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	Iron Age - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Classically, the Iron Age is taken to begin in the 12th century BC in the ancient Near East, ancient Greece (with the Greek Dark Ages), and ancient India (with the post-Rigvedic Vedic civilization).
		The Iron Age is usually taken to end in the Mediterranean with the onset of historical tradition during Hellenism and the Roman Empire, the onset of Buddhism and Jainism in India, the onset of Confucianism in China, or the early Middle Ages in the case of Northern Europe.
		The Iron Age in the Ancient Near East is believed to have begun with the discovery of iron smelting and smithing techniques in Anatolia or the Caucasus in the late 2nd millennium BC (circa 1300 BC).
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Iron_Age (2018 words)

	Iron Age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Classically, the Iron Age is taken to begin with the Greek Dark Ages in the 12th century BC in Greece and the Ancient Near East, the 11th century BC in India and between the 8th (Central Europe) and 6th (Northern Europe) centuries BC in Europe.
		The Iron Age is usually taken to end with the onset of historical tradition during Hellenism and the Roman Empire, or the Early Middle Ages in the case of Northern Europe.
		The Iron Age in the Near East is believed to have begun with the discovery of iron smelting and smithing techniques in Anatolia or the Caucasus in the late 2nd millennium BC (circa 1300 BC).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iron_Age (1687 words)

	Iron Age. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In Asia, Egypt, and Europe it was preceded by the Bronze Age.
		In Europe knowledge of iron smelting was acquired in Greece and the Balkans, and somewhat later in N Italy (see Etruscan civilization; Villanovan culture) and central Europe.
		The Late Iron Age in Europe, which is dated from this period, is called La Tène.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ir/IronAge.html (427 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Iron Age [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Iron Age is the last principle period in the three-age system for classifying pre-historic societies and its meaning varies depending on the country or geographical region.
		The Iron Age was preceded by the Bronze Age in Europe and Asia whilst in the rest of the world it was adopted directly after one or other sub-phases of the Stone Age.
		The Iron Age is believed to have begun with the discovery of iron smelting and smithing techniques in Anatolia or the Caucasus in the late 2nd millennium BC.
	encyclozine.com /Iron_age (951 words)

	C&TI in Archaeology
		This initiative was endorsed at an Iron Age research seminar held in Cardiff in November 1997 and a year later an early draft of the present paper was discussed at a second research seminar in Sheffield to which both specialists and non-specialists were invited.
		In Wales, however, the traditional Iron Age and Roman divide has tended to remain in place, although the situation in many areas between the 1st and 4th centuries AD was evidently not dissimilar to that in southern Scotland.
		Iron products are in one sense well-studied: there are good site reports and established scientific methodologies, while Scott's (1991) research on a particular region or Fell's (1997, 1998) studies of specific artefact types point to ways to build on the framework we have.
	www.personal.rdg.ac.uk /~lascretn/IAAgenda.htm (12750 words)

	channel4.com - Time Team - Iron Age
		Early studies of the British Iron Age tended to emphasise the importance of this continental influence, with foreign invasions being held responsible for the big changes that took place during the period.
		In addition to the initial introduction and later stylistic changes in iron objects, continental invaders were also thought to have been behind the emergence of large, fortified hillforts during the fifth and sixth centuries BC and the introduction of cremations, coinage and wheel-thrown pottery from around 100 BC.
		The population of Britain increased substantially during the Iron Age, and is estimated to have exceeded one million.
	www.channel4.com /history/timeteam/ironage.html (866 words)

	From Rapier to Langsax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the Early Bronze Age, this is perhaps illustrated by the changing form of the 'shoulders' of rapiers, and the changes in number and placement of rivet holes.
		With iron, however, it is possible to make a long, thin, flat blade without the same need for thickening to strengthen it [Ibid.:54], although a midrib was "often present on swords of Early La Tene character" [de Navarro 1977:131], perhaps as a carry-over from the preceeding type.
		The swords of the British Isles, with their thinner blades and decreased length, may have been primarily infantry weapons, as the smaller size would be of some advantage in close combat.
	www.aiusa.com /medsword/smithy/seax.html (4353 words)

	Archaeology: The Iron Age \| British History Online
		It is generally believed that in the Late Bronze Age immigrants from western Europe were entering Britain and that the process continued during the Iron Age, when bands of people arriving at different times and from various destinations introduced the new elements that constituted the British Iron Age.
		The iron daggers with elaborate bronze sheaths, (fn.
		The iron axes and sickles found in the Thames at Brentford may be further evidence of settlement in the Brentford district.
	www.british-history.ac.uk /report.asp?compid=22100 (7654 words)

	swuklink: Iron-Age British Isles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Towards the end of the Iron Age there was an ever-increasing migration of Celtic tribes from continental Europe into Britain to escape the spread of the Roman army northwards throughout their homelands.
		The remains of the village to the north of Penzance date from the late Iron Age and were occupied during the Roman occupation.
		Excavations at Poole Harbour have revealed massive stone quays which suggest that it was the primary Iron Age port of the British Isles and was thus probably well known to the Romans who chose to supply their invasion of AD43 (making their temporary headquarters near Wimborne Minster) through Hamworthy.
	www.swuklink.com /BAAAGBQZ.php (1204 words)

