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Topic: British Expedition to Ceylon

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	CEYLON - LoveToKnow Article on CEYLON
		Ceylon is singularly rich in wading and water birdsibises, storks, egrets, spoonbills and herons being frequently seen on the wet sands, while flamingoes line the beach in long files, and on the deeper waters inland are found teal and a countless variety of ducks and smaller fowl.
		A griculture.The natural soils of Ceylon are composed of quartzose gravel, felspathic clay and sand often of a pure white, blended with or overlaid by brown and red barns, resulting from the So decay of vegetable matter, or the disintegration of the gneiss and hornblende formations.
		Ceylon has been celebrated since the middle of the 14th century for its cinnamon, and during the period of the Dutch occupation this spice was the principal article of commerce; under their rule and up to 1832 its cultivation was a government monopoly.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CE/CEYLON.htm (10972 words)

	[No title]
		The British expedition was at first successful, but on the return march, it was plagued by disease, and the garrison left behind was decimated.
		The treaty decreed that the Kandyan provinces be brought under British sovereignty and that all the traditional privileges of the chiefs be maintained.
		British agents usurped the powers and privileges of the chiefs and became the arbitrators of provincial authority.
	members.lycos.co.uk /withanage/british.htm (4639 words)

	20 centuries of British Empires (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The superiority of the British navy led to French defeat in Canada and India, and the occupation of Spanish Havana and Manila.
		British expansion in South and East Asia was mostly over by 1886, by which time the focus of attention had moved to Africa.
		However, the British monarch remained (and still remains, except for South Africa), the monarch of these territories, and it was not until 1947-9 that the dominions established separate citizenships from the UK.
	www.cit.gu.edu.au /~s285238/BritishEmpire/Britain-20centuries.html (6199 words)

	British - Ceylon
		In 1802, British Ceylon passed under the control of the Secretary of State for the Colonies and finally, on 2nd March, 1815, the cession of the Kandyan Provinces placed the whole island under British sovereignty.
		Thus, the real standard of the Ceylon currency under Dutch rule was the fanam which represented a fixed fraction of the gulden (a 1/4) and of the rix-dollar (a 1/12th).
		On the 1st January, 1802, Ceylon passed under the control of the Secretary of State for the Colonies and the official accounts were kept in Rix-dollars, fanams and pice (stivers) instead of the Madras pagoda.
	lakdiva.org /coins/ceylon_government/stiver_period.html (2240 words)

	British India 1818-1875 by Sanderson Beck
		Metcalfe also warned that if the British empire kept its inhabitants in ignorance, their dominance would be a curse; but if they promoted enlightenment with arts and sciences to improve conditions, then the gratitude of India and the admiration of the world would accompany their name in the future.
		The British minister McNeill complained to the Shah in his camp that the siege of Herat violated their treaty, and meeting with the Herat ruler he arranged a treaty, which the Persian shah refused to ratify.
		In 1852 the Mir of Khairpur was deposed.
	www.san.beck.org /2-11-BritishIndia1818-75.html (21693 words)

	AMERICAN-DUTCH-BRITISH CONVERSATIONS
		If it is clear to Japan that the united forces of the British Empire, the United States and the Dutch would meet aggression on her part, her immediate intervention in the war is unlikely.
		In Phase II with the arrival of the British Far Eastern Fleet the balance of strength of naval forces in the Eastern Theatre will be altered considerably against Japan, and taking the Pacific and Indian Oceans as a whole, Japan would probably be in a position of inferiority.
		A British nucleus Mission is already established, and a United States Mission possible combined with the British Mission would be of considerable value, and it is recommended that preparations to establish it should now be made.
	www.ibiblio.org /pha/timeline/410427aadb.html (6948 words)

	The British Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		When the British Empire was at its height in the early 1900s, it included over 20 percent of the world's land area and more than 400 million people - the single largest empire in the history of the world since time began.
		Just as the British colonies in North America seemed to be reaching a peak, the colonists themselves broke out in revolt against British rule, resulting in the American Revolution and War of Independence which occurred from 1776 to 1779.
		This expansion was linked to the great British naval victory over the French fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805: the destruction of the French fleet led to the British navy establishing its mastery of the seas, a situation which would remain unchanged until the early 20th Century.
	www.stormfront.org /whitehistory/hwr46.htm (2523 words)

