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF) in Japan were among the first UN personnel to be deployed in South Korea.
		By the time BCFK came into being, the Commonwealth armies had formed the 1st Commonwealth Division (in July, 1951) and British and Canadian Army personnel predominated at the operational level in the Commonwealth land forces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/British_Commonwealth_Forces_Korea (462 words)

	BCOF Japan: our part in the occupation
		The BCOF Association aims to foster the reunion of former servicemen and women who are veterans of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force of Japan by way of bi-annual reunions, and to represent the former members of BCOF (Japan), to the Federal Government in relation to service benefits.
		BCOF participation in the allied occupation force was announced on 31 January 1946, though planning and negotiations had been in progress since the end of the war.
		BCOF headquarters were located at Kure, the army was encamped at Hiro, the RAAF at Iwakuni, and the naval shore establishment at the former Japanese naval base at Kure.
	www.diggerhistory.info /pages-conflicts-periods/other/bcof-japan.htm (2573 words)

	Journal
		The British recognised that real influence lay in the willingness and capacity to field a large force, that this could only be accomplished through a combined effort, and gave way to Australian insistence that the leading role in the force should be theirs.
		BCOF itself was an unusual and successful example of an integrated multinational force, with various lines of communication units being organised on a Commonwealth, and not mono-national, basis.
		The BCOF Association is strong and fairly active, and might be used to reach former members of the force and alert them to this project and its anticipated outcomes.
	www.awm.gov.au /journal/j30/grey.htm (2188 words)

	British Commonwealth Occupation Force Official Web Page
		Together with forces of the United States of America, the role of the occupying powers was to demilitarise and initiate rebuilding a vanquished nation in a way, which exemplified the calibre of the occupiers and the superiority of the democratic way of life.
		On 28 February 1952, the British Commonwealth Occupation Forces ceased to exist with the ratification of the San Francisco Peace Treaty.
		The occupation of Japan began after six long years of war and many veterans of the Occupation have felt that an apathetic Australian public understandably intent on resuming their peacetime lives, largely ignored its importance and outstanding success.
	www.bcofonline.com (786 words)

	Korea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		As peace came sooner than expected, the invasion force was not required and the problem of Commonwealth participation in the occupation force then arose.
		This Brigade, a volunteer force designated 34th Australian Infantry Brigade, consisted of the 65th, 66th and 67th Infantry Battalions, was raised and assembled at Morotai.
		As part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force Japan, the main component of 67th Battalion landed at Kure on 21 February 1946.
	www.defence.gov.au /army/3RAR/Korea.htm (2321 words)

	Chapter 4: PATROL TO ICHON AND KAPYONG REVISITED
		At war's end he volunteered for the British Commonwealth Occupation Force (Japan) and was posted to the 67th Australian Infantry Battalion which later became 3 Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment (RAR).
		The 27th British Commonwealth Brigade sector of which 3 Battalion Royal Australian Regiment (3 RAR) was a member, was located in the area of Changhowon-ni, a small village.
		Occupation of a defensive position had developed into a routine process during the fluid operations of the past eight months.
	www.kmike.com /oz/kr/chapter4.htm (10431 words)

	Brief History of Australia's Participation in the Occupation of Japan 1945-1952
		Each BCOF Commander was also directly responsible to his government (which meant in theory, that the Brigadier commanding the Australian component of BCOF could have had access to Canberra independently of the Australian General who was C-in-C of the entire force).
		At its peak BCOF was responsible for the control of 20,000,000 Japanese in an area of 22,000 square miles, comprising five western prefectures, Shimani, Yamaguchi, Tottori, Okoyama and Hiroshima, and the whole of Shikoku Island.
		With the end of the occupation, the Commonwealth organisation in Japan was redesignated British Commonwealth Forces Korea and continued to supply and administer the Commonwealth forces fighting in Korea.
	www.bradprint.com.au /bcof/history.html (2060 words)

	British Military Aviation in 1946
		However, the reintroduction of forces belonging to the colonial power further spurred nationalist discontent and worsened the already fragile internal security situation within this Dutch colony and as a consequence, the remaining RAF squadrons were required to step up the number of operational sorties flown.
		Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Arthur Tedder is elevated to the Barony and succeeds Marshal of the Royal Air Force Lord Portal as Chief of the Air Staff.
		As part of the demobilisation of the Royal Air Force (RAF), the Under Secretary of State for Air, Mr John Strachey, announced that 742,000 of the RAF's personnel strength of 1,100,000 would be released from the Service by 30 June 1946.
	www.rafmuseum.org.uk /milestones-of-flight/british_military/1946.html (921 words)