	British Archaeology, no 17, September 1996: Features (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Weaving the strands of a new Iron Age
		Iron Age farms and hamlets were densely scattered across the landscape and they are regularly found during rescue excavations.
		Iron Age round houses, for instance, even many farms and hillforts, faced east or south east, not to keep out the wind but to face the rising morning sun.
	www.britarch.ac.uk /ba/ba17/ba17feat.html (3113 words)

	Level 3 - Life in late Iron Age Sussex - Religion & Burial
		Divisions between the sacred and the secular were very indistinct throughout the pre-Roman Iron Age.
		Most of the British Iron Age is notoriously silent on its treatment of the dead.
		However, cremation cemeteries did begin to appear in the late Iron Age, and one of the most important excavated so far is at Westhampnett, in West Sussex.
	www.romansinsussex.co.uk /level3/themes/life_in_late_iron_age_sussex_reli.asp (377 words)

	Bere Regis Iron Age
		A characteristic of an Iron Age hill-fort is its free shape, where the tiers of alternating banks and ditches follow the con-tours of the hill on which it is situated.
		During the Iron Age the network would have been further developed in order to link the hill-forts, whilst some of the earlier routes might have become disused.
		Towards the end of the Iron Age as such, the whole of Europe had become part of the Roman Empire and the conquest of Britain was inevitable.
	www.bereregis.org /Iron.htm (686 words)

	e-Keltoi: Volume 5, Warfare - Iron Age chariots and medieval texts: a step too far in "breaking down ...
		Thus, interpreting Iron Age chariots in the light of medieval texts and vice versa is not a step too far in breaking down boundaries, but an absolute necessity for any serious research of this topic.
		Functional models for Iron Age and Medieval chariots as recoverable from all sources available will be created and compared to similar models for chariots from other times and areas.
		The parts he identified were: the yoke, the pole, the axle or axle-tree, the wheels, the sideboards, the chariot platform, the seats, one in the front, the other in the rear of the platform, and the two ferts, two beams sticking out to the rear of the chariot.
	www.uwm.edu /Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol5/5_1/karl_5_1.html (5412 words)

	Family Ancestry
		In Britain, the Iron Age lasted from about the 7th century BC until the Roman conquest and until the 5th century ADin non-Romanised parts.
		Early in the iron age, the widespread Wessex pottery of southern Britain such as the type style from All Cannings Cross may suggest a consolidated socio-economic group in the region.
		There also appears to have been a collapse in the bronze trade during the early iron age, evidenced by the increase in buried hoards which may have been an attempt to control the supply of the material.
	www.family-ancestry.co.uk /Iron-Age-Britain.htm (1869 words)

	Tools in Prehistory
		Iron was a precious metal from which ornaments, not weapons, were made.
		The actual "iron age" came many centuries later; it was probably introduced by the "peoples of the sea" whose iron weapons overthrew the Hittite Empire and blotted it from history for hundreds of years." (pg.
		Swords and Scabbards of the British early iron age.
	www.davistownmuseum.org /bibToolPrim.htm (4660 words)

	Iron Age — FactMonster.com
		Iron Age, period in the development of industry that begins with the general use of iron and continues into modern times.
		Iron beads were worn in Egypt as early as 4000 B.C., but these were of meteoric iron, evidently shaped by the rubbing process used in shaping implements of stone.
		The Early Iron Age in central Europe, dating from c.800 B.C. to c.500 B.C., is known as the
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/society/A0825499.html (386 words)

	Professor Colin Haselgrove : Archaeology and Ancient History : University of Leicester
		Colin's research interests focus on Iron Age societies in Britain and western Europe, and their relations with the expanding Roman world; on early coinage and currency; on new approaches to the study of later prehistoric societies; and on the long-term evolution of settlement and landscape.
		He has recently finished two edited books setting out new perspectives on the earlier and later Iron Age in Britain and the near Continent, both of which will be published by Oxbow later in the year.
		A new approach to analysing the circulation of Iron Age coinage, Numismatic Chronicle 165, 1-45.
	www.le.ac.uk /ar/school/staff/staff_cch.htm (400 words)