	General Information - Commodore Perry - 1852-4 - Japan Expedition - Lithographs
		Zebulon Pike's expedition on the Mississippi in 1805-6 and the subsequent expedition to the Southwest in 1806-7.
		The Perry expedition was ambitious in scope, objectives and the compilation of the actual record of the expedition.
		Japanese exclusion of foreign vessels was violated in September of 1808 by the British Naval Frigate, the H.M.S. Phaeton.
	www.baxleystamps.com /litho/ry_litho_main.shtml (14799 words)

	Lerski: Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon (Chap.4)
		Without exaggerating the importance of Ceylon, anyone would have to admit that the island was strategically of great importance in maintaining the southern route from the British Isles through the Suez Canal to the ports of the Bay of Bengal, to Singapore, Hongkong, Australia, and New Zealand.
		In Ceylon the social task of the bourgeois democratic revolution, namely the liquidation of landlordism and other feudal forms have already been accomplished in the low-country through the impact of repeated foreign invasions and in the upcountry by the British to meet the needs of the plantation development on capitalist lines.
		But the British had had enough, and all those arguments, even by a learned nephew of the most loyal servant of the Crown Major Sir John Kotelawala, the future Prime Minister of Ceylon, failed to convince the authorities that the Trotskyite movement could be further tolerated.
	www.marxists.org /history/etol/document/srilanka/ch04.htm (18576 words)

	[No title]
		The third member of the Expedition, Assistant Surgeon J. Ellerton Stocks, whose brilliant attainments as a botanist, whose long and enterprising journeys, and whose eminently practical bent of mind had twice recommended him for the honours and trials of African exploration, died suddenly in the prime of life.
		His aim was to trace the celebrated Wady Nogal, noting its watershed and other peculiarities, to purchase horses and camels for the future use of the Expedition, and to collect specimens of the reddish earth which, according to the older African travellers, denotes the presence of gold dust.
		In A.D. 1825 the crew of the "Mary Ann" brig was treacherously murdered by the Somal.
	www.wollamshram.ca /1001/East/east1_preface.htm (4189 words)

	British Indian coinage
		The British presence in India started in 1612, twelve years after the granting by Queen Elizabeth the First of a Royal Charter to the 218 Knights and merchants of the City of London who formed a company which received different names but remained in history as "the" East India Company.
		As their "European style" coinage was not accepted outside their juridiction, and after having briefly tried to struck rupees in Mughal style bearing the name of the British king (the previous coin), the British obtained in 1717 the right to strike their own rupees in the name of the Mughal Emperor.
		As a consequence of the Napoleonic wars and the rupture between Great Britain and Holland in 1795, a British expedition annexed the Dutch settlements in Ceylon to the Presidency of Madras in 1796 and the whole island was under British sovereignty by 1815.
	www.geocities.com /jmd_brussels/EURUKE.html (1126 words)

	Ceylon, 1795-1818
		The Ceylon Medal 1818, by Charles Ameresekere (CeylonMedals.com)
		British Expedition to Ceylon 1803-4, by Ralph Zuljan (OnWar.Com)
		British Expedition: Ceylon 1815, by Ralph Zuljan (OnWar.Com)
	www.regiments.org /wars/19fr-nap/795ceylo.htm (105 words)

	TheTexts.com Text Resources, Online Library, References, Free Encyclopedias, eBooks, Dictionary, Web Publishing, Net ...
		British Committee for the Restitution of the Parthenon Marbles
		British First Army order of battle, 20 April 1943
		British First Army order of battle, 4 May 1943
	www.thetexts.com /wikipedia/b/br (53 words)

	Useful dates in British history
		Darien Expedition: a disastrous attempt to establish a Scots settlement in Panama
		Apr-Jun: Mutinies in the British Navy at Spithead and Nore
		British Mines Act outlawing women and girls in the mines, and supervising boy labour
	www.johnowensmith.co.uk /histdate (11214 words)

	List of wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of All Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy
		An encyclopedia-style book with brief entries on every British warship since the 15th century.
		Information includes ship type, tonnage/dimensions, armament, shipyard where built, years of service.
	www.freeglossary.com /List_of_Wars (1972 words)

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