	B.C.O.F. Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		J-Force and B.C.O.F. 10th National Reunion was held at NEW PLYMOUTH 19-21 March 1999.at the TSB Stadium under the shadow of Mount Egmont.This function was attended by, the National Chairman Commander Ken Barnett, together with the Nation Secretary R Bell, The National Treasurer Mr.
		B.C.O.F. service alone does not gain entitlement to a service pension as service in Japan was not classified as 'qualifying service'.
		If you served in the Occupation of Japan between 1945 and 1952 with a minimum of 30 days service you are entitled to the ASM 1945-75 with "Japan" clasp.
	bradprint.com.au /bcof (1638 words)

	Australia BCOF Covers posted in Japan - Selling Price List for Japan BCOF Covers - Buying Japan also, George C. Baxley
		The Australian contingent was the primary British Commonwealth Force to participate in the post-WWII occupation of Japan by Allied Forces.
		The Australian Forces first began occupation duties in mainland Japan in February of 1946 and they were completely withdrawn some 6 years later.
		Stanley Gibbons notes that the BCOF stamps were first issued in October of 1946 and that “Use Ceased on 12 February 1949”.
	www.baxleystamps.com /jpbcof_cvrs.htm (383 words)

	Lovett Tower (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Eventually the ban on voluntary enlistment was reintroduced and remained in force as late as 1954.
		The creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 did not herald a new era of equal rights for Aboriginal people although they were deemed natural-born British subjects.
		At the end of the war Murray Lovett served with the Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan and three descendants of the original five brothers, George Rose, Leo Lovett and Eugene "Mick" Lovett, took part in the Korean War.
	www.atsic.gov.au /News_Room/ATSIC_News/June_2000/lovett_tower.asp (3434 words)

	Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The force was to be known as the British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF).
		The Occupation of Japan lasted from 13 February 1946 through to the end of 1951 when the San Francisco Treaty was signed.
		In the British Commonwealth assigned occupation areas the burden fell to the Australians from the end of 1948.
	www.anzacday.org.au /history/bcof/overview.html (375 words)

	BBC - WW2 People's War - A Year in Japan, Post-Hiroshima: Cameron Highlanders as Occupation Force - A1143857
		The initial headquarters of BCOF was at Kure, which had been the principal naval base of Japan, and the area included the largest combined dockyard, ship-building yard and naval arsenal in the country.
		The BCOF consisted of personnel from British, Indian, Australian, and New Zealand Brigade Groups, as well as air force and naval components from the various countries.
		The whole of the BCOF area was found to be honeycombed with caves and tunnels.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/ww2/A1143857 (4981 words)

	Korean War and New Zealand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In the meantime the UN forces sought to keep up pressure on the enemy, and the New Zealand frigates were involved in operations up the Han River which were partly designed to influence the communist negotiators at the nearby talks.
		UN air forces maintained a strong bombing campaign over North Korea, though with increasing resistance from enemy fighters that were, in many cases, piloted by Russian airmen.
		The non-operational control and general administration of Commonwealth forces in Korea was the responsibility of the Commander-in-Chief, British Commonwealth Forces in Korea, an Australian officer, initially Lieutenant-General Sir Horace Robertson, who was also Commander-in-Chief, British Commonwealth Occupation Force Japan.
	www.nzhistory.net.nz /Gallery/se-asia/korea.html (2180 words)

	CHAPTER 1
		Since the Iraqi Air Force possessed the French-built Mirage F1, General Horner grounded coalition squadrons from France and Qatar that were equipped with the Mirage F1 until he was certain that the coalition achieved air superiority.
		Russia later decided to contribute forces to the UN Implementation Force (IFOR), whose mission was to implement the provisions of a late-1995 peace agreement.
		Statesmen were afraid that easing military force could reduce their leverage in negotiations, and military commanders were afraid that politicians would halt military operations before the military objectives could be achieved.
	www.fas.org /man/eprint/hunt.htm (19276 words)

	Chapter 33: Lamp Ladies, "Dita" McCARTHY
		Many were bandaged from head to foot, with only slits for their eyes and mouths, and obviously in great pain, which we attempted to alleviate with what "pain killers" were available at the time.
		These six (6) Commonwealth nurses were soon thereafter augmented by a RAAF Nursing Sister who organised and coordinated the medical evacuations by the RAAF.
		In the early stage of the war the wounded were in a higher age bracket, some having served in WW2 and /or spent a number of years in Japan with the Military Occupation Forces.
	www.kmike.com /oz/kr/chapter33.htm (2433 words)

	Australian Brass - Cambridge University Press
		It is also the first acount of the occupation of Japan from a senior officer’s perspective, as Robertson was Commander-in-Chief of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force after the Second World War.
		Government moved from a reliance on amateur citizen forces to a conscious policy to develop a force of modern military professionals.
		In 1946 he was sent to Japan to command a multinational Commonwealth force and his work there was much admired, althought the Commonwealth occupation force never realised its original aims.
	www.cambridge.org /uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521401577 (355 words)

	Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Australia played a leading role in the formation and operation of the British Commonwealth Occupation Forces (BCOF), which participated in the allied occupation of Japan from 1945 to 1950.
		It is also important, however, to understand the occupation as a crucial moment in Australia's own transition to a postwar society and the way it located itself in a global context.
		The contributors of the journal were from varied military positions with the BCOF itself.
	www.asaa2000.unimelb.edu.au /abstracts/abstracts%20shibuya.html (159 words)

	Vietnam Veterans Association of Australia (VVAA) Web Site
		MALAYSIA - Awarded to members of the Australian Defence Force and Australian civilians who qualified for the General Service Medal with clasp Borneo for 30 days service on land in Sabah, Sarawak or Brunei; or, one operational sortie by aircrew in direct support of operations, between 24 December 1962 and 11 August 1966.
		The colours of the ribbon are intended to depict the tones of the Australian bush and are in hues of brown, gold and green, with the addition of a thin red strip symbolising danger.
		The colours of the ribbon are intended to depict the tones of the Australian bush and are in hues of brown, gold and green.
	www.vvaa.org.au /service.htm (2221 words)

	British Commonwealth Occupation Force 1946 - 1951
		Participation in the British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF) marked the first time that Australians were involved in the military occupation of a sovereign nation which it had defeated in war.
		BCOF marching to parade ground for ANZAC Day celebrations, 1946.
		Lineup of Mustang aircraft of No. 82 (Fighter) Squadron RAAF, BCOF, which took part in a fly-past over Tokyo, and were based temporarily at the United States Air Force (USAF) base at Kisarazu.
	www.awm.gov.au /atwar/bcof.htm (813 words)

	1 RAR "The Pony Soldiers"
		Nearly a third of the force became casualties, with 22 wounded and three missing.
		The soldiers are serving with the Australian contingent to the Unified Task Force in Somalia (UNITAF).
		The Australian Government's response to the communist threat in South Vietnam resulted in 1 RAR being dispatched for two tours of duty in that country., the first, from May 1965 to June 1966 and the second from March 1968 to February 1969.
	www.diggerhistory.info /pages-army-today/rar-sasr/1_rar.htm (2449 words)

	Post War 1946
		Hence, disposing of aircraft and equipment and demobilising people and determining the composite size and structure of the post-war Air Force was an immense task.
		However the British Government withdrew its forces in 1948 making the RAAF the sole aerial representative of the Commonwealth in Japan.
		No 77 Squadron worked with the United Nations force to counter the invasion and commenced operations from Iwakuni on 2 July, flying mainly ground support missions, combat air patrols and escort missions.
	www.raaf.gov.au /history/airforce_history/postwar46.htm (559 words)

	Review of Veterans' Entitlements - Read a Submission
		British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan (180) - "Qualifying service" should be extended to those who served as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Forces in Japan for service pension and Gold Card entitlements.
		Atomic Test Service (112) - Defence force personnel and possibly civilians involved in the British Atomic Testing in Australia in the 1950s and 60s should be given coverage under the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986.
		Allied and British Commonwealth veterans (268) - those served with an Allied or British Commonwealth forces (generally in WWII for UK) and have since become Australian citizens should receive the same entitlements as those who served in the Australian Defence Force, including Gold Card eligibility.
	www.veteransreview.gov.au /issues.htm (867 words)

	Chapter 29: "RAY" TREBILCO
		He was a linguist in British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF) until 1948, graduating as a pilot from 1 Flying Training School in 1949 and was posted to 77 Squadron in Japan for commission in 1950.
		Although we flew many missions in support of the UN forces under attack by the Chinese, the intensity of the war had changed dramatically from the Pusan Perimeter days.
		One could always force an overshoot, but a reversal was comparatively slow because of our aileron loads and the possibility of becoming an instant target for a second Mig.
	www.kmike.com /oz/kr/chapter29.htm (3475 words)

	Royal Australian Regiment biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Royal Australian Regiment is the main regular infantry formation in the Australian Army.
		It has its origins in the three battalions of the 34th Brigade, raised in late 1945 — from soldiers already in the Second Australian Imperial Force and Militia — to form the body of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan.
		In 1947, it was decided that the unit would be the army's first ever standing, regular infantry formation (see Australian Army).
	royal-australian-regiment.biography.ms (118 words)

	Old Comrades Links
		Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth has lots of links and is highly recommended.
		J Force - New Zealanders who formed part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan at the end of WW2.
		Commonwealth War Graves Commission enables you to find information on any grave under their care.
	riv.co.nz /rnza/oclink.htm (508 words)

	Malta (British Empire & Commonwealth Land Forces)
		Independence as a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth, with Elizabeth II as "Queen of Malta"
		History of Malta under the British, philatelic history of Malta by Albert Farrugia.
		British Memorials in Malta, by Denis A. Darmanin.
	www.regiments.org /nations/europe/malta.htm (575 words)

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