	The Hebridean Iron Age - Twenty Years Research
		The material assemblages of the Hebridean Iron Age are contrasted with the impoverished and relatively aceramic material culture of lowland Scotland and northern England, and the importance of the western seaways in later prehistoric and early historic times as a distinctive cultural region is emphasised.
		Topping’s study of Hebridean Iron Age pottery using neutron activation analysis (1986) demonstrated fairly conclusively, and not altogether surprisingly, that it was consistently of local manufacture, a conclusion that in general would have endorsed conventional analyses based upon vessel form and decoration.
		However we address the challenge of reconciling the evidence of Iron Age archaeology and the evidence of Celtic linguistics it is reasonably clear that Atlantic Scotland and the western seaways encompassed a cultural continuum which stands apart from that of central Europe with its sequence of cultures from Urnfield through Hallstatt to La Tene.
	www.arcl.ed.ac.uk /arch/publications/hebrides (7984 words)

	channel4.com - Time Team 2004 - Green Island - Further reading
		This book traces the variety and development of prehistoric settlements in Britain through 8,000 years, from the hunter-gatherers of the Mesolithic to the tribes of the Iron Age in the years before the Roman invasion.
		Iron Age Farm – The Butser Experiment by Peter J Reynolds (British Museum Publications, 1979) hardback/paperback, out of print.
		Butser is an experimental farm set up to discover the practicalities of farming in the Iron Age.
	www.channel4.com /history/microsites/T/timeteam/2004_green_fur_read.html (754 words)

	Who were the Druids in the Iron Age British Isles, and how did they relate to the societies in which they functioned
		He also claimed that they sent their young protégés to the British Isles to learn their craft and to be educated in Druidic teachings.
		Finally, no study of the British Druids would be complete without acknowledging the key role they have played in the development of the myths and legends of stonehenge.
		Accordingly, we discover that there is very little we can write about the Druids of the British Iron Age with any great certainty, beyond that they were part of a structured priesthood with widely varying roles and functions.
	www.bits.bris.ac.uk /leon/2_pag_druids.htm (3198 words)

	HOBBS, R., British Iron Age Coins in the British Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		HOBBS, R., British Iron Age Coins in the British Museum
		The British Museum's unrivalled collection of over 4,500 pieces, minted at the end of the Iron Age in the first century BC until immediately before the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43, is published for the first time in this comprehensive catalogue.
		A full listing of the coins is provided, from the earliest British gold and silver of the mid-first century BC to the so-called dynastic issues in the central part of Britain and the distinctive regional issues of the peripheral coin-using areas.
	www.polybiblio.com /spink/417.html (153 words)

	Castell Henllys: an Iron Age hillfort in Wales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Castell Henllys: an Iron Age hillfort in Wales
		The Celts were warriors, and the most prominent remains of the Iron Age are the great hillforts, surrounded by banks and ditches - sometimes several banks and ditches one outside the other.
		One of the characteristics of the British Iron Age is that the typical dwelling was not a rectangular, but round, and here we see two reconstructed round houses, both re-erected on the original sites
	www.archaeology.co.uk /ca/timeline/prehistory/castellhenllys/castelh.htm (371 words)

	British Royal Mint - Iron Age Coins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Coins started being struck in the British Isles 2000 years ago.
		They were made of gold and base metal and the original designs were copied from Greek coins that circulated widely in Europe.
		The Mint's collection of Iron Age coins is small by comparison with the British Museum, but it does have attractive examples of the type of coins that were first used in Britain.
	www.royalmint.com /RoyalMint/web/site/Corporate/Corp_museum/ironagecoins.asp (65 words)

	Late Iron Age Timeline
		This timeline is focussed on the British Celtic culture and those cultures which had influence on the British Celts.
		It is also more specifically focused on those activities which would have had effect on the Brigantes tribe of Britain during the late British iron age.
		Caesar returns to the march inland and engages an enlarged multi-tribe British force led by Cassivellaunus (from a north of Thames based tribe, Catevaulauni?) A cavalry battles occurs whilst Caesar is still on the march near Canterbury, by the river Stour, the British forces are repelled.
	www.brigantesnation.com /timeline/timelineearlyromanobritish.htm (2278 words)

	Celtic Coins from Chris Rudd Iron Age Numismatics History
		Now British Iron Age Coins in the British Museum is widely regarded as the bible (authorised version) for ancient British coins.
		In Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain, Dr John Creighton combines archaeological, literary and numismatic evidence in a fascinating exploration of the way in which rulers bolstered their power through the use of imagery on coins, myths, language and material culture.
		From the earliest uninscribed staters to the coinage of Verica, The Coinage of the Atrebates and Regni by Simon Bean is an in-depth study which should be read by anyone interested in the coins of central-southern Britain in the late Iron Age.
	www.celticcoins.com /pages/books.html (1435 words)

	Iron Age Britain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The 'Iron Age' in Britain began at the time when iron was first commonly used to make tools and weapons, around 2800 years ago (800 BC).
		Iron Age Britain was a land of farms and small villages.
		This tour will provide a short introduction to Iron Age Britain through some of the objects people made, used, lost or sacrificed.
	www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk /compass/ixbin/goto?id=ENC7646&tour=int (249 words)

	IRON AGE DIET
		Her undergraduate dissertation (University of Bradford, 1999) related to regional carbon and nitrogen stable isotope signatures in modern British rabbit bone.
		She maintains an interest in the fractionation patterns seen between the micro-environmental dietary samples taken from the lifetime habitats of these animals and their bone collagen.
		Whilst stable isotope analysis forms a core technique for this study, the overall project aims to review the general evidence for foods available and their consumption in this period and to investigate the ways in which food was important in Iron Age society.
	www.student.brad.ac.uk /mjay (456 words)

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